Maceration Extraction Research Articles

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shells using deep eutectic solvent and ethanol as a co-solvent

The study aimed to enhance the extraction of astaxanthin (ASX) from black tiger shrimp shells by combining Deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UADE). The DES used in the research consisted of choline chloride (Ch) and citric acid (CA) in a 1:2 molar ratio with 20% water. Response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the UADE conditions, considering ultrasound power (200 – 400 W), ethanol concentration in the DES (5 – 65 %), and extraction time (5 – 45 min). The optimal UADE parameters identified by BBD were 330 W ultrasound power, 35% ethanol content, and 33 min of extraction, resulting in the highest ASX content of 47.42 μg/g, closely matching the predicted value of 48.65 μg/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed structural alterations in samples treated with DES-based UAE, setting it apart from soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ethanol-based DES extraction. The outcomes indicated that UADE outperformed traditional extraction methods like soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAET) regarding ASX yield and antioxidant activity, while also needing shorter extraction durations. These results underscore UADE as a productive and eco-friendly approach for extracting ASX from shrimp shells.

Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Stability of Mangrove Extract Rhizopora Sp.

In recent decades, bioactive compounds contained in plants have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. This is because these bioactive compounds have the potential to be used as raw materials in the manufacture of health products, medicines, and cosmetics. However, in developing products based on bioactive compounds in Rhizopora sp. mangroves, sufficient knowledge about these compounds is needed. The main objective of this study was to identify bioactive compounds and evaluate the stability of Rhizopora sp. mangrove extract obtained from Youtefa Bay area, Jayapura City. The methods used include mangrove leaf sampling, maceration extraction using methanol, followed by fractionation and phytochemical tests to detect the content of active compounds. Data analysis was performed using UV and IR spectroscopy. The results showed that the isolated Rhizophora sp. mangrove leaf extract obtained from Youtefa Bay waters contained several bioactive compound activities such as alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin bioactive compound groups in methanol solvents. In conclusion, mangrove Rhizophora sp. from Youtefa Bay has great potential as a source of bioactive compounds that can be further developed in various commercial products.

EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND ON THE EXTRACTION OF HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACIDS FROM DANDELION ROOTS

Introduction. Ultrasonic extraction is widely used to accelerate the extraction of biologically active substances (BAS). Given the presence of free and bound moisture in medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM), it is rational to assume a positive effect of ultrasound on the MPRM itself in order to increase the yield of BAS. The aim of the work is to study the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment of dandelion roots on the yield of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) from them and to substantiate the feasibility of pre-treatment this MPRM to obtain tinctures. Material and methods. The object of the study was dandelion roots. The mass fraction and composition of HCA were determined by the spectro-photometric method according to the reaction with Arnov's reagent and by high-performance liquid chromatography using standard samples, respec-tively. Results. Preliminary ultrasound exposure of dandelion roots significantly increases the yield of HCA. The maximum content was determined when MPRM with a layer thickness of 2-4 cm and a particle size of 500 μm or less were exposed to ultrasound for 45 min with a frequency of 31 kHz. The highest amount of HCA in tinctures was determined when they were obtained by fourteen-day maceration and subsequent ultrasound extraction for 15 min using 50% ethanol in a volume of 50 ml per 1 g of MPRM with a particle size of 500 μm or less. Defatting, ultrasonic, thermal pre-treatment and their combination enrich dandelion tinctures with HCA; the greatest enrichment of tinctures with this group of BAS was observed with ultrasonic treatment and thermal treatment followed by defatting. Conclusions. The parameters of preliminary ultrasonic pre-treatment and technological parameters for obtaining tinctures of dandelion roots were ex-perimentally determined. It is recommended to use preliminary pre-treatment of raw materials as one of the stages of the technology for obtaining tinctures, ensuring an increase in the yield of HCA.

