Lysine Intake Research Articles

The differences in the consumption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of pregnant women diagnosed with arterial hypertension or arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism

BackgroundExcessive body weight induces the occurrence of arterial hypertension. The risk associated with irregularities during the perinatal period is increased in women with diagnosed hypothyroidism. Disorders of thyroid functions during pregnancy may cause higher body weight gains. The aim of this project was to determine the differences in the average daily intake of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in women with arterial hypertension and with hypothyroidism.MethodsThe control group (Group I) included healthy women. In this group, no complications during the course of pregnancy were observed and the delivery was on the due date. Group II was comprised of patients with arterial hypertension. Group III included patients with arterial hypertension, who were diagnosed with hypothyroidism before pregnancy. The women’s eating habits and dietary composition were analyzed based on a dietary assessment.ResultsWomen with arterial hypertension (Group II) consumed the highest number of calories per day, while women with a normal pregnancy consumed the lowest amount of calories. The daily consumption of vegetable protein was similar in all study groups. The average daily consumption of fat, cholesterol and carbohydrates was the highest among women with diagnosed arterial hypertension. Women with arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism more frequently gave birth before the 38th week of pregnancy. The average daily intake of Arginine, Lysine, Methionine and Tryptophan was lower in the group of women with a normal pregnancy than in the two other groups.ConclusionsExcessive calorie intake causing significant body weight gain fostered the occurrence of arterial hypertension during pregnancy.

Combined supplementation of chromium-yeast and selenium-yeast on finishing barrows

ABSTRACT: The present study was performed to evaluate the association of chromium-yeast and selenium-yeast as nutritional additives to enhance performance and quantitative characteristics in the carcass of finishing barrows. A total of 48 barrows, commercial hybrid, with initial weight of 68.3±3.5 kg and final weight of 99.6±3.6 kg, were utilized for the study. The animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design, consisting of three levels of chromium-yeast and selenium-yeast (i.e., without supplementation of chromium-yeast and selenium-yeast, supplementation of 0.4 mg kg-1 chromium-yeast and 0.3 mg kg-1 selenium-yeast, and supplementation of 0.8 mg kg-1 chromium-yeast and 0.6 mg kg-1 selenium-yeast) with eight replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The supplementation of chromium and selenium-yeast did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the average daily feed intake, digestible lysine, crude protein and metabolizable energy intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion, weight and carcass length, back fat thickness, muscle depth, percentage and amount of lean meat, and carcass allowance. These findings suggest that supplementation of chromium and selenium-yeast does not affect the performance or quantitative characteristics in the carcass of finishing barrows.

Sequential metabolizable energy plans for piglets from 7 to 30 kg

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate sequential metabolizable energy (ME) plans, maintaining the lysine: calorie ratio for piglets from 7 to 30 kg. Forty eight female piglets with initial weight of 6.9 ± 1.2 kg and final weight of 30.5 ± 3.8 kg were randomly allocated in a randomized complete blocks design to three nutritional plans with eight replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Sequential plans provided four ME levels: plan 1: 3,300-3,250-3,200-3,150 kcal ME kg-1, plan 2: 3,400-3,350-3,300-3,250 kcal ME kg-1, and plan 3: 3,500-3,450-3,400-3,350 kcal ME kg-1 of feed, from 7 to 10 kg, 10 to 15 kg, 15 to 20 kg and 20 to 30 kg, respectively. From 7 to 10 kg, there was no effect (P>0.05) of the nutritional plans in the evaluated variables. From 7 to 15 kg, a higher (P<0.05) energy intake and weight gain and a better (P < 0.05) feed conversion was observed in animals fed with nutritional plans 2 and 3. Nutritional plans 2 and 3 resulted in higher (P<0.05) final weight, feed intake, energy intake, digestible lysine intake, weight gain, and better feed conversion in the 7 to 20 kg, 7 to 25 kg and 7 to 30 kg. It is recommended the sequential plan containing 3,400-3,350-3,300-3,250 kcal ME kg-1 of feed from 7 to 10 kg, from 10 to 15 kg, 15 to 20 kg, and from 20 to 30 kg; respectively, equivalent to levels of 2,546-2,513-2,501-2,475 kcal net energy (NE) kg-1 of feed for piglets.

