M3 Treatment Research Articles

Effects of Foliar Application of Magnesium Fertilizer on Photosynthesis and Growth in Grapes

Efforts to increase grape yields have focused on using nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, often causing unintended magnesium (Mg) deficiencies. To overcome Mg deficiency, different concentrations of MgSO4·7H2O (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mM) and GABA (2.5 mM), as foliar sprays, were applied during the fruit enlargement and color transition stages. Key physiological parameters such as leaf growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence were assessed. Interestingly, foliar Mg application increased the key physiological parameters, with the 3 mM treatment (M3) delivering the best improvement. Compared to the control, the M3 treatment increased dry weight and leaf area by 35.9% and 37.2%, respectively. Specifically, the foliar Mg application (M3) improved the photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), and stomatal conductance (gs) of leaves when compared to the control. Additionally, the foliar Mg application improved the PSII photosynthetic efficiency, electron yield, and electron transport rates, following the order M2 > M3 > M1 > M0 > M4. This study demonstrated the essential role of foliar-applied Mg, with GABA, in improving grape physiology. Interestingly, the curve-fitting analysis of foliar Mg concentration and grape yield identified 2.14 mM of Mg as the optimal concentration for promoting grape growth.

Analyzing the Role of Different Molybdenum doses and Rhizobium Inoculation in Optimizing Nutrient Absorption and Yield in Vegetable Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cv. AVCP 1

Legumes, along with cereals, can be considered a main plant source of energy and quality proteins. A versatile legume crop, cowpeas offer economic, agronomic, environmental, and nutritional advantages. Cowpeas have a high total protein level and a relatively low fat content, making them nutritionally similar to other pulses. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of different rates of ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation on the yield and nutrient uptake of vegetable cowpea. There were 12 treatment combinations comprising six concentrations of molybdenum i.e. M0:control, M1: soil application of molybdenum @ 200 g ha-1, M2: soil application of molybdenum @ 300 g ha-1, M3: seed treatment of molybdenum 25 g ha-1 seeds, M4: seed treatment of molybdenum 50 g ha-1 seeds and M5: seed treatment of molybdenum 6 ml kg-1 seeds and two levels of Rhizobium i.e. R0: without Rhizobium seed treatment, R1: with Rhizobium (10 ml kg-1 seed) seed treatment in a Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with three replications. Results indicated that the application of ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation significantly improved total cowpea yield. The highest yield was observed with the treatment combination of 300 g ha⁻¹ ammonium molybdate (M₂) and Rhizobium inoculation (R₁). Nutrient analysis revealed that phosphorus, potassium and iron content in cowpea pods significantly increased with ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium treatments. The highest phosphorus and potassium contents were recorded with M₂ treatment, while the maximum iron content was found in M₃ treatment. Rhizobium treated seeds (R₁) also enhanced phosphorus, potassium and iron content in the pods. In terms of nutrient uptake, the highest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were observed with the combined M₂R₁ treatment. Similarly, the highest potassium uptake in pods and total potassium uptake were recorded with M₂R₁ treatment, respectively. The interaction between ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation showed significant effects on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, highlighting the importance of these treatments in enhancing cowpea nutrient absorption and yield. The use of biofertilizers can be highly successful in restoring agricultural soil, and this study highlights the possibility of combining Rhizobium inoculation with ammonium molybdate treatment to maximize nutrient uptake and enhance cowpea yield in sustainable agriculture production.

Effect of Rhizobacteria Application on Nutrient Content, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, Color Properties and Fruit Characteristics of Strawberry Cultivars

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of single and combined applications of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacteria on plant nutrition, biochemical content and fruit characteristics in Albion and Monterey strawberry cultivars. Bacillus subtilis OSU-142, Bacillus megaterium M3 and Paenibacillus polymyx were the PGPR used in the experiment. For each bacterial treatment, 10 mL of a 108 CFU mL−1 suspension was applied to the soil where Albion and Monterey cultivars were grown. PGPR bacteria were applied as single treatments and a mixture of equal amounts of these three bacterial species was applied as a mixed treatment. This study was carried out with a total of four different bacterial treatments and one control group. The highest fruit weight was obtained in the Monterey cultivar with 12.67 g in the Mix treatment and in the Albion cultivar with 11.79 g in the Bacillus megaterium M3 treatment. Regarding biochemical properties, Paenibacillus polymyxa was effective in influencing nutrient element content in fruits, while Bacillus subtilis OSU-142, Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus megaterium M3 applications were more effective in leaf nutrient element content. It has been observed that the Mix treatment resulting from the combined use of bacteria, rather than their separate use, has a greater impact on fruit weight. Consequently, it has been understood that PGPR bacteria are potentially effective in improving the agronomic, pomological, and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cultivars and can be used in studies and breeding programs aimed at increasing strawberry yield and quality.