Evaluation of Annona muricata Linn Leaves Extracts from Maceration and Ultrasonic-Assisted Methods for Anticancer Activity on HLFa Cells

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a deadly kind of cancer that contributes significantly to the global cancer mortality rate. It is distinguished by a significant level of malignancy and unfavourable prognosis. The molecular pathways responsible for tumour invasion and migration in NSCLC are not fully understood, despite their widespread occurrence and significant consequences. Moreover, the ability of cancer cells to withstand the effects of chemical treatments presents a substantial obstacle in the creation of successful treatment approaches for NSCLC. Annona muricata Linn (A. muricata) is known to possess powerful anticancer bioactive components. A. muricata extracts have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential among a wide range of botanical compounds. However, the specific molecular interactions of the plant have not yet been revealed. This study aims to evaluate the anticancer potential of A. muricata leaves extracts on the NSCLC cell line and compare the efficacy of two different extraction methods, namely maceration extraction (ME) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Results showed that ME demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to UAE, with respective percentages of 81.4% and 29.4%. However, the UAE extract demonstrated more pronounced cytotoxic effects on the NSCLC cell line (HLFa) with an IC50 value of 139.6 µg/ml, indicating a stronger antiproliferative effect on cancer cell. Both ME and UAE extracts reduced nitrite release in HLFa cell supernatants, with the ME extract showing superior activity. Treatment with ME and UAE also resulted in the activation of Caspase3/7, indicating the induction of apoptosis in HLFa cells compared to the untreated control. The extracts and Cisplatin differ approximately 0.3-fold in caspase 3/7 activation though it was not statistically significant. This activation suggests that both extraction methods effectively initiate the apoptotic cascade which is crucial for the elimination of cancer cells. Furthermore, the UAE extract significantly reduced BCL-2 mRNA levels (p<0.05). The significant reduction in BCL-2, a protein that prevents apoptosis reflect the extract’ ability to modulate key apoptotic regulators with the most significant activity when UAE extracts were used. In summary, A.muricata leaves extracts obtained through both ME and UAE methods exhibited promising anticancer effects against NSCLC, with UAE extracts exhibiting superior activity. These findings pave the way for further investigations into the use of A.muricata in cancer treatment and the development of new therapeutic agents based on its properties.

Unlocking the Antioxidant Potential of Calendula Officinalis: A Comparative Study of Extraction Methods

Calendula officinalis which is also known as marigold is a species of plant in the daisy family that has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, and antitumor properties. In this study we tried to analyze the antioxidant activity of calendula officinalis flowers extract. Three different extraction methods that are soxhlet, maceration, and ultrasonic procedures are applied to the calendula officinalis flowers and antioxidant activities for each extract is analyzed and compared. Methods: In this study, soxhlet, maceration and ultrasonic extraction methods and ethanol solvent are used to obtain calendula officinalis extracts. The antioxidant activity of the extracts with different concentration are investigated under DPPH solution. Results: DPPH radical scavenging activity for the extract obtained using soxhlet procedure is higher than the other two procedures that are maceration and ultrasonic. With increasing calendula officinalis extract concentration, it is observed that the antioxidant activity is also increased as expected. Conclusions: In conclusion, calendula officinalis flowers perform very high antioxidant property and the soxhlet method can be considered as the best method for the extraction. Further researches for the application of the extract can be studied.

