M30 Grade Concrete Research Articles

Optimization Studies of Iron Ore Tailings Powder and Natural Zeolite as Concrete Admixtures

The disposal of Iron ore tailings Powder (IP) is the primary concern for numerous steel industries. Similarly, natural zeolite, a significant by-product of volcanic eruptions, pollutes the environment to an extreme degree. This study investigates and implements the extensive use of IP and natural zeolite as admixtures in M20-grade concrete in order to address the challenges posed by IP and zeolite. By varying the admixture percentage, three distinct mix ratios were formed. First, sand was replaced by iron at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Second, cement was replaced by zeolite at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. In the final mixture, both sand and cement were substituted with iron ore powder and zeolite, respectively, at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Conplast SP 430, a water-reducing admixture, was used in all of the mixtures at 1% by weight of cement. The mechanical properties of concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were studied. To evaluate the long-term properties of admixture-modified concrete, durability tests such as permeability tests, water absorption tests, rapid chloride attack tests, acid attack tests, and sulphate attack tests were conducted. In addition, slump cone tests and thermal conductivity tests were conducted on all the mix combinations to determine the changes in workability and thermal conductivity coefficient. The test results demonstrated that a mix containing 10% zeolite replaced with cement and 10% iron ore tailing powder replaced with sand has the highest performance in terms of strength and durability characteristics. The study also constructs a comparable cost estimate to ensure that its actual implementation is feasible. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-12-08 Full Text: PDF

Evaluation of strength, durability, and microstructure characteristics of slag-sand-induced concrete

This paper focused on the usage and behavior of slag sand by investigating the fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of M40 grade concrete. However, in India, more research on the effect of slag on mechanical strength is needed with in-depth microstructure & durability investigation. To fill this research gap and promote slag sand usage, a systematic and scientific investigation was conducted in which 9 concrete mixes with partial and total replacement of fine aggregate with slag sand were prepared. Compressive, split tensile strength & UPV tests are performed at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days of curing to know the mechanical properties. Linear regression analysis is done to correlate and predict the strength of concrete using different mechanical properties. According to test results, workability and mechanical properties improve with the increase in the replacement of slag sand. Slag sand concrete forms a dense network at an optimum replacement achieving Maximum rise in strength of about 17 to 33 %, referring to the control mix resulting in an environmentally friendly material. Thereby reducing the disposal of industrial effluent. Conversely, increased replacement beyond 40 % of slag sand in concrete caused a reduction in the slump and mechanical properties with increased curing age. Microstructure results revealed the formation of CSH, CASH, ettringite, calcite, and good bonding with an aggregate. Slag sand tends to absorb more water with its increased percentage due to its shape, texture, and surface area, as evidenced in its SEM images & workability. The durability of slag sand concrete has performed better and is economically feasible than M−sand mixed concrete. Hence, recycling slag sand in concrete yields an economical, eco-friendly material and proves to be a robust substrate for various construction activities in sustainable waste management.

Experimental research on using Quarry Dust to partially replace Natural River Sand and adding Admixtures in Concrete for Rigid Pavements

All over the world Concrete is widely used as a sturdy and solid material for various uses. According to International usage, it comes in second place after water. River sand, considered expensive because of its scarce availability, is utilized as one of the raw materials for Concrete. Researchers started looking for potential alternatives for river sand and recent studies by them have shown promising results in using Quarry Dust as a possible alternative for sand and for producing high-quality/strength Concrete. The present study attempted to determine the properties of Quarry Dust and its use as an alternative for river sand in Rigid Pavement construction. Various specimens of M30 Grade Concrete were casted and the test results indicate that by replacing fine aggregate with Quarry Dust the Concrete meets the requirements for Rigid Pavement construction. The strength parameters of M30 Grade Concrete in the form of Cubes, Beams and Cylinders were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days. Compressive Strength Test, Flexural Test and Split Tensile Tests were performed on the test specimens and results show that in concrete up to 40% river sand can be replaced with Quarry Dust and it can be used as an alternative for river sand in Rigid Pavement Construction.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH RECYCLED CARBON FIBRE AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE

This study aims to contribute to sustainable construction practices by promoting the use of alternative materials, reducing the industry's ecological footprint while ensuring the concrete's structural integrity in geopolymer concrete, encouraging the adoption of eco- friendly practices in the construction industry. In this thesis experimental study on M25 grade of geopolymer concrete by incorporating recycled carbon fiber and recycled aggregates. The aggregates content is partially replaced with Recycled aggregates in varying proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of coarse aggregate) and recycled carbon fiber (RCF) in varying percentages (i.e., 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement) for M25 grade concrete. The concrete mixtures produced are meticulously tested, focusing on properties such as slump, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Key Words: Geopolymer concrete, Recycled aggregates, Recycled carbon fiber.