Meta-analysis of recommended digestible lysine levels for primiparous lactating sows

ABSTRACT: A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the recommended levels of digestible lysine and its influence on the productive performance of primiparous lactating sows. The database consisted of 26 publications, 138 diets and 3,820 sows was developed from articles on the association between, lysine, crude protein and lactating primiparous sows. The digestible lysine levels of the studies ranged from 0.22 to 1.43% with average values of 0.85% digestible lysine in the diet, with consumption of 41.25 g day-1. The digestible lysine intake of sows was positively correlated (P<0.05) with feed intake, essential amino acids, crude protein, metabolizable energy, body weight loss sows, milk production, number and weight of piglets at weaning. Digestible lysine intake showed negative correlation (P<0.05) with backfat thickness at weaning and weaning to oestrus interval. It was observed a quadratic effect (P<0.01) of body weight loss sow and daily weight gain of piglets and a quadratic effect (P<0.01) in the weight of piglets at weaning due to increased dietary lysine level. The level of 1.04% of digestible lysine indicates less weight loss sows. The greater weight of piglets at weaning and increased daily weight gain of piglets was verified with the addition of 1.30 and 1.07% digestible lysine in the diet, respectively.

Increasing dietary phytate has a significant anti-nutrient effect on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible amino acid intake requiring increasing doses of phytase as evidenced by prediction equations in broilers

Cobb 400, male broilers (n = 4,752) were housed in 12 pens/diet and 33 birds/pen. There were 3 levels of phytate P (0.24, 0.345, or 0.45%) and 4 phytase doses (0, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg) to evaluate the influence of phytate and phytase dose on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and digestible nutrient intake. Diets were formulated with reduced Ca (0.22%), available P (0.20%), energy (80 to 120 kcal/kg) and amino acids (1 to 5%). On day 21, digesta was collected from 8 birds/pen. Prediction equations determined the linear or non-linear influence of phytate P, log phytase dose, and the interaction. The AID of amino acids, Ca or P and digestible amino acid or Ca intake were influenced by linear or non-linear phytate P × log phytase dose (P < 0.0001). Increasing the dietary phytate P from 0.24 to 0.345 or 0.45% was predicted to reduce the AID of amino acids in a non-linear manner by an average of 6 to 7 percentage points, respectively. This corresponded to a non-linear decrease in digestible amino acid intake of an average of 80 to 90 mg/D. The negative effect of increasing dietary phytate P from 0.24 to 0.45% on AID was greatest for cysteine (−14 percentage points), aspartic acid or glycine (−9 percentage points) and lowest for methionine, tryptophan, serine, or glutamic acid (−5 percentage points). The predicted digestible intake of lysine (−120 mg/D), aspartic acid (−180 mg/D), or glutamic acid (−290 mg/D) were reduced in birds fed diets containing 0.345% vs. 0.24% phytate P. Phytase supplementation was predicted to increase the AID of amino acids, Ca, or P in a non-linear-log or log-linear manner at all levels of phytate P, with the greatest response at higher doses of phytase in diets containing 0.345 or 0.45% phytate P. The effect of phytase on digestible nutrient intake was less clear. Prediction equations can be useful to determine the influence of phytase and phytate P on AID and digestible nutrient intake in broilers.