A Comprehensive Review on Deep Eutectic Solvents: Their Current Status and Potential for Extracting Active Compounds from Adaptogenic Plants.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted attention from researchers as novel compounds for extracting active substances because of their negligible toxicity, polarity, and ability to be tailored depending on the experiment. In this review, we discuss deep eutectic solvents as a promising medium for the extraction of adaptogenic compounds. In comparison to traditional methods, extraction with the use of DESs is a great alternative to the excessive usage of harmful organic solvents. It can be conducted in mild conditions, and DESs can be designed with different precursors, enhancing their versatility. Adaptogenic herbs have a long medicinal history, especially in Eastern Asia. They exhibit unique properties through the active compounds in their structures, including saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids. Therefore, they demonstrate a wide range of pharmaceutical effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer abilities. Since ancient times, many different adaptogenic herbs have been discovered and are well known, including Panax ginseng, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Schisandra chinensis. Active compounds can be extracted using standard methods, such as hydrolyzation, maceration, and conventional reflux extraction. However, due to the limitations of classical processing technologies, there has been a need to develop new and eco-friendly methods. We focus on the types of solvents, extraction efficiency, properties, and applications of the obtained active compounds. This review highlights the potential of DESs as eco-friendly alternatives for extracting bioactive compounds.

Microwave Irradiation as a Powerful Tool for Isolating Isoflavones from Soybean Flour

The use of microwave irradiation energy for isolating bioactive compounds from plant materials has gained popularity due to its ability to penetrate cells and facilitate extraction of intracellular materials, with the added benefits of minimal or no use of organic solvents. This is particularly significant due to the possibility of using extracts in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this work is to examine the effect of microwave irradiation on the extraction of three of the most important isoflavones from soybean flour, glycitin, genistin, and daidzin, as well as their aglycones, glycitein, genistein, and daidzein. By varying the extraction time, temperature, and microwave power, we have established the optimal parameters (irradiation power of 75 W for 5 min) for the most efficient extraction of individual isoflavones. Compared to conventional maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction, the total phenol content of the extracts increased from 3.66 to 9.16 mg GAE/g dw and from 4.67 to 9.16 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. The total flavonoid content increased from 0.38 to 0.83 mg CE/g dw and from 0.48 to 0.83 mg CE/g dw, and the antioxidant activity increased from 96.54 to 185.04 µmol TE/g dw and from 158.57 to 185.04 µmol TE/g dw, but also from 21.97 to 37.16 µmol Fe2+/g dw and from 30.13 to 37.16 µmol Fe2+/g dw. The positive correlation between microwave extraction and increased levels of total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity demonstrates the method’s effectiveness in producing bioactive compounds. Considering the growing recognition of glycitein’s potential role in medical and pharmaceutical applications, microwave-assisted extraction under optimized conditions has proven highly efficient.

Pengaruh Suhu Ekstraksi dan Kecepatan Pengadukan terhadap Karakteristik Crude Ekstrak Stevia

Stevia is a natural sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose and is low in calories. Stevia sweeteners are obtained from the extraction of stevia leaves. This study aims to determine the effects of temperature and stirring speed on the characteristics of crude stevia extract (yield, brix value, and IR spectrum). Maceration extraction was conducted with 70% ethanol for 1 hour, varying the temperature (28 ℃, 40 ℃, 55 ℃) and stirring speed (0 rpm, 50 rpm, 100 rpm, 150 rpm). The results showed that a temperature of 40 ℃ produced the highest yield at each stirring speed. The yield increased with the increase in stirring speed at each extraction temperature. The highest brix value was obtained at 55 ℃ and a stirring speed of 150 rpm. The IR spectrum results showed that the functional groups in the crude stevia extract were almost identical to those in commercial stevia.

Pembuatan Sabun Transparan Berbasis Minyak Kelapa dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) sebagai Bahan Antioksidan

Mangrove Apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a fruit native from tropical area that has antioxidant activity. This study aims to produce transparent soap with pedada fruit antioxidant enhancing agents and the observation of transparent soap quality in accordance with SNI 03-3532-1994 and antioxidant activity of transparent soap. Research began with pre-treatment process, namely extraction of mangrove apple enhancing agent by maceration and infundation method using methanol and water solvent. The obtained extracts were then added as variation of coconut oil soap production formula. The obtained soaps were then tested for free alkali rate, free fatty acid rate, moisture content, foam stability, pH and antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The antioxidant activity of the obtained soap shows that with the formulation by 0.5 g of methanol maceration extract of mangrove apple resulted in soap with IC50 antioxidant activity of 122.30 μg/mL.