The Effect Of Casgot Property On The Biological Properties Of Soil In Which Cucumbers Are Planted

Soil biological properties are various aspects related to the life of microorganisms and macroorganisms in the soil and biological activities. This study aims to understand how soil organisms and their biological activities contribute to soil fertility and plant health. This study used a purposive sampling method and was analyzed using descriptive analysis. Soil biological properties, including the total number of bacteria and fungi, were observed to assess the effect of Black Soldier Fly larvae (kasgot) fertilizer application. The results showed that treatment variations had a significant effect on the population of fungi and bacteria in the rhizosphere. The highest value of the fungal population was recorded in the M1 treatment without the first treatment, while the lowest value was in the M1 treatment with the first treatment, indicating that the type and frequency of treatment can drastically affect fungal growth. For the bacterial population, the M3 treatment in the first application showed the highest effectiveness, while the M2 treatment in the second application showed the lowest results, highlighting the importance of the dose and application stage in increasing the bacterial population. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of selecting the right treatment to optimize the soil microbial population in agricultural practices.

Nutritional improvement of cactus fruit scraps with addition of alfalfa or Atriplex halimus, and comparison of two animal feed preservation methods (silage and solar drying)

This work aimed to study the effect of adding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Atriplex halimus L. on biochemical properties, microbial flora, ferment silage and solar-dried cactus fruit scraps. Alfalfa and Atriplex were added to cactus silage to improve nutrient quality. Three mixtures were prepared: M1 based on cactus, M2 based on cactus and alfalfa, and M3 based on cactus and Atriplex. Bran and wheat straw were added to the mixtures to improve the moisture content. After adding alfalfa and Atriplex, the protein content of the pre-ensiling material increased (p < 0.05), reaching 10.63% DM for M1, 16.35% DM for M2, and 17.22% DM for M3. During ensilage, a significant amount of sugar and protein was degraded. All silage treatments achieved stable pH values (M1: 4.35, M2: 4.55, and M3: 4.54). The M2 and M3 treatments had the highest amount of protein. After drying, the protein content of the dried treatments was higher than that of the ensiled treatments (8.05% DM for M1, 14.96% DM for M2, and 15.36% DM for M3). In both storage methods, the microbial population declined. However, silage reduces coliforms, yeasts and moulds more efficiently than solar drying. The drying operation preserves remarkedly the nutritional quality of the mixtures while ensiling reduces the number of undesirable microorganisms.

Improving the quality of organic fertilizer by utilizing local microorganisms (LMO) of cassava tapai

Local Micro Organism Solution (LMO Solution) is a fermentation solution made from various locally available resources, both plants and animals. The LMO solution contains micro and macronutrients and bacteria that have the potential to decompose organic matter in the soil, stimulate plant growth, and act as a pest and plant disease control agent. It is easy to obtain and makes it possible to increase farmers’ desire to process agricultural waste. This research aims to determine the quality of organic fertilizer from livestock manure by utilizing local microorganisms (LMO) in cassava. This research was carried out from March 2023 to December 2023. The research was carried out at the Soil Laboratory of Hasanuddin University and the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, West Sulawesi University. The experimental design used in this planting test was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of four LMO dose treatments, with each treatment carried out three times. The results of the research showed that the planting media provided by LMO tapai cassava had a significant effect on increasing the availability of the nutrients Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P). The treatment regimen involving a dose of 240 ml (M3) showed the highest average values ​​for nutrient content, specifically 0.25% for Nitrogen (N) and 13.75 ppm for Phosphorus (P2O5). Providing cassava tapai LMO in the planting medium had a significant effect on the average height of spinach plants at the observation time of 10 day after planting (DAT) and the average leaf weight. The M3 treatment showed the highest average value of plant height at 10 DAT of 7.17 cm and leaf weight of 0.73 g.