Evaluating the Mechanical Performance of Waste Glass Powder as a Fine Aggregate Substitute to Enhance Sustainability in Concrete Production

The concrete industry poses a significant challenge to sustainability since it ranks among the foremost users of natural resources. The utilization of river sand as a fine aggregate result in the degradation of natural resources, depletion of groundwater levels, subsidence of bridge piers, and degradation of riverbeds. By substituting fine aggregate with waste glass in a specified proportion and gradation, the requirement for river sand may be reduced, therefore mitigating the adverse impacts of river dredging. This substitution has the potential to contribute to the sustainability of the concrete building sector. The main objective of this study is to examine the use of waste glass powder (WGP) in concrete and evaluate its influence on the strength characteristics and the overall cost of the concrete. The chemical composition of natural sand and WGP exhibits similarities, hence enabling the potential for partial substitution of sand with WGP in concrete. This project involves the use of WGP as a partial substitute for sand in the production of M20 grade concrete. Concrete specimens were casted using different percentages of glass powder as a replacement for sand, namely 0% (Control Mix), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. These specimens were then subjected to testing to evaluate their compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. The test results obtained for concrete mixed with WGP are compared to those of regular concrete. The findings of the study revealed that WGP has the potential to serve as a viable substitute for fine aggregate in certain applications.

Impact of Alccofine on the strength and durability properties of concrete

The use of concrete in construction is widespread throughout the world. Essentially, it consists of a binder phase and an aggregate phase. In construction, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have revolutionized the industry. The search for a cementitious material to replace cement is being carried out throughout the world in the modern era. In addition to reducing CO2 emissions, this can reduce other climatic changes, such as an increase in global average temperature. An analysis of the influence of Alccofine-1203 (ALC-1203) on the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete of M30 grade is presented in this study. A total of six concrete mixes with varying concentrations of Alccofine and cement were prepared for the study. This research examines the strength and durability of concrete containing Alccofine, a supplemental cementitious material. The addition of varying quantities of Alcofine to concrete mix was investigated in a series of laboratory studies. It has been determined that using Alccofine as a substitute may improve the strength significantly. At a replacement level of 15%, Alccofine enhanced the compressive strength to the greatest extent. Moreover, it reduced porosity, improving durability features such as resistance to acid, sulphate, and chloride ion penetration. In addition, adding Alccofine resulted in a denser microstructure, which increased mechanical properties and durability. According to the study results, adding a supplemental material could enhance its strength and durability.

Experimental study on fiber reinforced concrete using PVA fiber and glass powder

Right now, the construction business is experiencing significant upheaval. A number of materials are being tried to increase the quality, strength, standard, and overall durability of building work. Based on this knowledge, concrete strength augmentation studies are carried out. Despite certain modifications in the amount of M20-grade concrete, some percentile adjustments have revealed considerable differences in the strength of the concrete. Glass powder has replaced 15% of the aggregate's total weight. Plastiser is also used to boost strength while decreasing water consumption. A variety of tests, including impact testing, water absorption, and sieve analysis, are used. In this case, the critical component, PVA fibre, was employed to test the workability of the concrete in its presence. The inclusion of extra PVA fibre in 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% amounts greatly increases the strength of the concrete block. Furthermore, the fibre component of PVA assists in the prevention of block crack development. The results of the trials show that the addition of glass powder to concrete increases the strength of the block. Furthermore, the inclusion of PVA fibre in concrete postpones its early collapse. The wider fissures caused by traditional procedures are fully reduced by introducing PVA into the concrete block. At the end, positive results are obtained.

Experiment on Concrete by Adding Steel Fibers and Plastic Waste to Reduce Environmental Issues and Adding Strength to Concrete

Abstract: Concrete is the most commonly used material for construction in civil engineering. The project involves the proposed concrete which is made up of adding plastic in concrete may help to reuse the plastic as one of the constituent material of concrete. Due to rapid industrialization the amount of use and decomposition of plastic has increased. If we are able to utilize this waste under proper conditions as addition to concrete it will reduce the plastic waste up to some extent. By adding the steel fibers to the above mix it will increase the compressive strength of the concrete. M40 grade concrete is used in the whole procedure. Here, we used 4 different percentages of plastic waste (i.e., 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%, and 2.4%) of weight of cement and by taking quantity of steel fiber as constant (i.e., 2%) of weight of cement, and the aspect ratio of steel fibers is 60. The concrete cube of size 150mm×150mm ×150mm are prepared and tested at 3days, 7days, 14days and 28 days. The resulting data has been analyzed and compared with controlled specimens.