120 Awardee Talk: Amino acid and energy requirements of high producing sows

Abstract Improvements in genetic selection, nutrition, health, and management has led to continuous improvement in sow productivity over the past 10 to 20 years. Today’s sows are more prolific with greater number of pigs gestated, nursed, and weaned per litter than in the past. Modern genotype females are also faster growing and leaner than predecessors. These changes in reproductive performance and body composition alter nutrient requirements during gestation and lactation. Gestation nutrient requirements appear to be met with approximately 11 to 12 g/d of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and 5,000 to 6,000 Kcal/d NE. Providing greater lysine intake increases protein deposition and sow weight gain and may reduce stillbirth rate; however, the magnitude of economic benefit provides marginal economic response. Increasing energy and amino acid intake the last 3 to 4 days pre-farrowing appears to be a better alternative to shorten farrowing duration, increase the number of pigs born alive, and their weaning weights, than providing extra feed from d 90 of gestation through farrowing. During lactation, the goal is still to increase feed intake to minimize sow weight loss. Lysine requirement estimates in lactation seem to vary from study to study possibly reflecting the degree of sow muscle and fat catabolism. A summary of several lactation studies predicts a daily lactation requirement of 27 g SID Lys from the diet with an additional 13 g mobilized from body tissue for each 1 kg of litter growth. From a feed management standpoint, the availability of equipment to provide ad libitum consumption has been a major benefit in lactation. In conclusion, the literature suggests there are many successful ways to feed sows in gestation, peri-partum, and lactation, indicating that today’s sows are extremely resilient to nutritional challenges.

Temporal profiling of essential amino acids in developing maize kernel of normal, opaque-2 and QPM germplasm.

Maize, an important cereal crop, has apoor quality of endosperm protein due to the deficiency of essential amino acids, especially lysine and tryptophan. Discovery of mutants such as opaque-2 led to the development of nutritionally improved maize with a higher concentration of lysine and tryptophan. However, the pleiotropic effects associated with opaque-2 mutants necessitated the development of nutritionally improved hard kernel genotype, the present-day quality protein maize (QPM). The aim of present study was to analyze and compare the temporal profile of lysine and tryptophan in the developing maize kernel of normal, opaque-2 and QPM lines. A declining trend in protein along with tryptophan and lysine content was observed with increasing kernel maturity in the experimental genotypes. However, opaque-2 retained the maximum concentration of lysine (3.43) and tryptophan (1.09) at maturity as compared to QPM (lysine-3.05, tryptophan-0.99) and normal (lysine-1.99, tryptophan-0.45) lines. Opaque-2 mutation affects protein quality but has no effect on protein quantity. All maize types are nutritionally rich at early stages of kernel development indicating that early harvest for cattle feed would ensure a higher intake of lysine and tryptophan. Two promising lines (CML44 and HKI 1105) can be used for breeding high value corn for cattle feed or human food in order to fill the protein inadequacy gap. Variation in lysine and tryptophan content within QPM lines revealed that differential expression of endosperm modifiers with varying genetic background significantly affects nutritional quality, indicating that identification of alleles affecting amino acid composition can further facilitate QPM breeding program.

Wheat Bread: Potential Approach to Fortify its Lysine Content

Wheat bread is the main foodstuff and supply of dietary energy/protein in most developing countries. Wheat based diets are poor regarding essential amino acid content especially lysine as the first limiting amino acid. Since human body is unable to build lysine, it is necessary to be taken via food and/or supplements. Recommended daily intake of lysine is estimated to be around 30-64 mg/kg body weight. Inadequate intake of lysine results in a syndrome called ‘protein energy malnutrition’ which is suspected to be more prevalent in developing countries. Since lysine is provided by different sources (especially meat), there is no published data about the lack of lysine, however it is estimated to be prevalent in developing countries where the lysine-rich sources are generally expensive and low accessible there. The lysine fortification of wheat bread is conducted mainly to provide an accessible lysine-rich source. Biofortification, using lysine rich sources (either as flour or protein concentrates) and directly addition of lysine amino acid and its derivative have been investigated in different studies. The aim of this article is to review the potential strategies to improve the lysine content of wheat bread from both nutritional and technological points of view.

Digestible lysine requirement for European laying quail

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the productive performance of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) in the production phase, fed with diets containing different levels of digestible lysine. A total of 175 female quails, aged 65 days, were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates per treatment. The animals were housed in 25 metal cages, and each cage represented an experimental parcel, with seven birds per parcel. The birds were fed the experimental rations containing 1.177, 1.217, 1.317, 1.417, and 1.517% digestible lysine. The parameters evaluated were: laying rate, mass of eggs produced, feed intake in the period, lysine intake, feed conversion per dozen and per mass. Significant differences were observed for posture rate with quadratic behavior, which indicated higher production for the level of 1.23% of digestible lysine. There was an increasing linear behavior for the feed and lysine intake, and for conversion feed per dozen and by mass, we observed quadratic behaviors. This indicates better feed conversion index when the optimal inclusion level was 1.33% and 1.404% of digestible lysine in the diet, respectively. The requirement of digestible lysine in diets for European quails is 1.404%, which corresponds to a daily intake of 421.20 milligrams of digestible lysine.

