Lysine Content Research Articles

Study on the enhancement of salt tolerance of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis through addition of exogenous substances based on transcriptome analysis

Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis is an economic red macroalga whose cultivation is affected by salinity. To investigate the molecular mechanism of G. lemaneiformis response to salt stress, transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes of wild G. lemaneiformis cultured at low (10‰), normal (30‰) and high (40‰) salinities. After the algae were treated for seven days at 10‰ and 40‰ salinity, a total of 1016 and 1231 differently expressed genes were discovered, respectively. Through GO and KEGG pathway analysis, the transcription of genes involved in lysine biosynthesis, ascorbic acid biosynthesis and TCA cycling were up-regulated significantly under low salt stress. The transcription of genes related to glycogen degradation and ABC transporters pathway was significantly up-regulated under high salt stress. Meanwhile, the transcription of genes related to lignin and trehalose biosynthesis, which can enhance plant stress resistance, was up-regulated significantly under both low and high salt stress. Based on the transcriptome results, lysine, ascorbic acid, and trehalose were added to the culture system of G. lemaneiformis. The results showed that the addition of certain concentrations of exogenous lysine and trehalose enhanced the growth and salt stress tolerance of wild G. lemaneiformis. This study investigates the molecular mechanism of salt response of G. lemaneiformis and provides an experimental basis to improve the salt tolerance of G. lemaneiformis by adding exogenous substances.

Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Carboxymethyl Lysine in Indonesian Foods.

There is little data on directly measured carboxymethyl lysine (CML) content in Indonesian foods. This study aimed to generate a database of CML values in foods commonly consumed in West Java and West Sumatra. The results were to be used to update our previous estimated CML values. CML values in food samples were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Food protein content was analyzed by Kjeldahl's method or inferred from the nutrition facts' label. A total of 210 food samples were examined, with the food groups of meat and poultry (1.06 mg CML/100 g edible food), and starchy foods (0.21 mg/100 g edible food) having the highest and lowest mean CML levels, respectively. We found that the foods with the top three highest CML content were fried starch dough (cimol), fried fish crackers, and chicken gulai. The mean of the estimated values (0.80 mg CML/100 g edible food) was higher than the directly measured values (0.66 mg CML/100 g edible food), [p < 0.035]. Conclusion: This database provides information on CML values in Indonesian foods, and can be further used to make a guide policy for the selection of foods to reduce non-communicable diseases. Further measurements are needed on Indonesian dishes to complete the database.

Effect of Advanced Glycation end Products (AGEs) on Sperm Parameters and Function in C57Bl/6 Mice.

This study investigated the deleterious impact of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), commonly present in metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, and infertility-related conditions, on sperm structure and function using a mouse model where AGE generation was heightened through dietary intervention. Five-week-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups, one on a regular diet (control) and the other on an AGE-rich diet. After 13 weeks, various parameters were examined, including fasting blood glucose, body weight, food consumption, sperm parameters and function, testicular superoxide dismutase levels, malondialdehyde content, total antioxidant capacity, Johnson score, AGE receptor (RAGE) content, and carboxymethyl lysine (CML) content. The results showed that mice in the AGE group exhibited increased body weight and elevated fasting blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the AGE group displayed adverse effects on sperm, including reduced sperm counts, motility, increased morphological abnormalities, residual histone, protamine deficiency, sperm DNA fragmentation, reduced testicular antioxidant capacity, and higher levels of RAGE and CML proteins. These findings underscore the negative impact of AGEs on male reproductive health, particularly within the context of metabolic disorders, emphasizing the crucial role of the AGE/RAGE axis in male infertility, especially in the context of Western dietary patterns.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines in Association with Phenotypic and Grain Qualitative Traits Using SSR Genotyping

