M30 Grade Concrete Research Articles

Use of Waste Ceramic as Aggregate in Concrete

Abstract: This research paper represents the experimental study on use of ceramic waste material as an aggregate in concrete. To reach the goal of sustainable development utilization of waste materials in concrete production is very much useful. The ceramic aggregate used in this study was recycled from industrial ceramic tile waste in India. From the results it can be seen that it is possible to produce a concrete with good strength by using ceramic waste as an aggregate in .It is also seen from the results that the compressive strength characteristics of ceramic aggregate concrete met the required criteria set by various international standards and codes, which shows the ability of ceramic waste to be used as a substitute to the conventional aggregates in concrete. We replaced the coarse aggregate in concrete by 100% to thewaste ceramic aggregate of size 10mm. The water cementratio taken was 0.30 for concrete production and compared it with normal aggregate concrete of M20 grade. By the decrease in water/cement ratio, high strength concrete canbe obtained. But it is found that the workability will be very low. In our project the required workability was achieved by the use of maximum water-cement ratio .To overcome this use of several admixtures like super-plasticizers and silica fume are recommended to add in the mixing so that the workability can be improved. Keywords: Sustainable development, Ceramic waste as aggregate

Study on Strength and Durability Properties of Bacterial Concrete

The primary thought of this review is to assess the strength and durability properties of high strength concrete specimens by replacing cement with bacteria for healing cracks. Concrete is the most commonly used construction material all around the world. Cracks are formed due to various reasons. The cracks act as a pathway through which water and toxic salts enter. This causes corrosion and also leads to failure of structure. Repair and Rehabilitation works are costly to be done. In order to overcome this, bacteria is induced into the concrete which leads to the process of Microbial Induced Calcium Precipitate (MICP). The cracks heal by self-healing mechanism and results in crack free concrete structure. It also improves the compressive and tensile strength. In this article a new bacterium has been cultured and identified and is used as a self-healing material in M30 Grade concrete.

Experimental investigation on banana stem fibre in the production of M40 grade concrete: A review

This Review paper investigate the natural fiber in M40 grade concrete. Introducing the banana stem fiber in M40 grade concrete to enhancing the mechanical properties and durability behaviour of concrete. The different aspect ratio had been studied by many researchers with using concrete specimens with range from 30 mm to 150 mm based on the nature of the material. For this banana fiber comparing the various aspect ratio about 50 mm, 70 mm and 90 mm. The optimum results in compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength achieving greater than the other conventional concrete. Mainly, the banana stem fiber concrete attains the maximum value of flexural strength due to elastic nature of the fiber in it. The experimental results shows that the banana fiber concrete is suitable material for construction and sustainable material in construction field.

An Experimental Investigation on Self Compacting Concrete by using Recycled Aggregate by using M40 Grade of Concrete

Concrete is the second-most-used substance after water, and more than six billion tons of cement are produced each year. As part of the current investigation for new innovations in concrete as well as to decrease aggregate waste, an experimental assessment on self-compacting concrete with varied percentages of coarse recycled concrete aggregate was conducted. The major objective was to investigate the use and effects of coarse recycled aggregate in next generation concretes. The environment is under a great deal of stress as a result of the considerable increase in trash produced during construction and demolition over the past few years, together with the rise in demand for building materials. As a result, the use of recycled aggregate in concrete has been encouraged, which not only enables a more efficient use of natural resources throughout their life cycles but also contributes to environmental protection. This study employs coarse recycled aggregate (RCA) in varying percentage replacements of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) from 0% to 100% with increments of 20% for the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) of grade 40. Super-plasticizer is applied in order to achieve SCC flow properties at a dose dependent on cement weight. At 28, 56, and 90 days old, testing for split tension and compressive strength were performed on the animals. It has been shown that up to 40% recycled aggregate may be used to create SCC without noticeably decreasing strength and durability.

Comparative study on the utilization of glass fibers reinforced plastics and laminated steel bars in structural applications using finite Element modeling