Effects of nutritional plans and genetic groups on performance, carcass and meat quality traits of finishing pigs

Abstract We aimed to evaluate the effects of paternal genotypes (Piau, Duroc-based, and Pietrain) and nutritional plans with different digestible lysine contents (Low, Medium, and High) on performance, carcass, and meat quality traits of pigs. Pietrain and Duroc crossbred barrows and gilts were similar in performance and carcass traits and had the greatest values when compared to Piau crossbred pigs. Regarding meat quality, drip loss was greater in pork from Pietrain crossbred barrows and gilts compared to Duroc and Piau crossbred pigs. The High nutritional plan had the greatest daily digestible lysine intake value, followed by the Medium and Low nutritional plans. Most of the performance, carcass, and meat quality traits that were evaluated in barrows and gilts were not affected by the nutritional plans. In general, Duroc and Pietrain crossbred pigs had a greater performance and carcass yield when compared to Piau crossbred pigs.

PSVI-16 Meta-analysis of increasing lysine and energy in late gestation on piglet growth, colostrum composition and piglet throughput

Abstract A meta-analysis of four late gestation sow nutrition studies (n = 298 sows) was conducted to evaluate the effects of sow feeding level and diet composition on colostrum composition and sow productivity. In all experiments, sows were fed either a gestation diet (2,979 Kcal/kg ME, 0.58% SID lysine) or lactation diet (3,322 Kcal/kg ME, 0.99% SID lysine, 2.5% added fat). The timing of transition from the gestation to the lactation diet varied between day 93 and 107 of gestation. Feeding levels ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 kg. Total lysine (LYS) and total added fat (FAT) intake from day 93 of gestation to farrowing were calculated. Data was analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS with fixed effects of experiment, parity, litter size and day of diet transition. Sow was the experimental unit. Average total number born and mean piglet colostrum intake (CI) were 13.2 and 470 g, respectively. Increasing piglet CI increased (P &lt; 0.05) number of piglets weaned by the biological dam (LSW) and average piglet weaning weight (WWT). A 1 g increase in added fat during late gestation increased piglet CI by 0.03 g (P &lt; 0.01). A 1 g increase in LYS intake increased (P &lt; 0.05) piglet CI by 0.12 g and WWT by 1.2 g. Feeding level did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) piglet CI, LSW or WWT. Feeding level, LYS and FAT did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) colostrum composition. A one nipple increase in functional teat number was associated with a 260 g increase (P &lt; 0.01) in litter CI and a 0.30 piglet increase (P &lt; 0.05) in LSW. Results suggest increasing LYS and FAT in late gestation, above what is typically fed on commercial sow farms, may improve sow reproduction. However a cost benefit analysis should be conducted before increasing feed cost. Strategies to increase sow functional teat number should be evaluated.

Performance of Gimmizah Cockerels Fed Two Levels of Methionine and Lysine and Two Levels of Protein