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal and is affected by climate change. Therefore, the production of climate-smart maize is urgently needed by preserving diverse genetic backgrounds through the exploration of their genetic diversity. To achieve this, 96 maize inbred lines were used to screen for phenotypic yield-associated traits and grain quality parameters. These traits were studied across two different environments (Anand and Godhra) and polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure, and trait-linked association. Genotype–environment interaction (GEI) reveals that most of the phenotypic traits were governed by the genotype itself across the environments, except for plant and ear height, which largely interact with the environment. The genotypic correlation was found to be positive and significant among protein, lysine and tryptophan content. Similarly, yield-attributing traits like ear girth, kernel rows ear−1, kernels row−1 and number of kernels ear−1 were strongly correlated to each other. Pair-wise genetic distance ranged from 0.0983 (1820194/T1 and 1820192/4-20) to 0.7377 (IGI-1101 and 1820168/T1). The SSRs can discriminate the maize population into three distinct groups and shortlisted two genotypes (IGI-1101 and 1820168/T1) as highly diverse lines. Out of the studied 136 SSRs, 61 were polymorphic to amplify a total of 131 alleles (2–3 per loci) with 0.46 average gene diversity. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.24 (umc1578) to 0.58 (umc2252). Similarly, population structure analysis revealed three distinct groups with 19.79% admixture among the genotypes. Genome-wide scanning through a mixed linear model identifies the stable association of the markers umc2038, umc2050 and umc2296 with protein, umc2296 and umc2252 with tryptophan, and umc1535 and umc1303 with total soluble sugar. The obtained maize lines and SSRs can be utilized in future maize breeding programs in relation to other trait characterizations, developments, and subsequent molecular breeding performances for trait introgression into elite genotypes.

Dietary advanced glycation end products, body composition, and anthropometric measures: A cross-sectional analysis in women with excess body weight

Background and aimsTo assess the association between dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs) versus body composition and anthropometric variables. Methods and resultsBody composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), anthropometry, and habitual food intake were cross-sectionally evaluated in women with excess body weight and body fat. Mean dAGEs content was estimated using a database containing the Nԑ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) content of 549 foods, which was adjusted by mean energy intake, and categorized into low, medium, and high dAGEs, by the 10th and 50th percentiles of the sample. Associations were tested by linear regression adjusted for age, education, marital status, and physical activity level. Eighty participants had mean ± standard deviation dAGEs 7.85 ± 2.65 AGEs kU/kcal. Compared with high dAGEs, women with low dAGEs ingested more carbohydrate (62% vs. 50% of calories, p < 0.001) and fiber (≈25 g vs. ≈18 g, p = 0.027) and less protein (13% vs. 17% of calories, p = 0.006) and fat (26% vs. 33% of calories, p = 0.011). Women with low dAGEs had waist/hip ratio 0.05 higher than those with high dAGEs (R2 = 0.256, p = 0.005). Low dAGEs relative to medium (p = 0.009) and high (p = 0.002) dAGEs was associated with a ≈5% gynoid fat reduction (R2 = 0.164). ConclusionLow dAGEs was associated with a higher waist/hip ratio and lower percentage of gynoid fat in women with excess body weight and excess body fat. Registration numberRBR-7z358j.

Inadequate lysine content of wheat endosperm proteins - possibility of correcting it by CRISPR-Cas system of genome editing

Inadequate lysine content of wheat endosperm proteins - possibility of correcting it by CRISPR-Cas system of genome editing

Nutrient composition of Sorghum-Based Rations and their effect on growth of Improved Indigenous Chicken in Western Kenya

Improved indigenous chicken contributes to the nutrition of farmers in rural communities. The use of maize as an energy source in chicken diets is becoming unacceptable due to competition from humans, resulting in high feed costs. Alternative energy sources like low-tannin sorghum can be grown in Western Kenya. The objective of the study was to determine the nutrient composition of sorghum-based diets and the growth of improved indigenous chicken in Busia and Siaya Counties. Dietary treatments consisted of 50% (T1), 75% (T2) sorghum inclusion, and control (commercial diet) (T3). Farmers on semi-intensive were provided dietary treatments, and free-range (T4) was not provided. Feed samples were subjected to laboratory analysis for proximate composition, amino acids, and tannin content. Growth characteristics were collected biweekly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and then means that differed significantly were separated using Tukey’s test in Genstat 14th edition. For proximate composition, dry matter was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 (91.9%) and T3 (92.1%) compared to T1 (91.4%). Crude fat was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 (9.54%) than in T1 (6.84%) and T3 (6.57%). The crude fibre was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T3 (14.3%) compared to T1 (3.37%) and T2 (3.62%). Crude protein was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 (15.8%) and T1 (15.2%) compared to T3 (12.6%). Metabolisable energy was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in T3 (2723 Kcal/Kg) compared to T1 (3569 Kcal/Kg) and T2 (3684 Kcal/Kg). Amino acids (lysine, methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan) content in diets T2 and T3 were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than T1. The tannin content of the sorghum variety C26 was 1.24%. T1 had a significantly high (p&lt;0.05) mean final weight (970 g), body weight gain (804 g), daily weight gain (14.4 g), and feed conversion ratio (5.57). Mortality was highest at T4 (17.1%). It was concluded that the inclusion of 50% low tannin sorghum meets chicken feed nutritional requirements and is best for growth performance. The study recommended that farmers rearing chicken should plant low tannin sorghum to be utilized as feed ingredient to cut the cost of production