Antioxidant properties of lemon essential oils: a meta-analysis of plant parts, extraction methods, dominant compounds, and antioxidant assay categories

Recent studies have explored the antioxidant properties of lemon essential oil (LEO), taking considering factors like plant part, extraction methods, and antioxidant assay. However, due to varied results and limited precision in individual studies, our meta-analysis aims to offer a comprehensive understanding across different experiments, irrespective of location or time. Out of 109 scientific articles published between 1947 and 2024, only 28 successfully validated their data on differences in antioxidant capacity and IC50, using weighted averages of Hedges’ d in meta-analysis. A meta-analysis revealed several key findings: (i) lemon leaf and peel extracts have higher IC50 compared to controls, whereas whole plant extracts show lower values (p < 0.001); (ii) the maceration preserves antioxidant properties better than hydro-distillation and Soxhlet extraction (p < 0.001); (iii) LEO require higher concentrations to achieve comparable free radical inhibition as the standard controls such as AsA, BHT, and quercetin, suggesting lower antioxidant efficiency. This was supported by IC50 result, which showed no significant difference between LEO and other compounds like thymol, Thymus vulgaris EO, and Citrus aurantium EO. However, compared to AsA, BHT, limonene, and trolox, the inhibition efficacy was significantly lower (p < 0.01). These findings consistently demonstrated significant antioxidant activity across multiple assays, including ABTS, β-carotene bleaching, DPPH, and FRAP (p < 0.01). Notably, the predominant components of LEO including α-linoleic acid, D-limonene, limonene, L-limonene, neryl acetate, sabinene, and Z-citral, which demonstrate significant potency as antioxidant agent (p < 0.01). Specifically, limonene and Z-citral make substantial contributions to its antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01). Despite variations in purity among LEO extractions, there is potential for future enhancement through nanoemulsion. In conclusion, LEO show promise as an alternative antioxidant, with emphasis to selecting samples based on leaves or peels and employing maceration extractions for various antioxidant assays. Active components rich in terpenoids, such as limonene and Z-citral, are particularly noteworthy.Graphical

Optimization of crude rotenone oil extraction from birbira plant (Milletia ferruginea) seed by Soxhlet and maceration methods

The extraction of active compounds from plant materials is one of the most critical processes in the commercial development of natural products for pharmaceutical, herbicide or pesticide production. The focus of this study was extraction of crude rotenone oil (CRO) from Birbira plant (Milletia ferruginea) seed. The extraction was done using maceration anda Soxhlet extractor using organic solvents, such as ethanol, hexane, and chloroform. For the efficient extraction of crude rotenone oil from Birbira plant seed the effect of parameters, such as extraction method, solvent type, extraction time and size of crushed Birbira seed were investigated. Based on the experimental results obtained Soxhlet extraction method was more efficient (41.6% CRO yield) compared to the maceration extraction method (25.1 % CRO yield). The extraction results for both Soxhlet and maceration methods indicated that chloroform is more efficient compared to ethanol and hexane solvents. On the other hand, the effects of crashed seed size and extraction time on the % CRO yield were also investigated. The results showed that medium size (0.1–0.35 mm) for both Soxhlet and maceration extraction was the optimum size leading to the highest % CRO yield compared to fine and coarse ground seed size. The highest % CRO yield was obtained during 4 to 5 h of Soxhlet extraction and 25 to 30 h of maceration extraction method. Therefore, the Soxhlet extraction method is the fastest and efficient method for the extraction of CRO from plant materials. The characterization of Birbira seed powder and CRO was done with FTIR and Rheology test equipment. The FTIR result revealed that CRO is composed of aliphatic, olefin, polyphenol and alcohol functional groups, in which polyphenol functional groups are the most essential flavonoid components available in crude rotenone oil.