Seventy two cockerels of the 24-week-old Gimmizah strain were used to evaluate performance of Gimmizah cockerels fed two levels of methionine and lysine and two levels of protein. The work in this study was divided into two experiments. 1st experiment aimed to test two levels of methionine at 0.24 and 0.34% with two levels 12 and 13% CP while 2nd experiment was designed to test levels of lysine at 0.60 and 0.70% at the same protein levels in factorial design 2×2 in each experiment. Body weight and feed intake were recorded while, the change in body weight, daily protein intake and methionine and lysine intake were calculated. Semen characteristics and some blood plasma characteristics were determined. The experimental period terminated at 40 weeks of age. The obtained results showed that: From results of the first experiment it will be noticed that protein levels had no significant effects on final body weight (FBW), BW change, daily feed intake, daily methionine intake, semen characteristics and fertility percentage but increasing protein level to 13% CP exhibited significant increase in daily protein intake, globulin and AST in blood plasma. Increasing methionine level from 0.24% to 0.34% significantly improved FBW, BW change, daily feed intake, daily methionine intake, fertility percentage, globulin, glucose and semen quality characteristics except for volume which numerically improved. On the other hand daily protein intake, total protein, albumen, AST and ALT in blood plasma were not affected by methionine levels. Interaction effect between protein and methionine levels had significant effects. Cockerels fed diet 0.34% methionine with any protein level resulted in significant improvements in FBW, BW change, daily feed intake, methionine intake, motility%, live sperm, dead sperm, abnormality, fertility percentage and glucose in blood plasma compared with methionine 0.24% level. Interaction between protein and methionine levels was not significant on semen volume, total protein, albumin and ALT in blood plasma. In the 2nd experiment results revealed that daily lysine intake had insignificant effect on cockerels fed on different protein levels. In contrast cockerels fed diet contains 0.70% lysine displayed significant increases in daily lysine intake compared with those fed diet contains 0.60% lysine. Interaction between studied factors had insignificant affect FBW, BW change, all semen characteristics, fertility percentage, total protein, albumen and glucose in blood plasma but cockerels fed diet contains 0.60% lysine and 13% CP content resulted in significant reduction (P≤0.05) in daily feed intake and lysine intake compared with other treatments. On the other hand cockerels fed diet containing 12% CP with any lysine level recorded significant decrease in daily protein intake than those fed on 13% CP. While there were no significant variations in daily feed intake, daily lysine intake, AST and ALT in response to feeding on diets containing0.70% lysine and 12 or 13% protein levels compared with other treatment groups. It can be concluded that the diets containing 13% CP with 0.34% methionine or 0.60% lysine had not adverse effect on productive or reproductive performance of Gimmizah cockerels with taking into consideration semen quality and fertility percentage.

Application of the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method for the Determination of the Metabolic Availability of Lysine from Indian Sorghum Protein in Young Adult Men (P08-069-19)

ObjectivesTo measure the protein quality of cooked sorghum by determining the metabolic availability (MA) of lysine; the first limiting indispensable amino acid. Additionally, we aimed to assess the effect of complementation by combining lentils and sorghum in a mixed meal format. MethodsIn a repeated measures design, the MA of lysine in sorghum was studied using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method with L-[1–13C] phenylalanine as the indicator at four levels of lysine: 5, 8, 12, 15 mg. kg−1. d−1 in five healthy adult men. These intakes represent 13, 21, 32 and 40%, respectively, of the lysine requirement (37 mg. kg−1. d−1) for adult men. Each subject participated in 8 experimental diets: 4 lysine intakes as L-lysine from crystalline amino acid, 3 intakes of lysine from sorghum prepared by moist cooking and 1 experiment to discern the effects of complementation with lentils. The principles of slope-ratio were applied to calculate the MA of lysine in sorghum by comparing the IAAO response to varying intakes of lysine in cooked sorghum relative to the IAAO response to free crystalline lysine in the reference protein which was modelled after egg protein. ResultsThe MA of lysine from cooked sorghum was found to be 94%. Upon complementation with lentils, there was a decline in the oxidation of L-[1–13C] phenylalanine, reflecting an increased uptake of lysine for the synthesis of protein. ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that most of the lysine in cooked sorghum, the fifth most commonly consumed cereal grain, is available for protein synthesis despite being of limiting concentration. Upon complementation with lentils, there was a decrease in oxidation which highlights the effectiveness of complementation. A combination of sorghum and lentil protein in a 2:1 ratio is a viable strategy to improve the protein quality for individuals consuming a plant-based sorghum and lentil diet. Funding SourcesSupported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. Pfizer Consumer Healthcare (Mississauga, Ontario) donated the multivitamins. Mead Johnson Nutritionals donated the protein-free powder for experimental diets.