Quantifying carboxymethyl lysine and carboxyethyl lysine in human plasma: clinical insights into aging research using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to establish a methodology for determining carboxymethyl lysine (CML) and carboxyethyl lysine (CEL) concentrations in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The test results were also used for clinical aging research.MethodsHuman plasma samples were incubated with aqueous perfluorovaleric acid (NFPA), succeeded by precipitation utilizing trichloroacetic acid, hydrolysis facilitated by hydrochloric acid, nitrogen drying, and ultimate re-dissolution utilizing NFPA, followed by filtration. Cotinine-D3 was added as an internal standard. The separation was performed on an Agela Venusil ASB C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a 5 mmol/L NFPA and acetonitrile/water of 60:40 (v/v) containing 0.15% formic acid. The multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for detecting CML, CEL, and cotinine-D3, with ion pairs m/z 205.2 > 84.1 (for quantitative) and m/z 205.2 > m/z 130.0 for CML, m/z 219.1 > 84.1 (for quantitative) and m/z 219.1 > m/z 130.1 for CEL, and m/z 180.1 > 80.1 for cotinine-D3, respectively.ResultsThe separation of CML and CEL was accomplished within a total analysis time of 6 minutes. The retention times of CML, CEL, and cotinine-D3 were 3.43 minutes, 3.46 minutes, and 4.50 minutes, respectively. The assay exhibited linearity in the concentration range of 0.025–1.500 μmol/L, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.025 μmol/L for both compounds. The relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day were both below 9%, and the relative errors were both within the range of ±4%. The average recoveries were 94.24% for CML and 97.89% for CEL.ConclusionThe results indicate that the developed methodology is fast, highly sensitive, highly specific, reproducible, and suitable for the rapid detection of CML and CEL in clinical human plasma samples. The outcomes of the clinical research project on aging underscored the important indicative significance of these two indicators for research on human aging.

Reduction of maillard browning in spray dried low-lactose milk powders due to protein polysaccharide interactions

Lactose hydrolysed concentrated milk was prepared using β-galactosidase enzyme (4.76U/mL) with a reaction period of 12 h at 4 °C. Addition of polysaccharides (5 % maltodextrin/β-cyclodextrin) to concentrated milk either before or after lactose hydrolysis did not result in significant differences (p > 0.05) in degree of hydrolysis (% DH) of lactose and residual lactose content (%). Three different inlet temperatures (165 °C, 175 °C and 185 °C) were used for the preparation of powders which were later characterised based on physico-chemical and maillard browning characteristics. Moisture content, solubility and available lysine content of the powders decreased significantly, whereas, browning parameters i.e., browning index, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furosine content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with an increase in inlet air temperature. The powder was finally prepared with 5 % polysaccharide and an inlet air temperature of 185 °C which reduced maillard browning. Protein-polysaccharide interactions were identified using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and determination of free amino groups in the powder samples. Maltodextrin and β-cyclodextrin containing powder samples exhibited lower free amino groups and higher degree of graft value as compared to control sample which indicated protein-polysaccharide interactions. Results obtained from Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy also confirmed strong protein-polysaccharide interactions, moreover a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity was also observed in the powder samples. These interactions between the proteins and polysaccharides reduced the maillard browning in powders.

Ammonium phosphate is a potential nitrogen supplement in nitrogen-limiting diets for growing pigs

Reduced protein diets may be limiting in dietary nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) inclusion and lysine content on growth performance of growing pigs. Pen-housed growing pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments to test the impact of NPN inclusion and dietary lysine content for 28 days. NPN inclusion increased feed efficiency and lean depth ( P &lt; 0.05). Final body weight increased with greater lysine ( P &lt; 0.05) but was not impacted by NPN ( P &gt; 0.05). Ammonium phosphate may be an appropriate N source in N-limiting diets for pigs.

Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Amino Acid Profile of Black Wheat Supplemented Noodles

Background: Functional foods are a topic of ongoing industrial use and research. Currently, coloured grain is being prioritized more in research since it is a source of neutraceutical chemicals. Black colored wheat is known for its anthocyanin content. Black wheat therefore has the potential to offer extra health advantages over those that standard wheat cultivars typically offer. Noodles are most popular products widely consumed throughout the world and represents second in global consumption to bread. The present study was undertaken to evaluate effect of processing on loss of amino acids content in black wheat supplemented noodles and control white noodles. Methods: In the present study, High performance liquid chromatography was used for the quantification of amino acids in Black and Netravati white colored wheat flour and prepared black wheat supplemented noodles and control white noodles samples prepared by extrusion. Result: Black wheat flour and Black wheat supplemented noodles samples had higher total amino acid content, Essential amino acid content and per cent essential amino acid score in comparison Netravati white flour and control noodles samples prepared from whole Netravati white wheat flour, while content of lysine was more in Netravati white wheat flour and control noodles samples. The noodles samples prepared exhibited average percent reduction in amino acid content in black and Netravati white wheat were 1.06 and 2.63%, respectively. Black wheat flour and black wheat supplemented noodles were rich in anthocyanins also rich in amino acids in comparison to Netravati white wheat flour. Minimum losses in amino acid content were observed in Black wheat supplemented noodles, while maximum losses were observed in Netravati white wheat control noodles samples.

Nutritional quality and microbial diversity of Chhurpe from different milk sources: an ethnic fermented food of high-altitude regions of the Western Himalayas

Chhurpe is a naturally fermented traditional dairy food of high altitude Western Himalayan region. They are generally prepared from cow or yak milk and are consumed during harsh winters. The present study was conducted to characterize the different Chhurpe samples traditionally prepared by the ethnic groups utilizing milk from different animal breeds such as cow, yak, Zomo (cow × yak), and Germo (Zomo × yak). Nutritional characterization revealed that 100 g of Chhurpe could completely meet the dietary protein requirements of children and adults with high concentrations of methionine and lysine. Tryptophan and valine were the limiting amino acids among all the Chhurpe samples. Palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were the predominant fatty acids. The Chhurpe samples were a rich source of micronutrients such as calcium, iron, and zinc meeting above 70% of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) among children (3–10 years) and up to 20% RDA for adults. Culture-independent metagenomic analysis revealed that lactic acid bacteria were the predominant group, consisting of genera such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus followed by acetic acid bacteria, mainly Acetobacter. At the species level, Lactobacillus delbrueckii was the abundant strain among all the Chhurpe samples. Species diversity was significantly higher in Chhurpe prepared from Zomo milk. Probiotic bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus helveticus, L. delbrueckii, L. brevis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were identified in the Zomo Chhurpe indicating their superior quality. The present study was an attempt to popularize Chhurpe and promote its wider consumption by highlighting its nutritional properties.

Supplementing dietary betaine during late gestation increases plasma betaine and methionine concentrations in pregnant Merino ewes but not neonatal lambs

Supplementing dietary betaine during pregnancy has improved vigour and post-natal survival rates to day seven in twin lambs, potentially due to improvements in the circulating metabolite profile of these animals. This study determined whether maternal betaine supplementation during late gestation would increase circulating levels of betaine, creatinine and other amino acids in ewes and their newborn lambs, leading to subsequent improvements in lamb viability and growth. Twenty-five single-bearing Merino ewes received dietary betaine at either 0 (Control, CTL), 2 (Low Betaine, LB) or 4 g/day (High Betaine, HB) from day 125 of gestation (dG 125) until parturition (150.7 ± 0.6 days). Blood samples were collected from the ewes prior to feeding (0 h), and at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h post-feeding on dG 125 and dG 140 prior to feeding and from the lamb within 2 h after birth. Lamb viability measures were taken at 2, 24 and 72 h and day 7 post-partum, marking (⁓30 days of age) and weaning (⁓104 days of age). Betaine supplementation at LB and HB increased plasma betaine levels at 6, 8 and 24 h post-feeding on dG 125 (P < 0.05) and tended to increase plasma betaine on dG 140 (P = 0.085). Plasma methionine levels increased at 2 and 4 h post-feeding on dG 125 relative to baseline levels (0 h) in LB ewes, yet remained unchanged in HB ewes. On dG 125, creatinine levels were higher in CTL ewes compared with betaine-supplemented ewes at 4 and 8 h post-feeding (both P < 0.05). While plasma betaine and methionine levels were unchanged in neonatal lambs, plasma concentrations of glutamine and lysine were higher (P < 0.05) in HB lambs compared to CTL and LB lambs. HB lambs tended to be heavier at marking (P = 0.057) and were heavier at weaning compared to CTL and LB lambs (P < 0.05). This study indicated that betaine supplementation increased plasma betaine and methionine levels in ewes, but not in neonatal lambs. Further research is warranted to determine whether higher levels of betaine supplementation increase neonatal concentrations.