Pengaruh berbagai dosis pupuk organik cair urin sapi terhadap pertumbuhan semai durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) di lapangan

Cow urine is an alternative to increase the availability, adequacy, and efficiency of nutrient uptake for plants containing microorganisms so that it can reduce the use of inorganic fertilisers (N, P, and K) and increase plant yields to the maximum. The application of liquid organic fertiliser must pay attention to the concentration or dose applied to the plants. This research aims to determine the effect of various concentrations of liquid organic fertiliser made from cow urine on the growth of durian seedlings. This research was carried out for three months, from February to May 2023, at the Arboretum of the Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University. This research used a completely randomised design (CRD) method consisting of five treatments. M0 = control, M1 = (150 ml POC: 850 ml water), M2 = (200 ml POC: 800 ml water), M3 = (250 ml POC: 750 ml water), and M4 = (300 ml POC: 700 ml water). The five treatments were repeated six times, so the total experimental units were 30. The parameters observed in this research were the increase in seedling height, the increase in the number of seedling leaves, and the increase in seedling diameter. Research data was analysed using analysis of variance. Further tests were carried out using the Honestly Significant Difference (BNJ) test at the 5% level. The results of the variance analysis showed that the application of various concentrations of liquid organic fertiliser made from cow urine had a significant effect on the increase in height, the number of leaves, and the diameter of durian seedlings. Based on the results of the BNJ test at the 5% level, it shows that the average increase in seedling height, number of leaves, and diameter of durian seedlings in the M4 treatment was significantly different from the M3, M2, M1, and M0 treatments. The average increase in height of durian seedlings is M4 = 5 cm, M3 = 4.66 cm, M2 = 4 cm, M1 = 2.91 cm, and M0 = 2.08. Average increase in number of leaves: M4 = 4 pieces, M3 = 3.33 pieces, M2 = 2.66 pieces, M1 = 2.16 cm, and M0 = 1.83. Average increase in diameter: M4 = 1.21, M3 = 1.03, M2 = 0.73, M1 = 0.45, and M0 = 0.28.

Ameliorant application promotes growth performances of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. planted on post-coal mining land

Growth performances of plants raised on post-coal mining lands are highly hampered by the unfavourable environment conditions of plant root zones. This study was carried out to find out if the improvement of plan root environment conditions by the application of ameliorants may boost the growth performance (diameter and height) of Calliandra calothyrsus during 6 months after plantation. Twenty-seven replicates of 3 levels of ameliorant treatments (0%v + 0%v, 10%v + 20%v, and 20%v + 10%v of solid decanter + biochar for the M1, M2, and M3, respectively) were applied in compatible arrangement with completely randomized design (CRD) procedure. In each replication, 30 seedlings were planted at 1 m x 2 m spacing. Plant diameter and height were census, a normal distribution test was employed prior to the anova test and mean different was defined by the LSD test. Results showed that diameter growths were significantly affected by the treatment applied. M1, M2, and M3 treatments gave a 1.32 cm, 1.29 cm, and 1.69 cm diameter growth, respectively; and gave a 147.4 cm, 142.6 cm, and 161,9 cm height growth, respectively. We conclude that M3 treatment is a promising ameliorant application to develop further in raising C. calothyrsus on post-coal mining lands.

Determination of the Efficiency of Moringa Leaf Extract Treatments on Seedling Vigor in Marigold

The effect of different planting depths on emergence characteristics was investigated in this study carried out using seeds of Marigold (Tagetes patula) collected from nature. In addition, the most effective dose that can be used in priming treatments was tried to be determined by examining the effects of moringa leaf extract treatments applied at different doses in terms of emergence rate, emergence time, survival seedling rate, true leaf emergence time, emergence speed index, coefficient of velocity of emergence and vigor index values. After the T test, it was determined that different planting depth treatments created statistically significant differences especially in the survival seedling rate. It has been observed that the fact that the planting is exposed causes an increase in the survival seedlings rate. In addition, following hydropriming and moringa treatments, the highest seedling emergence rate at both planting depths was achieved with hydropriming and moringa leaf extract (4 g L-1) treatment. Moreover, moringa leaf extract (8 g L-1) treatments exhibited the earliest emergence compared to other treatments. All treatment groups were statistically different compared to the control group in terms of emergence speed index, coefficient of velocity of emergence and vigor index values in both planting depths, and HP and M3 treatments were the treatment groups that gave the best results. As a result of the study, it has been determined that surface sowing can be recommended in marigold cultivation and moringa treatments improve the emergence characteristics.