Phenolic components from carrot (Daucus carota L.) pomace: Optimizing the extraction and assessing its potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Carrot pomace is a significant agricultural byproduct. Obtained during carrot juice processing. This residue is an appropriate reservoir of constituents with bioactive properties that could be investigated in the development of food constituents and nutritional supplements and in improving the quality and safety of foods. For this purpose, the objective of the present investigation was to extract the polyphenols from carrot pomace utilizing maceration and ultrasound-based extraction (UAE) procedures and to evaluate the antioxidant properties of phenolic constituents. To maximize the extraction of carrot pomace, a response surface approach was used. The optimal mixture of extraction time (A, min), ultrasonication power (B, w), and solvent type (C, v/v) for the highest yield of carrot pomace was found using a three-variable composite rotatable design (CRD). In order to assess different functional groups, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the extract collected under optimal circumstances. The highest polyphenols (26.53 %) were extracted by ethanol 70 % at 10 min with a sonication power of 250 w. The optimized extract also exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial functions. The total phenolic compounds and scavenging of the DPPH radical were 85 mg GAE/gr and EC50: 55 ± 1 μg/mL, respectively. Together with Staphylococcus aureus, the highest zone of inhibition (12 mm) was identified. Our finding revealed that carrot pomace is an appropriate source of bioactive phenolic constituents, exhibiting antioxidant and antibacterial attributes, and could be applied as a natural preserver for promoting safety and quality properties in food products on an industrial scale.

Enhancing the biological activities and altering the chemical structure of clove aqueous extract prepared with plasma-activated water as a novel technique

This investigation assesses the effect of plasma-activated water (PAW) as a solvent during the preparation of clove aqueous extract. PAW was generated by surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma device for 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively. The conventional method of maceration was used as a control group. We evaluated the biological activity and physicochemical characteristics of clove extracts. In the color assay, the clove extract produced by PAW showed a slightly higher color parameter than the control extract. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results demonstrated several higher absorption intensities at specific regions in the PAW-clove extract structure. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the PAW extracts showed more bioactive components than the maceration extract. The clove extract prepared by the PAW -5 min group had the highest total phenolic content (TPC) at 821.6 mg GAE/g, the highest free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) compared to other groups. These alterations could be due to reactive oxygen-nitrogen species (RONS) generated in PAW, which can modify the physicochemical properties of clove. The findings indicated that PAW is a unique extraction solvent that improves the extraction of phenolic compounds from clove.

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rubus Idaeus Bioresidues: A Full Screening on Phenolic Composition and Bioactive Potential

Abstract Purpose Rubus idaeus cultivation has boosted productivity due to its high nutritional value. In consequence, waste production increased. The discarded biomass, including leaves and aerial components, can be transformed into valuable functional ingredients for industrial applications, such as cosmetics. Studying their bioactivity potential is highly relevant. Methods According to the present idea, the research involved producing extracts from raspberry plant branches and leaves by employing four different techniques: aqueous decoction, aqueous infusion, hydroethanolic maceration, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Subsequently, these compounds were screened for their bioactive potential, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. Results The ultrasound-assisted extraction produced extracts rich in phenolic compounds, whereas the infusion and maceration methods resulted in higher flavonol contents. Among the identified phenolic compounds, hydrolyzable tannins, particularly galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose, were the most dominant ones. Regarding antioxidant potential, the decoction extract was the strongest, while the infusion showed the greatest potential for inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The UAE extract was found to be highly effective as an antibacterial agent. Both infusion and UAE extracts demonstrated the highest anti-inflammatory potential. Conclusion The combination of these results highlights the sample’s bioactive potential and the importance of exploiting bioresidues as unique, sustainable candidates for industrial applications.

Exploring the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Helix aspersa Müller Flesh Crude Extract: A Comprehensive Investigation.