The demand of hard Infrastructures like buildings have been changed since last few decades due to various factors like higher load carrying capacity, longer life span, earthquake resistance, utility etc. The construction though steel plays an important role for making stronger and more efficient structures. However, such structures possessed certain drawbacks like corrosion, high repair cost, heavy material, losing its properties at high temperature and it is a product of fossil fuel. Therefore, many researchers have reported their research work to overcome these problems using glass fibre. Thus, observing the advantages of GFRP bars over steel bars, it is considered as one of the alternatives to steel bars. In this study, a simulation analysis was performed using ANSYS software, in which five models Fe250 grade of steel withM40 grade of concrete and other five models of Fe415 grade of steel with M25 grade of concrete were developed and analyzed. During Analysis is performed by replacing the steel bars with Unidirectional Epoxy E-glass rebar’s in varying percentage such as 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % and applying constant load. Analysis results show that replacing of 20 % of main steel bars by glass fibre rebar is considerable. The behaviour of this laminated steel reinforced beam-column joint was properly analyzed. The main steel bars were laminated with Epoxy E-glass fibre layers. The number of layers was 5, each of thickness 0.1 mm. Steel bars were laminated in varying percentage such as 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 %. From the observation of data generated 20 % and 40 % laminated steel reinforced beam-column joint model gave better result than the rest. Calculating their percentage differences, it was found that 40 % lamination of main steel bars by glass fibre layer is more efficient.

Studies on hardened properties of concrete incorporated with copper slag

The present study aims to develop sustainable construction aggregates using industrial solid waste material like copper slag which is produced from smelting and refining process of copper. Copper slag contains Fe2O3 [35–60%] and SiO2 [25–40%] apart from small amounts of CaO, Al2O3 and CuO which makes it a potential solid waste material to be used as replacement to conventional fine aggregates. In this study, an attempt has been made to utilize copper slag as alternative to conventional fine aggregates in engineered way by conducting mix proportioning for M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40 grade of concrete. Initially the dosage of super plasticizer i.e., 0.75% is fixed to get the required workability of 75–100 mm by performing various trials. The water to cement ratio for each grade of concrete was found by trial and error method using the ratios 0.4, 0.42 and 0.44. This paper also studies the corrosion behaviour of steel reinforcement embedded in copper slag concrete. Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the major causes affecting the long-term performance of reinforced-concrete structures. Hence, the corrosion test was conducted by using thermo mechanical treatment (TMT) steel of 150 mm length and 8 mm diameter which are embedded in concrete cube of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. On completion of accelerated corrosion, all the concrete samples were removed from all the connections and taken out of tank. Further for reinforced concrete with 40% replacement of copper slag, the percent of decrease in compressive strength is on lower side for nominal concrete as compared to concrete with copper slag. All the concrete specimens were subjected to wetting and drying in alternate way by placing in 3.5% NaCl solution. The findings in the study demonstrate that copper slag addition contributes to less resistance to corrosion attack.

Performance on Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Alccofine 1203 and Fine Aggregate with Sawdust Using M30 Grade of Concrete

In order to change the properties of concrete, this paper investigated the use of sawdust as a waste product to replace sand and Alccofine 1203 as a partial replacement for cement. The effects of the alteration on the concrete were investigated when sand was weight for cement in the concrete mixtures. By incorporating sawdust into concrete, waste (sawdust) may be disposed of while also reducing the weight of the concrete. Alccofine 1203 is applied as an admixture to replace cement in various amounts of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%, while sawdust is added as an admixture to supplement fine aggregate in various amounts of 3, 6, 9 and 12%. Compressive and split tensile strengths at 28, 56 and 90 days were taken into consideration for determining the test findings.

Effect of two stages of mixing water approach on recycled aggregate concrete

Construction Waste Management (CWM) is a different task because of it has different characteristics and polluting agents. Nowadays the volume of construction waste is increased day by day. Crushed, graded inorganic particles are Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA), and are made from the materials that have been used in construction and demolition.The aim for this project is to determine the strength characteristics of RCA for application in structure concrete, which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with RCA, an alternative material to Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA) in structural concrete. The present experimental study deals with two stages of mixing water approach (TSMWA) for achieving best mechanical properties. The Recycled aggregate was used in five variant as 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % replacements of NCA in M20 grade of concrete. In this project, the strength of the concrete was determined and compared by using different percentage of RCA. The investigation was carried out using workability test, compression test, split tensile test and flexure test. Through experimental study and analysis, it is observed that using TSMWA WITH the replacement of 30 % RCA with NCA does not more affect the characteristics of concrete. TSMWA method improve up to 6.35 % the strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RCA) made up of RCA at 28 days respectively w.r.t. Normal Mixing Approach (NMA). It is observed that concrete prepared with TSMWA gives better properties than concrete mixed with NMA.