Effect of preharvest melatonin applications at dusk on quality and bioactive compounds content of early sweet cherries.

Early sweet cherries have a high economic impact on cherry growers but have poorer quality characteristics and shorter shelf-life than late cherries. Melatonin has been proposed as a biostimulant that regulates plant and fruit growth and increases fruit quality and shelf-life but, in general in fruit and vegetables, there is controversy about its effects. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of exogenous preharvest melatonin applications at dusk on the quality and bioactive compounds of two early sweet cherry cultivars. The M3 and M5 (3 × 10-4 and 5 × 10-4 mol L-1 melatonin, respectively) treatments effectively enhanced the endogenous melatonin and hydroxycinnamic acid concentration, enhancing the functional properties of the fruit. Additionally, the M5 treatment enhanced skin colour and consumer acceptance of 'Samba' cherries, while the M3 treatment improved cherry size in 'Sandon Rose'. Preharvest melatonin applications at dusk could be included in the scheduled preharvest treatments for early cherry cultivars in order to improve the quality and to stimulate the functionality of the fruit. However, further studies are needed to adjust the concentration depending on the cultivar and the objective pursued. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Influence of Different Types of Manure and Clove Size on the Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium salivum L)

In order to determine the effects of various types of manure and clove size on the development and productivity of garlic, an experiment was carried out at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, between November 2021 and April 2022. The experiment consisted of three sizes of garlic cloves (Viz. C1=small (50gm/100 cloves), C2=medium (70gm/100 cloves), C3=large (90gm/100 cloves)) and four levels of manure (Viz. M0= Control (No manure), M1= Cowdung (15t/ha), M2= Vermicompost (6t/ha), M3= Mushroom spent compost (6t/ha)). The two-factor experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and 12 treatments. Growth and yield of garlic were influenced by the different clove sizes. The C3 treatment had the most leaves (12.77), the largest bulb diameter (4.11 cm), the most cloves per bulb (25.49), the largest clove diameter (1.35 cm), the largest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (13.5 g), and the highest bulb output per hectare (9.43 ton). The growth and yield of garlic were significantly impacted by different level of manure. The M3 treatment produced the highest number of leaves (12.45), maximum bulb diameter (3.73 cm), highest number of cloves per bulb (24.44), highest diameter of cloves per bulb (1.08 cm), highest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (11.83 g), and highest bulb output per hectare (9.92 ton). The highest bulb yield (11.42 ton/ha) was obtained from M3C3 treatment combination, while the lowest bulb yield (5.49 ton/ha) was obtained from M0C1 treatment combination. So, it can be revealed that the M3C3 treatment combination appeared to the best for achieving the higher yield of garlic.

The efficacy of a TrkB monoclonal antibody agonist in preserving the auditory nerve in deafened guinea pigs

The auditory nerve typically degenerates following loss of cochlear hair cells or synapses. In the case of hair cell loss neural degeneration hinders restoration of hearing through a cochlear implant, and in the case of synaptopathy suprathreshold hearing is affected, potentially degrading speech perception in noise. It has been established that neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) can mitigate auditory nerve degeneration. Several potential BDNF mimetics have also been investigated for neurotrophic effects in the cochlea. A recent in vitro study showed favorable effects of M3, a TrkB monoclonal antibody agonist, when compared with BDNF. In the present study we set out to examine the effect of M3 on auditory nerve preservation in vivo. Thirty-one guinea pigs were bilaterally deafened, and unilaterally treated with a single 3-µl dose of 7 mg/ml, 0.7 mg/ml M3 or vehicle-only by means of a small gelatin sponge two weeks later. During the experiment and analyses the experimenters were blinded to the three treatment groups. Four weeks after treatment, we assessed the treatment effect (1) histologically, by quantifying survival of SGCs and their peripheral processes (PPs); and (2) electrophysiologically, with two different paradigms of electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) recordings shown to be indicative of neural health: single-pulse stimulation with varying inter-phase gap (IPG), and pulse-train stimulation with varying inter-pulse interval. We observed a consistent and significant preservative effect of M3 on SGC survival in the lower basal turn (approximately 40% more survival than in the untreated contralateral cochlea), but also in the upper middle and lower apical turn of the cochlea. This effect was similar for the two treatment groups. Survival of PPs showed a trend similar to that of the SGCs, but was only significantly higher for the highest dose of M3. The protective effect of M3 on SGCs was not reflected in any of the eCAP measures: no statistically significant differences were observed between groups in IPG effect nor between the M3 treatment groups and the control group using the pulse-train stimulation paradigm. In short, while a clear effect of M3 was observed on SGC survival, this was not clearly translated into functional preservation.