Experimental studies on Self-Cleaning Concrete by photocatalytic activity for rigid pavements

The environmental sustainability and sustainability of materials worldwide is the most concerning topic in the selection process of materials for construction. Self-Cleaning Concrete (SCC) consists of self-cleaning qualities and it is an environmentally friendly material. The main advantage of this new, modern composite helps in reducing maintenance costs along with a clean environment. This modern concrete removes dust and pollutants under UV rays of sunlight by photocatalytic action. In this study, M40 grade concrete was prepared conventionally and by the addition of Titanium dioxide (TiO2). TiO2 is added to concrete in amounts ranging from 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% of the weight of cement. The compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete specimens of size 150mm X150mm X 150mm and 100mm X 100mm X 500mm respectively. Then the specimens were cured and tested for 7 and 28 days. The self-cleaning ability of SCC is investigated using methyl orange, methylene blue, and Spectrophotometer under UV light or sunlight

Determination of Optimum Usage of Basalt in Strengthening of Concrete

Abstract: Strength is one of the most important properties of concrete and now a days different material are being used to enhance the strength property of concrete. The research aims to study the effect of basalt fibre on strength of concrete. M30 grade of concrete was used in this experiment. Basalt fibre were added in different proportion as 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3 % by volume of concrete. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength , split tensile strength and bending strength of concrete. A gain in strength of concrete was observed when basalt fibre was used at 0.2% by volume of concrete

CO2 emission analysis of metakaolin and alccofine replaced cement in M40 grade concrete.

Among the largest CO2 emission industries, the cement industry is ranked in 2nd place. A large volume of CO2 is emitted at the clinker production, which is a cement manufacturing intermediate product. Countries around the world were having difficulty reducing atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Concrete is still being used more and more as the nation's infrastructure advances. The amount of CO2 emitted by concrete can be decreased by using less cement or substituting other materials for cement. In this study, the CO2 emission analysis is made on M40 grade, which is that metakaolin (MK) and alccofine (AL) are replaced to the cement in the manufacturing of concrete and is compared with the conventional concrete. The optimum cement replacement of MK and AL is 10% in the production of M40 grade concrete. MK and AL concrete have advantages and disadvantages. If proper safety precautions are taken during the manufacturing process, the toxicity level can be reduced, as well as the amount of CO2 released by the cement during the production of concrete. The LCA (life cycle analysis) is made for the concrete specimens, and the results were interpreted to know which concrete sample emits less and more carbon dioxide. The LCA study provided insights into the environmental aspects of metakaolin and alccofine concrete, including potential reductions in CO2 emissions, energy consumption and other environmental indicators. It helps identify areas of improvement and informs decision-making processes regarding sustainable material choices and construction practices. In M40 grade concrete, a 10% cement replacement with metakaolin and alccofine was found to be ideal. These results could also help in identifying the major cause of CO2 emission, and they can be used for further research purposes.

“The Exploration of a Double and Ternary Composite of Self-Compacting Concrete with Metakaolin and GGBS’’

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a modern form of concrete that does not involve vibration it during laying or compaction operations. The use of fine materials such as Metakaolin (MK) and GGBS can ensure the required concrete property. One possibility for minimising the cost of self-compacting concrete is to employ mineral admixtures such as Metakaolin and GGBS. It also lowers the heat of hydration. This study adopted (OPC 53) and M30 grade of concrete. In the first trail, MK was kept constant at 5% while GGBS was varied starting at 30% with increments of 5% (30%, 35%, and 40%). In the second trail, MK was kept constant at 10% while GGBS was varied starting at 30% with increments of 5% (30%, 35%, and 40%) replacement by the weight of Portland cement, and performance is assessed and compared to conventional concrete mix. The effect of mineral admixtures on self-compacting concrete workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, With a water cement ratio of 0.47 and manufacturing sand as fine aggregates and 12.5 mm coarse aggregates, a powder content of 520 kg/m3 (as per IS code10262-2019) is chosen as the binder material (Fine aggregate and cement) To improve the flow of the concrete, the superplasticizer poly carboxylate ether was used. As a result, self-compacting concrete's flow and filling capacities have significantly improved. MK5 (double blended mix) and MK5 + GGBS35 (triple blended mix) have higher 28-day strength than other mixes, while MK5 + GGBS35 has a higher modulus of elasticity than other mixes.