Snail flesh is a highly nutritious and easily digestible food commonly integrated into the human diet. In this study, snails belonging to the Helix aspersa Müller species were used to determine their chemical composition and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of their flesh using successive maceration extractions with three solvents of different polarities. Biomolecules were analyzed spectrophotometrically, and their chemical compositions were determined by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity was assessed using three tests: DPPH, iron-reducing power test, and total antioxidant activity. The ethanol extract was found to be the most effective, with a high yield and high biomolecule content compared with other extracts. The extracts showed a significant amount of antioxidants, ranging from 3.14 to 7.04 mg AAE g-1 of dry matter, according to the total antioxidant activity assay. The DPPH scavenging capacity showed a reduction of the radical, with inhibitory concentrations ranging from 507.07 to 829.49 μg mL-1. In contrast, the iron-reducing power ranged from 67.98 to 424.74 μg mL-1. All of the strains studied responded favorably to the antimicrobial effects of H. aspersa extracts, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 8.48 to 15.53 mm. Additionally, at approximately 15 mg mL-1, the ethanolic extract had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. H. aspersa Müller flesh is rich in biomolecules with antioxidant and antibacterial activities, which could justify its use as a natural product and in therapeutic applications in the food industry.

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bark and Leaves: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, In Vitro Bioassays and In Silico Studies.

In this work, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) and maceration (MAE) were applied on leaves and bark of Ziziphus mauritiana using water and methanol (MeOH) as solvents. HAE and MAE extracts were compared through liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and evaluating the antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Considering the phytochemical contents and the bioassays results, the HAE extracts resulted favorably with larger content of phenolics and higher antioxidant activity. The MeOH extracts displayed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity, with HAE MeOH leaf extract leading at 0.78 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g. In conclusion, the study highlights that HAE can increase the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid from Z. mauritiana plant materials compared to maceration. Further research could explore the potential therapeutic applications of Z. mauritiana extracts, especially HAE MeOH leaf extracts, for their notable antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, facilitating the way for the development of novel pharmaceutical interventions.

Aromatization of olive oil with ginger and turmeric powder or extracts by the co‐processing and maceration methods

AbstractAromatized olive oils were prepared by the addition of ginger and turmeric spices and their combination (ginger + turmeric) with two different forms: powder and extracts. The spices were incorporated to olive paste at kneading stage (co‐processing) or directly to olive oil as infusion (maceration) (5% for powder, 3% for extract; w/w). Aromatization provided a lower peroxide value accompanied by a longer induction period, increased total phenolic content, and enhanced antioxidant activity. The use of turmeric as a powder may be advantageous for use in vegetable oils, especially because the bioactive antioxidant compounds it contains are hydrophobic. In another way, it was also the reason why the alcoholic extract of ginger gave more effective results than turmeric, which had a higher extraction yield than ginger. For both the co‐processing and maceration methods, ginger powder and extract induced the strongest radical scavenging activity in oil. The pungent taste was more marked in turmeric‐aromatized oils and spicy taste in ginger‐aromatized oils. The use of these two spices together incorporated the bioactive components into the oil while balancing the burning effect of ginger, making it more possible to benefit from its high antioxidant effect.Practical Applications: Aromatization of olive oil by maceration and co‐processing not only enriched it with bioactive components but also improved oxidative stability with quality indices such as free acidity and peroxide. In terms of quality indices and oxidative stability, maceration had advantages over co‐processing. However, co‐processing was more effective in terms of total phenolic and radical scavenging activity. At the industrial level, the incorporation of an aromatic material at one step of the process, that is, co‐processing or co‐milling, can be advantageous in terms of application without requiring extra time for the aromatization.