Improving Photosynthesis and Grain Yield in Wheat through Ridge–Furrow Ratio Optimization

The ridge–furrow planting pattern is an effective strategy to improve grain yield, and changes in the ridge and furrow microenvironments affect wheat yield. However, the mechanism by which wheat yields are increased at different ridge–furrow ratios is unclear. In this study, four planting modes, namely the traditional planting mode (M1) and ridge–furrow ratios of 50:50 cm (M2), 75:50 cm (M3), and 100:50 cm (M4), were established for wheat under field conditions from 2021 to 2023; the effects of different treatments on light energy utilization, dry matter accumulation and transport, and grain yield were studied. The findings demonstrated that the M3 treatment exhibited the highest enhancements in parameters such as leaf area index (LAI), canopy photosynthetically effective radiation interception rate, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) index, and net photosynthetic rate. Moreover, the M3 treatment displayed superior grain filling compared to other treatments. The post-anthesis assimilate accumulation in the M3 treatment was 11.93%, 4.69%, and 13.13% higher than that of M1, M2, and M4 treatments, respectively, and the grain yield in M3 increased by 7.70–9.56%, 3.13–4.91%, and 8.69–10.90% compared with those in M1, M2, and M4 in the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, under the conditions of this study, the M3 treatment led to higher LAI and SPAD values in flag leaves post-anthesis compared to the other treatments. Moreover, M3 optimized canopy structure, led to the highest canopy interception rate, and increased photosynthetic rates per individual plant. Consequently, there was a significant increase in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, resulting in the highest grain yield achieved among the treatments.

Effect of spraying amino acids and magnesium on vegetative growth, yield and chemistry of leaves of tomato

The experiment was conducted at Research Station A of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriyah Complex, during the spring season of 2020-2021. In order to study the effect of amino acid and magnesium spray on the growth and yield of the futon hybrid, a factorial experiment was conducted within a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) for a total of 16 treatments and with three replications, amino acids were sprayed with four concentrations (7.5, 2.5, 2.5, 7.5) ml. L-1 , which has the symbol (A3, A2, A1, A0), Magnesium sulfate was also sprayed at four concentrations (6,4,2,0) g. L-1 , symbolized by (M3, M2, M1, M0), by three sprays for both workers, the first month after planting the seedlings. The sprays were every 15 days between one spray and another. The averages were compared according to the (L.S.D.) test at a probability level of 0.05%. The results showed that the treatment of A3 excelled in some traits of vegetative growth, nutrients, fruiting and total yield. The M3 treatment excelled in most indicators of vegetative growth, nutrients, fruiting and total yield. Keywords: amino acids, magnesium, vegetative growth, yield, tomato.

Biostimulant Application Alleviates the Negative Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Improves Growth Performance, Essential Oil Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Mint Crop