R.C.C Shell Structure Design of Selected Head Cap Shape

Abstract: A shell structure is a thin structure composed of curved sheets of material, so that Shell structures are inspired from natural element named “SHELL”. A thin curved member or slab usually of reinforced concrete that function as tension member and shell. The waviness plays an important role in the structural behavior realizing a spatial form. Some of natural elements like eggshell, seashell, fruit shells (walnut) etc are showing shell structure properties. The present reinforced concrete shells as a very efficient structure, spanning wide, architectonically beautiful, relevant and valuable structural solution. Shell structures are very attractive lightweight structures, which are especially suited to Architectural building, industrial application, commercial projects etc.. The actual design of shells, involves theories of shells and the use of appropriate codes of practice. Types of curved shell like Parabolic, Hyperbolic or Cylindrical members are often said to act as tension rigidity hence called tensile members. For achieving the optimized load capability and flexural strength of such an element in form of shell covering structure is checked in for M30 grade concrete. Tensile shell members are structural edifice that caries only tension and without buckling or bending. Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-shell structures used worldwide from past decades. The profile and aspect of structure used are unlike for loading conditions, geographical locations and Architecture design differs as such as horizontal, sloping or curved member (dome and shell member). In this research work the tensile shell (plate) structure is designed in the form of beam and as grid shell slab element (plate). After then load has been applied for analysis via software tool i.e. STAAD Pro. The types of load assigned dead and live loads. The Design code specifications for curved shell member in IS: 2210–1994, IS 2204-1962 “Code of practice for construction of reinforced concrete shell roof” [CED 13: Building Construction Practices including Painting, Varnishing and Allied Finishing] and the load case criteria is to be as per IS: 875(2)–2000. RCC design specifications as per IS: 456–2000

Slag and Bagasse Ash: Potential Binders for Sustainable Rigid Pavement.

The current study tries to cut carbon emissions by using various waste materials in place of cement, including sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and ladle furnace slag (LFS), individually and in a combined form also, which has not been studied yet. In the same context, effort was made to utilize the maximum amount of waste materials as the replacement of cement to create a sustainable environment. Besides this, another aim is checking the performance of these waste materials as binding materials with respect to compressive strength for sustainable rigid pavement construction without activating them or using any activating solution. For this purpose, the compressive strength test is done for GGBFS, LFS, and SCBA, and later on, the artificial neural network (ANN) technique is also used to check the novelty of results in a broad way. For the same purpose, M40 grade concrete was made by incorporating different selected waste materials in a varying proportion ranging from 0 to 35%. Based on the results obtained from the compressive strength test for different curing periods, i.e., 7, 14, and 28 days, it was observed that the GGBFS, LFS, and SCBA can be utilized individually up to 15%, respectively. Another observation made from the findings was that the use of LFS and SCBA in the individual form up to 20% was found to be possible as the maximum reduction in strength was found to be up to 2.63%. However, the cumulative impact of all these waste products was also examined. Based on the data, it was concluded that the best outcomes would arise from using these additives in combination to replace cement in the mix by up to 30% (i.e., without compromising the required characteristics of concrete), which will be proved as an aid to the environment and the society also. Besides this, the fluctuation in the compressive strength value of concrete mixes after integrating various waste materials was also examined in order to construct a model using the ANN approach. The model's outcomes suggest that the ANN model does a good job of forecasting the compressive strength of concrete.

An experimental investigation on self-healing concrete using “Bacillus subtilis”

The current study attempts to measure the performance of concrete utilizing microbiologically generated bacteria growth. This idea led to the creation of a highly unique concrete that employs bacteria to mend defects in concrete. When cracks develop in concrete, they allow the ingress of water and various chemicals, thereby reducing its strength and durability and causing corrosion of the reinforcement. To solve this issue, bacterial concrete is developed which has an independent self-healing mechanism that assists in fracture repair by producing calcium carbonate crystals that fill micro-fissures and pores. In the present investigation, the bacterium “Bacillus subtilis” was employed based on the literature study. This bacterium was cultured and utilized as it can withstand harsh environmental conditions. The Bacterium “Bacillus subtilis” was added in volume of 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml and 50 ml in M25 concrete. The compressive strength of concrete was monitored at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. It was observed that 30 cc of “Bacillus Subtilis” when cultures and added to the concrete gives optimum compressive strength for a M25 grade concrete. Also, the inclusion of microorganisms improved compressive strength of concrete significantly. This bacterium introduced to the concrete has successfully self-healed the cracks thereby improving its durability.