Behaviour of sintered fly ash aggregates and steel fibers on reinforced concrete slabs subjected to punching

In this study the optimum replacement percentage of sintered fly ash aggregates in M30 grade of concrete was identified based on 28 days cubical compressive strength value. The optimum replacement of Sintered Fly ash Aggregates (SFA) is 40 %. Before identifying the optimum replacement percentage, the SFAs were tested for suitability test such as crushing strength test, impact test and water absorption test. Further, the optimum 40 % SFAs in concrete is tested for punching shear on the Reinforced Concrete (RC) slabs for a dimension of 1000 mm x 1000 mm x 100 mm. In addition to know the effect of steel fibers in RC slabs subjected to punching. A hook ended steel fibers having an aspect ratio of 55, 80 and 100 is selected and varied by volume of concrete for the punching shear values on RC slabs. The RC slabs concrete contains aspect ratio of steel fibers 55 is varied for 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 % and 1 % for volume of concrete. In addition to that a constant volume of steel fiber 0.5 % is selected for the aspect ratios of 80 and 100 for the punching shear tests. The punching shear values for the RC slabs shows that partial replacement of SFAs and steel fibers in concrete enhances the punching shear strength. These experimental tested results are compared with finite element programming (ABAQUS) and international codes such as IS 456 and ACI 2011. The experimental punching shear results were higher when compared to international codes.

Studies on concrete made of quartz and feldspar mineral mining materials for sustainability

In recent times, global warming and Environmental degradation have become major concerns for academicians and researchers. The shortage of raw materials required for construction is increasing day by day all over the world is a white truth. The principal concern and challenge for construction engineers and researchers in the field of construction engineering is to avoid the exhaustion of natural resources like sand and crushed stones. The increasing strength of population in India enforced the civil engineering industry to use the construction materials at quick pace, thus result in reduction of sand and crushed stones, in turn this will have a severe impact on the environment triggering many threats significantly, for example., exhaustion of river due to sand excavate being done at alarming rate, on the other hand speedy growth of industries and industrialization in India gave birth to various kinds of industrial waste products. In this context, the present research has been carried out in laboratory settings to elucidate the consequence of total substitution of sand using Quartz and Feldspar mineral mining materials. The mix design considered in the present research is M25 Grade of concrete. In the present study, natural fine aggregate has been totally replaced with sand manufactured out of Quartz and Feldspar mineral mining. The experiment has been conducted in a laboratory setting and results have been interpreted..

Mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of metakaolin and alccofine in M40 grade concrete

The CO2 emission by the cement has created major effects on environment, this resulted a need for replacement of cement in the making of concrete. This study explains the mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of concrete made by partial replacement of cement with the metakaolin (MK) and alccofine (AL) which are mineral admixtures. Both the metakaolin and alccofine were pozzolanic material used widely in the construction industry. When the mechanical characteristics of concrete were tested at various time intervals, it was discovered that the optimal partial replacement of cement was 10% for both MK and AL in the varied percentage replacement of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The compressive strength of the concrete has increased for both MK and AL at 10% replacement comparing to conventional concrete of the same ratio. The microstructural analysis is made on concrete to see the hydration process at different time interval and it clearly showed how the pores and C-S-H (calcium-silicate hydrate) gel is formed in early stage as well as in later stage. This study concludes that the partial replacement of cement can be done to a certain extent without affecting its property and can be able to reduce the effect of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Comparative study on strengthening of concrete using granite waste

The mechanical properties of concrete are investigated using varying amounts of granite dust and granite chips as a partial replacement for traditional cement and coarse aggregate. In this article, the cubes, cylinders and beams were casted by combining different versions of granite chips and dust as a substitute for conventional aggregates and cement for various concrete grades. Various ratios of granite dust and chips were replaced with conventional concrete, such as 4%, 10% and 15%. To determine the best water cement ratio for M30 and M40 grade concrete, workability test was performed. It was observed that a 0.45 w/c ratio generates a greater compressive strength. These specimens were cured in water for a particular amount of time before being tested in the laboratory for compressive, flexural, and split tensile properties. The obtained results of the tests were compared to other conventional concrete. The modified concrete may be applicable to non-load bearing structures such as kerbs, dividers, and so on. This study examines the feasibility of using Granite dust and chips to improve concrete properties such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strength.