The scarcity of water is limiting crop production and is one of the most important stressors that severely affects crop yield, and it may also decrease the quality of the final products. Most of the medicinal and aromatic plants are considered resilient to water stress and constitute a sustainable choice for crop production in arid and semiarid conditions. In the present study, we examined the effect of scheduled deficit irrigation (e.g., I1: 40% of field capacity); I2: 70% of field capacity; and I3: 100% of field capacity) combined with biostimulant application (four different products that consisted of nitrogenous compounds and carboxylic acids (M1); nitrogenous compounds and seaweed extracts (M2); humic and fulvic acids and seaweed extracts (M3); and CaO, SiO2, calcium mobilization and translocation factor and microminerals (M4)) on crop performance and essential oil production of mint plants (Mentha arvensis L.). Our aim was to define an irrigation regime that increases water-use efficiency and the biostimulant products that alleviate water stress effects. Our results indicate that moderate deficit irrigation (I2 treatment) and biostimulants that contained seaweed extracts and nitrogenous compounds and humic and fulvic acids (M2 and M3 treatments, respectively) significantly improved yield parameters in terms of fresh and dry herb yield and essential oil production. Moreover, the same biostimulant treatments significantly increased water-use efficiency of mint crops based on the various yield parameters tested in this study. In conclusion, our results indicate that selection of proper biostimulatory products may allow to apply deficit irrigation regimes in mint cultivation without compromising the crop performance in terms of both biomass production and essential oil yield. Therefore, the combination of these agronomic tools could facilitate water saving strategies in arid and semiarid regions and contribute to the sustainable management of water resources.

Ecological mortar using dried and burnt WWTP sludge

In order to create alternatives for the disposal of sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants and contribute to reducing the environmental impacts generated by the construction industry, the aim of this work was to evaluate the technical feasibility of partially replacing cement in the production of mortars by the sludge produced at the Bragança WWTP. The sludge was characterized in relation to pH, moisture, total solids, and organic matter content, and underwent different preparation processes (4) before being incorporated into the mortar. M1: The previously dried sludge was burnt for 0.5 hour at 300 °C and for 3 h at 900 °C. M2: The sludge was dried for 24 h at 105 °C. M3: The sludge was dried for seven days by solar exposure. M4: The sludge was dried for 15 d by solar exposure. After sludge preparation, it was triturated and incorporated into the mortar mixture; the proportions of sand and water were 54 and 14%, respectively. The slurry was incorporated at concentrations of 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10%. The specimens were molded for the flexural and compressive strength tests. The specimen with 7% sludge of the M1 treatment obtained the best resistance, surpassing the standard; the specimens with sludge of the M2, M3, and M4 treatments showed similar results. The incorporation of sludge resulted in mortars within the specification of the EN 998-1:2018 norm in relation to compressive strength and, consequently, has technical feasibility.

Effect of adding chemical, organic fertilizers and spraying seaweed extracts on the availability of NPK and organic material in calcareous soil

A field experiment was carried out in the agricultural season 2021-2022 in one of the farming fields in the region of Muqdadiya, Al-Harouniya district, located 40 km northeast of Baquba district of Diyala governorate. (Soil Survey Staff, 2006). It is located at a longitude of 53° 34' N and latitude of 56° 04° 45° S. The experiment aimed to study the effect of adding chemical and organic fertilizers and spraying seaweed extracts on NPKS concentrations and cauliflower yield. The investigation included three factors; the first factor was the addition of organic fertilizer (buffalo waste) at three levels (0, 5 and 10%) of the terrace size, which M1, M2 and M3 respectively symbolize. It was added at a depth of 0-30 cm a month before planting the seedlings in the field. The second factor was the addition of NPK compound chemical fertilizer (20:20:20) at two levels (0 and the full fertilizer recommendation is 300 kg H-1 when planted as a feed) and symbolized by C1 and C2, respectively. The third factor is spraying seaweed extract with three levels (0, 2 and 4) ml L-1 represented by A1, A2 and A3. The experiment results showed that adding chemical fertilizer significantly affected the availability of organic material in the soil. The 2C treatment (and the full fertilizer recommendation of 300 kg H-1) outperformed and reached 2.96 gm kg-1; nitrogen availability in the soil amounted to 2.96 %. As well as the availability of phosphorous in the soil, which amounted to 76.28 mg P kg 1-soil, and potassium availability in the soil amounted to 76.28 %. The addition of buffalo manure to calcareous soils significantly affected the readiness of the organic material. Also, treatments M2 and M3 outperformed in soil with a value of 3.34 and 23. 4 g/kg-1, and nitrogen availability in soil amounted to 29.88 and 31.25 mg N kg-1-. The M3 treatment also excelled in the availability of phosphorous in soils, which amounted to 86.98 mg P kg-1-soil mg M kg-1-soil. The availability of potassium in the soil amounted to 361.33 %. The triple interaction between the studied factors significantly affected the availability of organic material in soils. The M2×C2×A3 treatment also excelled in recording the highest value, which was 3.85 gm kg-1, nitrogen availability in soil amounted to 37.75 %, phosphorous availability in soil amounted to 94.16 mg P kg-1 and potassium availability in soil amounted to 436.42 mg kg1-soil. Keywords: chemical fertilization, organic fertilization, seaweed extracts.