Experimental Research on Ceramic Waste as Partial Replacement in Concrete

Due to the day to day innovations and development in construction field, the use of natural aggregates is increased tremendously and at the same time, the production of solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions is also quite high. Because of these reasons the reuse of demolished constructional wastes like ceramic tile came into the picture to reduce the solid waste and to reduce the scarcity of natural aggregates for making concrete. The ceramic tile waste is not only occurring from the demolition of structures but also from the manufacturing unit. The waste material should have to be reused in order to deal with the limited resource of natural aggregate and to reduce the construction wastes. A crushed waste ceramic tile is used as a replacement to the coarse aggregate. The ceramic waste crushed tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. M25 grade of concrete was designed and tested. The mix designs for different types of mixes were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregate at different percentages of crushed tiles. Experimental investigations like workability, Compressive strength test, Split tensile strength test, Flexural strength test for different concrete mixes with different percentages of waste crushed and granite powder after 7, 14 and 28 days curing period has done. It has been observed that the workability increases with increase in the percentage of replacement of granite powder and crushed tiles increases. The strength of concrete also increases with the ceramic coarse tile aggregate up to 30% percentage.

Advancement of Improved M30 Grade Concrete with Red Mud and Iron Ore Slickens and their Classification

Abstract: India is a developing country and in various developing countries like India economical construction along with economical construction material plays a vital role in the development of country. Waste material in construction can play tremendous role to make it economical and durable due to some of its specific properties relevant to construction materials. This dissertation shows comparative and experimental study on utilization of Red Mud and Iron Ore Slickens by replacement of Cement and fine aggregates in concrete. In this project red mud and Iron ore slickens are added in concrete by weight of cement and fine aggregate in the proportion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% & 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% respectively. Workability and compressive strength test are performed on concrete and their results are being evaluated and compared

Design and Modelling of Intze Water Tanks in Seismic Zones by Using M40 Grade Concrete

Design and Modelling of Intze Water Tanks in Seismic Zones by Using M40 Grade Concrete

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CHANGE IN PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY OF CONCRETE WITH CHANGE IN STRENGTH

The strength of any material obtained in a structure is always less than the characteristic strength of the material. It is because of the workmanship or quality control in the manufacture of materials. The reduced value of strength which is obtained by applying partial safety factors to the characteristic strength is called as design strength of the material. A higher value of partial safety factor for concrete i.e., 1.5 has been adopted in IS 456:2000 because of the fact that there are greater chances of variation of strength of concrete due to improper compaction, inadequate curing and variation in the properties of ingredients. The chances of variation in the properties of steel are small, as it is fabricated in the factories where good workmanship and better quality control can be an achieved. Hence, a lower value of 1.15 has been adopted. In this study, the influence of various parameters affecting the compressive strength of concrete such as type of materials used, water-cement ratio, aggregate size and curing period are experimentally studied. Also how the change in compressive strength affects the value of partial safety factor is studied. For the experimental research, M20 grade of concrete is chosen with coarse aggregate size of 12 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 and 0.5 respectively. A set of specimens containing 9 cubes, 3 cylinders and a beam of each combination of selected material properties are cast and cured for a period of 7, 14 and 28 days. The study aims at decreasing the value of partial safety factor of concrete by experimental study of change in strength with respect to change in factors affecting the strength. The experimental results are validated using STAAD Pro. Keywords: Concrete, strength, partial safety factor, design strength, compaction, water-cement ratio

Development of Sustainable Concrete from Hypo Sludge Combined with Basalt Fibre and Latex

Cement production is a major source of carbon dioxide pollution. An environmentally friendly concrete needs to be developed in order to overcome the adverse environmental impacts of cement production and the continuing depletion of natural resources. Paper waste (hypo sludge) from the paper industry is becoming a challenge due to its extensive area requirements for disposal and continually increasing adverse environmental effects. To reduce paper waste and pollution, it might be beneficial to use it as hypo sludge in concrete mixes. In the present investigation, hypo sludge was used as a partial replacement in varied proportions (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) of cement in concrete of M30 grade to be assessed. Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex and basalt fibre (BF) were added to hypo sludge concrete to improve its durability and post-cracking behaviour. From the test results, the optimum dosage of hypo sludge, basalt fibre, and SBR latex was found to be 15%, 0.3%, and 10%, respectively. From the mechanical properties testing compared with the control concrete, latex-added hypo sludge basalt fibre showed an increase in compressive strength by 17.08%, flexural strength by 14.55% and tensile strength by 14.29%. Microstructural results showed that SBR latex created greater consistency in the interaction of the concrete stages. Results of the tests indicate that the performance of the concrete in terms of its strength was improved by partially replacing the cement in the concrete with hypo sludge.