Comparison of Compressive Strength of M30 Grade Concrete with Destructive and Nondestructive Procedures Using Digital Image Processing as a Technique

Destructive, semidestructive, and nondestructive methods are used to assess the compressive strength of concrete and its substantial mechanical property. In the destructive method, samples of concrete are crushed and treated under compression to determine its compressive strength. As such, the impact is seen on test results like the method of casting and compaction. The tests on concrete become limited in the destructive method and are confined to predict compressive strength, flexural strength, etc. To overcome its limitations and to study concrete matrix, semidestructive and nondestructive test methods came into limelight. Among nondestructive methods, strength prediction can be carried out using Schmidt’s rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, image analysis techniques, radioactive tests, etc. Consequently, an advanced technique to predict the strength of the structural element using digital image processing technique has been introduced, and one can have a glimpse of the enlarged image, which quantifies and is used to assess the strength. The various characteristic features associated with the image help to calculate the strength of the structural element. A high‐pixel camera is used to take images of concrete cube samples, and they are analyzed with digital image processing techniques and a tool in MATLab or directly by making use of ImageJ software. In addition, digital image processing techniques are being implemented in various fields such as medical, industrial, remote sensing, and engineering. The present paper proposes to cast 150 × 150 × 150 mm‐sized M30 grade concrete cube samples and to study their strength after a period of 7 days and subsequently after 28 days. Destructive and nondestructive methods are used, and the samples are analyzed with digital image processing techniques using ImageJ software. The observed findings are discussed in the paper.

Investigation on Mechanical and Durability Performance of Reinforced Concrete Containing Red Soil as Alternate for M‐Sand

The river sand is a primary parameter in the concrete structure. This work replaces accessible locally accessible substitution materials like red soil and manufactured sand (M‐Sand). In this paper, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete containing red soil and M‐Sand have been studied. In this investigation, M30 grade concrete was used, and tests were conducted for two sets of combinations; i.e., red soil as a partial replacement for river sand seems to be 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%, and red soil as a partial replacement for manufactured sand (M‐Sand) seems to be 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, and 20%. The compressive strength (7 days, 28 days, 90 days), split tensile strength (28 days), and flexural strength (28 days) have been determined. The combination S4‐50% river sand + 50% red soil and S9‐70% M‐Sand + 30% red soil gives more compressive strength than other combinations. Similarly, the combination S3‐60% river sand + 40% red soil and S6‐40% M‐Sand + 60% red soil gives more flexural and split tensile strength than other combinations. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, EDAX analysis, and durability tests like alkalinity, sulfate attack, and chloride attack have also been studied.

Studies on application of multiple regression analysis for prediction of split tensile strength of concrete with zeolite

Construction industry is responsible for discharge of almost 50% of Greenhouse gases like CO2, NOx, etc. Production of Cement alone responsible for about 7% of total Carbon Dioxide released per year. Many researchers have suggested that addition of various additives like Fly Ash, Silica fume, etc. in cement production or concrete production to reduce the amount of CO2 released. Zeolite is a rare mineral additive with cementitious properties, allowing it to be used in concrete as a partial replacement for cement without compromising its strength. Zeolite has also been shown to be an effective CO2 adsorbent. Many researchers have investigated and proved the use of zeolite as a partial blending material in concrete. This research aims to blend Natural Zeolite (from 0% to 20% by weight of cement) into concrete and investigate its impact on the concrete's tensile properties. In this study, multiple regression approaches in SPSS were used to determine the mechanical strength properties of Zeolite Blended concrete, namely Split Tensile Strength. Simultaneously, real Tensile Strength tests are done on M30 grade concrete. The results of Multiple Regression are cross-checked against the real test results. The validation of both results reveals a small difference in the outcomes. The regression model also includes a formula for predicting concrete Split Tensile, which is a function of several concrete ingredients.

A Study on Self‐Consolidate Concrete in Experimental Reinforced‐Concrete Beam Column Structures with Alccofine and Steel Fiber

This paper discusses the concept of self‐consolidating concrete mix with Alccofine‐1203, superplasticizer, viscosity modification agent, crimped steel fiber on the RC beam column joint. Totally, eight reinforced‐concrete (RC) column joints with M25 grade concrete were considered in this study. Out of eight RC beam column joints, two beam column joints served as Alccofine, two beam column joint specimens served as Alccofine 5%, two beam column joint specimens served as Alccofine‐10%, and two beam column joint specimens served as Alccofine‐15%. All the RC beam column joint specimens were tested under the compression until failure in the loading frame of 2000 kN capacity. The test results of Alccofine‐10% showed the higher loading capacity than that of Alccofine‐5% and Alccofine‐15% in self‐consolidating concrete RC beam column joints. The percentage of superplasticizer, viscosity modification agent, and crimped steel fiber is maintained. Nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) to analyse the beam column joint through nonlinear finite element modelling (NLFEM) and the modelling results were compared from the experimental results. The results obtained through ANSYS modelling show good agreement with the experimented results. The deflection ductility of experimental results shows 1.57, and the predicted deflection ductility shows 1.59 in beam column joint with Alccofine‐10%. ANSYS software is validated as appropriate software to predict the study parameters of self‐consolidation concrete in beam column joints.