Land Optimization With Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata, Sturt) and Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Overlapping Systems in Nagari Gadut, Tilatang Kamang District

Research conducted experiment using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments that is the time of planting eggplant as secondary crops to the cultivation of sweet corn (M) consisting of: M1 = planting at same time; M2 = time of planting eggplant 1 week after planting sweet corn; M3 = time of planting eggplant 2 weeks after planting sweet corn; M4 = time of planting eggplant 3 weeks after planting sweet corn; M5 = single planting sweet corn planting time = M1. M6 = single eggplant planting time = M1. The results planting showed that eggplant can be planted together with sweet corn planting time, up to three weeks after planting sweet corn. Results of sweet corn is not influenced by the timing of planting different eggplant. The M3 and M4 treatments resulted in relatively more profitable production based on the total relative yield (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER).

Nutrient Uptake and Chlorophyll of Long Bean Plants (Vigna Sinensis L.) Due to Liquid Waste Tofu and Planting Media

This study aims to determine the absorption of nutrients N, P, total chlorophyll, and combination interactions due to the application of tofu liquid waste and growing media to long beans. The study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. Factor I of tofu liquid waste treatment (T) consisted of 3 levels, namely: T0 (0 ml), T1 (150 ml), T2 (300 ml ), and Factor II , Growing Media (M) consisted of 3 planting media, namely M1 (compost of cow dung + rice husk charcoal), M2 (compost of cow dung + cocopeat), and M3 (compost of cow dung + chopped fern). The observed variables included nutrient uptake of N-Total, P, and total chlorophyll content. The results showed that the treatment of tofu liquid waste had a very significant effect on N-Total and P nutrient uptake, namely 150 ml (T1) and the administration of 300 ml (T2) had a very significant effect on total chlorophyll content. The growing media had a very significant effect on nutrient uptake of N, P, and total chlorophyll content in the M3 treatment( cow manure compost + chopped fern). There was no interaction between tofu liquid waste and planting media for all observed variables

Organic Nutrient Solutions for Hydrophonic Spinach (&lt;em&gt;Basella alba&lt;/em&gt;) Production in Urban Agriculture

Purpose: Macro and micronutrients rich vegetable and fish wastes are generated hugely in Sri Lanka, but not recycled properly into valuable byproducts. It is a serious problem and needs to be managed to make environment free from pollution. Extraction of nutrients from organic wastes can be used as liquid fertilizers for hydroponic crop production even in congested urban cities. Research Method: Organic hydroponic medium using vegetable waste extracts (M2), fish emulsion (M3), vermi tea (M4), the mixture of M2+M3+M4, and Albert’s solution (M1-control) were prepared and tested on Spinach. The experimental setup was arranged in a CRD with four replicates. The nutritional qualities of formulated liquid fertilizers (N, P, K, Ca, Na), pH, EC, spinach growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, root length, weight (Fresh /Dry) were measured eight weeks after planting and subjected to ANOVA using SAS 9.1. Tukey's HSD multiple comparison test to identify the best treatment combination at P &lt;0.05. Findings: The results revealed that the amount of each N, P, K, Na, and Ca was significantly different between treatments (P &lt;0.05). The highest quantity of each N (11.1mg/L), P (37.99mg/L), and K (145,5 mmol/L) was detected in M2. Whereas, Na and Ca quantities were highly significant in M4 with the values of 208.7 and 96.2 mmol/L, respectively. Plant height and root length in M1, M2 and M3 were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Fresh and dry weights were also significantly higher in M3, M1 and M2 treatments when compared with other treatments. The highest leaf number and leaf area were also recorded in M3 treatment after 8 weeks of planting. Originality/Value: This study shows that fish emulsion solution was found to be more promising and both fish emulsion and vegetable waste hydrophonics medium can be used as alternatives to Albert’s solution.