Impact of Low Protein and Lysine-deficient Diets on Bone Metabolism (P08-072-19)

ObjectivesLow protein diet and essential amino acid deficient-diet have an impact on body weight and growth and different studies also showed an impact of lysine intake on bone metabolism. Lysine has been shown to promote the absorption of intestinal calcium and to participate in the collagen synthesis through its involvement in the reticulation process of the tropocollagen beams. The assembly of tropocollagen bundle into mature collagen fibers is essential for bone formation and remodeling (civitelli et al, 1992; Fini et al, 2001). The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of low protein diet and lysine-deficient diet on bone metabolism of growing rats. MethodsStudy 1: 6 group of growing rats were fed for 3 weeks different diet with different content of milk protein at levels of 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% or 20% (% total energy).Study 2: 7 group of growing rats were fed diets with different lysine content (as % of lysine requirement), for 3 weeks: 15%, 25%, 40%, 60%, 75%, 100% or 170% (% Lysine requirement). Body weight was measured daily. At the end of the experiment, the body composition was analyzed and tissues were removed for measurements of the expression of genes involved in protein and bone metabolism. Statistical analysis was done by variance analysis. ResultsRats fed low protein diet (3% and 5% of milk protein), compared to control have a lower growth, with a lower body weight and naso-anal length. This weak growth was associated with a lower lean body mass, and also had an impact on bone metabolism. There was a decrease in the bone mineral density, bone mineral content and femur size, associated with a decrease of markers of bone turnover and formation. The same results on bone metabolism were observed on rats fed the 85% lysine deficient diet. ConclusionsLow protein diet and lysine-deficient diet reduce growth and bone metabolism. The impact of low protein diet could be related to the lysine deficiency, which have an impact on the calcium intestinal absorption and on collagen synthesis. Funding SourcesINRA, AgroParisTech. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪

Modeling the response of Japanese quail hens to lysine intake

Studies on Japanese quails have been conducted using the dose response method over the years and, to date, there have been few studies on the response of quails to the amino acid intake, such as lysine. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine an optimal adaptation period for Lys requirement studies with quails, (2) estimate the maintenance requirements for Lys, (3) determine the efficiency of Lys utilization, and (4) determine the requirements for egg output of quails. The studies were conducted in a complete random design, with 7 concentrations of Lysine (Lys) (2.6 to 13.0 g/kg) and 7 replicates with 7 quails per cage. The eighth concentration was included to confirm that Lys was actually the first limiting amino acid in the dietary protein. The experiment began at 14 weeks of age, quail with peak egg production, and finished after 10 weeks of data collection. The variables analyzed were feed intake (FI), Lys intake, body weight (BW), egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), weight gain, and egg output (EO, g/g). The results showed that 3 weeks of adaptation and 4 weeks of data collection period were enough for the quail to adapt and stabilize their responses to experimental diets. The responses of quails to Lys intake were evaluated using broken line analysis, and Lys requirements for maintenance and EO were estimated using monomolecular function The Lys requirements for maintenance and egg output were estimated to be 156 mg/BWkg0.75 per day and 21 mg/g of egg, respectively. These results were used to develop the following approach factorial: Lys = 21EO + 156BW0.75. The current study provides procedures (determine an optimal adaptation period for amino acid studies with quails) and methods (utilization of dilution technique to determine Lys maintenance requirements and utilization efficiency) designed for quails as well as a simple and flexible model that can be quickly adopted by researchers. Future studies should improve the coefficients (mg of Lys required for EO and BW) proposed in this research, especially to maintenance requirements.

Identification of a novel biomarker for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: Implications for newborn screening.

Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is often characterized as an early onset epileptic encephalopathy with dramatic clinical improvement following pyridoxine supplementation. Unfortunately, not all patients present with classic neonatal seizures or respond to an initial pyridoxine trial, which can result in the under diagnosis of this treatable disorder. Restriction of lysine intake and transport is associated with improved neurologic outcomes, although treatment should be started in the first year of life to be effective. Because of the documented diagnostic delay and benefit of early treatment, we aimed to develop a newborn screening method for PDE. Previous studies have demonstrated the accumulation of Δ1 -piperideine-6-carboxylate and α-aminoadipic semialdehyde in individuals with PDE, although these metabolites are unstable at room temperature (RT) limiting their utility for newborn screening. As a result, we sought to identify a biomarker that could be applied to current newborn screening paradigms. We identified a novel metabolite, 6-oxo-pipecolate (6-oxo-PIP), which accumulates in substantial amounts in blood, plasma, urine, and cerebral spinal fluid of individuals with PDE. Using a stable isotope-labeled internal standard, we developed a nonderivatized liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based method to quantify 6-oxo-PIP. This method replicates the analytical techniques used in many laboratories and could be used with few modifications in newborn screening programs. Furthermore, 6-oxo-PIP was measurable in urine for 4 months even when stored at RT. Herein, we report a novel biomarker for PDE that is stable at RT and can be quantified using current newborn screening techniques.

Pigs receiving daily tailored diets using precision-feeding techniques have different threonine requirements than pigs fed in conventional phase-feeding systems

BackgroundThere is large variation in amino acids requirements among pigs, hence feeding pigs individually with daily tailored diets or in groups with a single feed may require different levels of nutrients. Thus, the response to different threonine levels (70%, 85%, 100%, 115%, and 130% of the ideal threonine:lysine protein ratio of 0.65) was studied in growing pigs raised in a conventional group phase-feeding (GPF) system or fed individually using individual precision-feeding (IPF) techniques. In a 21-day trial, 110 barrows (25 ± 0.80 kg body weight) were housed in the same room and fed using electronic feeders. Five pigs per treatment were slaughtered at the end of the trial.ResultsThreonine intake increased linearly for the IPF and GPF pigs (P < 0.05). Lysine intake was similar across the treatments. Average daily gain, gain:feed ratio, and protein deposition were affected linearly by threonine level (P < 0.05) in both feeding systems. Protein deposition in the GPF pigs was maximized at 150 g/d and a 0.65 threonine:lysine ratio, whereas protein deposition increased linearly in the IPF pigs. Plasma Met and serine levels were 11 and 7% higher, respectively, in the IPF pigs than in the GPF pigs (P < 0.05). Dietary threonine increased (P < 0.05) threonine concentration in the longissimus dorsi in a quadratic manner in the IPF pigs, whereas there was no effect in the GPF pigs. Longissimus dorsi collagen decreased as dietary threonine increased in the IPF and GPF pigs (P < 0.10). Carcass muscle crude protein was 2% higher in the GPF pigs than in the IPF pigs (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIndividual pigs are able to modulate growth and the composition of growth according to threonine intake. The average amino acid ratio value that is currently used for GPF cannot be used for IPF.

Whole and ground grain sorghum and the free choice feeding system in broiler diets

This experiment evaluates the zootechnical performance, yield of cuts, carcass composition, and intake of metabolizable energy, lysine, and methionine + cystine in male broilers from 21 to 42 days of age fed diets based on whole and ground grain sorghum and corn. A total of 112 birds of the Cobb 500 lineage were divided into 28 cages (four animals per cage) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. Treatments consisted of diets based on ground corn and soybean meal (control, T1), ground sorghum and soybean meal (treatment 2, T2), whole grain sorghum and soybean meal (treatment 3, T3), and the diet T3 separated in feeders in the fractions (a) whole grain sorghum and (b) concentrate containing the other ingredients of the mixed feed (free choice feeding) (treatment 4, T4). The variables feed intake, body weight, feed conversion, viability, breast, drumstick and thigh yield , bromatological composition of breast and drumstick + thigh, and daily intakes of metabolizable energy, lysine and methionine + cystine were studied. The whole grain sorghum in diets is viable, contributes to reducing factory and logistics costs in the poultry industry, and promotes the same results of zootechnical performance, yields, and bromatological composition of cuts when compared to diets with ground corn and sorghum. Diets with whole grain sorghum in the free choice feeding system may be a viable alternative because birds sought to meet their daily needs for metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids even in short periods of adaptation to the diets, as demonstrated in the experiment.