Mathematical model valuation for recycled material mechanical strengths

Several plastic goods such as water bottles, plastic bags, food containers, and many more have mass production to fulfill our daily demand. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most used plastic materials to manufacture these products, and the solid waste is causing ecological challenges. The objective of the work is to study the consequences of using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as a partial substitute for sand in M25 grade concrete. PET was used as a local substitute for sand with substitution factors ranging from 0 to 15%, increasing 2.5%. The investigational findings revealed a drop in compressive and tensile strength with different percentages of PET plastic. The maximum fall in compressive strength is around 39 % with the complete replacement, i.e., 15% of fine aggregate with PET plastic waste compared to the reference concrete, and at 2.5%, 10%, and 15% of PET replacement, the tensile strengths fall to 8.9, 25 and 41.24% respectively. This article also describes the correlation among compressive and split tensile strength at different percentages of PET. The coefficient of determination for the relationship developed between strength parameters (compressive strength or split tensile strength) and the portion of PET content is 0.99, which shows how closely the predicted results are correlated to experimental results.

Mechanical strength and durability performance of sea water concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials in different curing conditions

In this research, the mechanical performance of concrete was evaluated using sea water as substitute over natural water and manufactured sand replaced over river sand by using supplementary cementitious materials as Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and Fly ash (FA). The previous literature research analysis presented here, which has shown the use of seawater is likely to accelerate the strength development of concrete during early stages due to the rich chloride content in seawater. Most studies have shown that concrete made with seawater has a significantly higher 7-day compressive strength, a comparable 28-day compressive strength and later on reduction in long-term compressive strength to ordinary concrete so this initiated the desire in this research to find more accuracy. In present study new concrete composite developed using Sea water as blending and curing agent, with three fractions such as 25% FA & 25% GGBFS, 20% FA & 30 % GGBFS and 10% FA & 40% GGBFS for M40 grade concrete in Tap water and Sea water curing conditions for 7, 28, 56 days. Compressive strength, Flexural Strength and Split tensile strength for three mix results are presented, it has been specifically observed that the effects of 25% FA & 25% GGBFS mix with manufactured sand and sea water for mixing, curing has shown positive impact on mechanical properties gain in Compressive strength up to 40–50 N/mm2 at 28 days and 56 days of concrete was investigated and equal and slightly greater performance for Flexural & split strength was observed at later ages. This study explored durability parameters through chloride penetration and sorptivity test.

The influence of fines in sandstones on the performance of concrete

As sand pits are exhausted and dredging is forbidden by environmental rules, construction materials are increasingly scarce. As a result, we've had to hunt for a new and feasible choice. This proposed study makes a concerted effort to give a practical solution to this problem. Manufactured sand, which is used as a fine aggregate in concrete, is made from sandstone. River sand has been totally replaced by M−Sand, which contains micro particles. Micro fines are particles with a length and diameter of less than 75 µm. Micro fines are utilised in various amounts in the manufacturing of M30 grade concrete (0 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, 15 percent, 20 percent, and 25 percent). For the aim of testing and comparing, six manufactured sand mixtures and one river sand mix were constructed. The compressive strength of produced sand was found to be improved when the proper amount of micro particles were added.

Strength characteristics properties of papaya leaf extract as green inhibitor in concrete

Concrete is a combination of coarse and fine aggregates, water, and a fluid cement (cement paste) embedded with steel rod, which hardens (cure) over time and provides as reinforcement. Reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which steel is placed so that the two elements work together to withstand stresses. The tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses in a concrete structure are absorbed by the reinforcing steel rods. Steel bars in concrete corrode the concrete, reducing its strength. By establishing a protective layer over the steel bar, the addition of papaya leaf extract to steel reinforced concrete lowers the rate of corrosion. As a function, the concrete and steel bars' lifespans are extended. Bio-based papaya leaf extract was added to six different dosages of M25 grade concrete in this study: 0 %, 0.50 %, 1.00 %, 1.50 %, 2.00 %, and 2.50 % by weight of cement. Compressive, split, flexural strength test and water absorption test are all done on hardened concrete specimens after they've been cured for a certain period of time. The effects of papaya leaf extract on the mechanical characteristics of concrete were investigated with regard to those of conventional concrete. When compared with standard concrete, the compressive strength of the concrete increases by 3 % after 28 days. The split tensile strength has increased by 25 % after 28 days. After 28 days, flexural strength has improved by 10 %. And it was discovered through a water absorption test that when the proportion of papaya leaf extract increases, water absorption decreases.