Extraction of Total Phenol and Antioxidant Activity of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) Extracts by Ultrasound-Assisted and Maceration Extraction

Butterfly pea flower, also known as Asian pigeon wings, has been widely used as an ingredient in food and medicine due to the high content of various types of antioxidants that are beneficial to health. One of the technologies used to extract the bioactive compound from the plant is the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different extraction times from 10 min to 30 min and types of solvent: water, aqueous methanol and aqueous ethanol on the phenolic compound and antioxidant activity present in the butterfly pea flower. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay while the antioxidant was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. Based on this study, the optimal condition to increase the extract yield from butterfly pea flower was found to be at a 20-min sonication, while the highest TPC and antioxidant activity were achieved at a 30-min sonication using aqueous methanol. Compared with maceration, UAE demonstrated better results in percentage yield, TPC and antioxidant activity when using aqueous methanol. This approach indicated that UAE is an efficient technique for obtaining bioactive compounds from butterfly pea flowers.

A Comparative Study on Antibacterial Activities of Alcohol Disinfectants and α-Mangostin Extract

Background A green and efficient process, free from toxic solvents, was employed to prepare an α-mangostin-rich extract. Conventional techniques like maceration and heat reflux extraction are recognized for their time-intensive nature, as well as the requirement for significant quantities of organic solvents. This innovative process not only reduces energy consumption but also streamlines production steps, providing a more sustainable alternative in herbal medicine preparation. Purpose The purpose of the study was to compare the antibacterial activities of alcohol disinfectants and α-mangostin extract-containing disinfectants against tested microorganisms. Methods The α-mangostin-rich extract was obtained from dried powders of Garcinia mangostana pericarps utilizing the microwave-assisted extraction method with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). The α-mangostin content in the resultant extract was determined through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Additionally, a broth microdilution method was utilized to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of each compound against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Results According to a microdilution method, the disinfectant comprising isopropanol (50% and 70%) with 1% α-mangostin extract demonstrated antibacterial effectiveness against both MRSA and S. pseudintermedius. The MICs and MBCs were observed within dilutions ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 and 1:64 to 1:256, respectively. Ethanol (50% and 70%) plus 1% α-mangostin extract disinfectant exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:32–1:512 and 1:16–1:128, respectively. Moreover, isopropanol and ethanol (30%) with 1% α-mangostin extract disinfectant demonstrated antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:16–1:256 and 1:4–1:128, respectively. However, isopropanol (50% and 70%) and ethanol (50% and 70%) disinfectants showed weaker antibacterial activity than α-mangostin extract-containing alcohol solutions. Although isopropanol (30%) disinfectant demonstrated antibacterial activity (MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:16–1:32), the 30% ethanol solution did not show any activity against either bacterium. In addition, α-mangostin extract exhibited stronger antibacterial activity (MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:625–1:5,000) than all alcohol solutions. Conclusion The combination of isopropanol and ethanol disinfectants with α-mangostin-rich extract exhibited significant antibacterial effectiveness against MRSA and S. pseudintermedius. The enhancement of efficacy by α-mangostin-rich extract suggests promising opportunities for enhancing disinfection approaches.

Evaluation of six phenolic compounds content and antifungal activity against wood-decay fungi of tobacco waste extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction

The tobacco industry produces substantial amounts of biomass waste that contains bioactive substances that may serve as renewable energy sources. This study reports an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the simultaneous extraction of gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, and ferulic acids from tobacco waste. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters were optimized using one-factor-at-a-time method and response surface methodology (RSM), in combination with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal extraction conditions were an extraction temperature of 62 °C, a solvent-to-solid ratio of 19 mL/g, an ethanol-to-water ratio of 62%, and an extraction time of 38 min. The composition and content of phenolic compounds extracted using this optimized method were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). The extraction yield and antifungal activity against wood-decay fungi using the extracts obtained with the UAE method were much higher than those obtained using maceration and heat reflux extraction. The results demonstrated that the UAE method extracted six phenolic compounds in tobacco waste, which could then be quantitatively analyzed. This study provides a green and efficient method for extracting active ingredients from waste tobacco and offers a new perspective for utilizing tobacco waste as an antifungal agent against wood-decay fungi.