Response to dietary methionine supply of growing pigs fed daily tailored diets or fed according to a conventional phase feeding system

There is a large variation in nutrient requirements among pigs, and, therefore, feeding pigs individually with diets tailored daily or in groups with a single feed may require different nutrients inclusion rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Met inclusion rate on growth performance, carcass quality, and nutrition health variables of growing pigs fed within an individual precision feeding (IPF) or a conventional phase feeding (CPF) system. Sixty barrows weighing 25–50 kg of body weight of the same high-performance genotype were used. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 main factors: (1) 2 feeding systems (IPF or CPF system), and (2) 3 Met inclusion rates (70, 100 or 130% of the ideal protein ratio of 0.30 Met:Lys) was used in a complete randomized design. Final body weight, average daily weight gain, feed efficiency, Met, and Cys intake, and loin depth were lower (P = 0.01) for IPF compared with CPF. Average daily gain increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing Met inclusion rates for IPF and it had no effect for CPF pigs. Average daily feed intake and backfat thickness were not different between feeding systems, yet both tended to increase linearly (P = 0.08) with the increase of Met inclusion rates. Lysine intake was lower (P < 0.01) in IPF compared with CPF pigs but Lys tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.06) with increasing Met inclusion rates for both systems. Plasma urea N was lower, and creatinine was higher in IPF pigs than in CPF pigs (P = 0.01), and both linearly increased (P = 0.01) with increasing Met inclusion rates. Alanine aminotransferase was higher (P = 0.02) in IPF than in CPF pigs, and remained unchanged with the increase of Met inclusion rate. Total plasma protein, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein did not differ between feeding systems neither among Met inclusion rates. These results indicate that Met to Lys ratio is underestimated for pigs fed with diets tailored daily, and the ideal protein profile might differ when pigs are fed in an IPF system or in a CPF system.

High doses of phytase on growth performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of broilers fed diets with graded concentrations of digestible lysine.

Two experiments of the same design were conducted to determine the influence of phytase on performance and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids in broilers fed graded concentrations of digestible lysine (dgLys). Cobb 400, male broilers were allocated to 1 of 16 diets consisting of 4 basal diets formulated at 80, 88, 96, or 104% of the Cobb 400 dgLys requirements for each feeding phase. Phytase was included in each basal diet at 0, 750, 1,500, or 3,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg. In Exp. 1, 33 birds/pen from hatch to day 42 were fed a 2-phase feeding program with 12 replicate pens/diet. In Exp. 2, there were 25 birds/pen from hatch to day 21 and 8 replicate pens/diet. Data were analyzed as a 4 × 4 factorial and means separated using orthogonal contrasts. In Exp. 1, feed intake (FI) increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as dgLys increased in the diet. Body weight gain (BWG) increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as dgLys concentration or phytase dose increased in the diet. As phytase dose increased in the diet, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in a linear or quadratic (P < 0.05) manner depending on the dgLys concentration of the diet (dgLys × phytase, P<0.05). In Exp. 2, FI linearly (P < 0.05) increased as dgLys increased in the diet. Increasing the concentration of dgLys or phytase in the diet increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) BWG and improved (quadratic, P < 0.05) FCR. The AID of most amino acids was influenced by a dgLys × phytase interaction (P < 0.05), except threonine, valine, tryptophan, serine, cysteine, or leucine (linear or quadratic effect of phytase, P < 0.05), where phytase improved the AID in birds fed diets containing 80, 88, or 96% of the dgLys requirement, but not birds fed 104%. The predicted dgLys requirement to maximize performance, carcass, and digestible lysine intake was 97.6 to ≥ 104%. The predicted dose of phytase to maximize BWG or FCR was between 1,990 and 2,308 FTU/kg, regardless of the dgLys concentration in the diet. The predicted dose of phytase to maximize carcass weight was between 1,527 and 2,658 FTU/kg of diet and to maximize breast weight was 0 to ≥ 3,000 FTU/kg diet, depending on the dgLys concentration in the diet. In conclusion, optimal performance in the absence of phytase could be achieved at much lower levels of lysine in the presence of phytase.