Carboxymethyl lysine content in traditional Indian foods

Carboxymethyl lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end product (AGE), is formed in food systems due to processing conditions employed. Dietary AGEs, when ingested, add to the endogenous AGEs pool and can have health consequences. Hence, in the present work, traditionally consumed foods from India were determined for bound and free CML levels formed by various cooking methods. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to estimate the levels of CML for various food categories. In each category among the products tested, milk peda (Indian sweet) had a high amount of CML (230.4 ± 14.65 µg/g). Some of the food products which had significant amounts of CML are Panipuri (24.12 ± 0.35 µg/g), Curd rice (16.70 ± 2.05 µg/g), Pakoda (27.35 ± 4.71 µg/g), and roasted peanut (25.77 ± 2.79 µg/g). Correlating dietary CML consumption with various health parameters would help predict disease outcomes based on eating habits in the long run.

Mutant crtRB1 gene negates the unfavourable effects of opaque2 gene on germination and seed vigour among shrunken2-based biofortified sweet corn genotypes.

Sweet corn is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide. However, traditional shrunken2 (sh2 )-based sweet corn varieties are poor in nutritional quality. Here, we analysed the effect of (1) β-carotene hydroxylase1 (crtRB1 ), (2) opaque2 (o2 ) and (3) o2+crtRB1 genes on nutritional quality, germination, seed vigour and physico-biochemical traits in a set of 27 biofortified sh2 -based sweet corn inbreds. The biofortified sweet corn inbreds recorded significantly higher concentrations of proA (16.47μg g-1 ), lysine (0.36%) and tryptophan (0.09%) over original inbreds (proA: 3.14μg g-1 , lysine: 0.18%, tryptophan: 0.04%). The crtRB1 -based inbreds had the lowest electrical conductivity (EC), whereas o2 -based inbreds possessed the highest EC. The o2 +crtRB1 -based inbreds showed similar EC to the original inbreds. Interestingly, o2 -based inbreds also had the lowest germination and seed vigour compared to original inbreds, whereas crtRB1 and o2 +crtRB1 introgressed sweet corn inbreds showed similar germination and seed vigour traits to their original versions. This suggested that the negative effect of o2 on germination, seed vigour and EC is nullified by crtRB1 in the double mutant sweet corn. Overall, o2 +crtRB1 -based sweet corn inbreds were found the most desirable over crtRB1 - and o2 -based inbreds alone.

Nutritional Value and Microbiological Aspects of Dried Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Larvae Pretreated with a Pulsed Electric Field

Complete protein, which includes all the essential amino acids, and bioactive compounds needed in human nutrition, can be found in edible insects. Bioactive compounds play a crucial role in protecting cells from the damage caused by free radicals. Therefore, in this study, fat extraction yield, protein content, amino acid profile, total polyphenol content, antioxidant properties, crustacean and mollusk content, and microbiological quality have been assessed to evaluate the influence of the drying method and pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment. To this end, the sample was processed by the PEF at varied specific energy intakes (5, 20, and 40 kJ/kg) and dried by means of two methods: convective (CD) and infrared-convective (IR-CD). A comparable protein content (47.5–48.7 g/100 g d.m.) was determined for most of the samples tested. A significantly higher lysine and methionine content was detected in the CD insects, especially for samples treated by the PEF at 40 kJ/kg. The IR-CD samples exhibited a significantly higher content of polyphenols as compared to those obtained by means of the CD method, whereas the PEF apparently had a significant impact to the extent of increasing their content. Taking into account allergenicity, the crustacean content was approximately 10 times higher than the mollusk content. The study has shown that the PEF treatment prior to infrared-convective drying resulted in the assurance of the microbiological quality of dried insects for food use. Furthermore, a dose of the PEF at 20 and 40 kJ/kg demonstrated the antimicrobial effect. The results have proven that, in this case, a high temperature during the CD method did not cause the undesirable changes that had been expected. Therefore, PEF-assisted convective drying may conceivably be considered to obtain highly nutritionally valuable insects; however, it is crucial to utilize appropriate parameters in the course of the PEF processing.

Effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum and rumen protected fat on meat quality, oxidative stability, and chemical composition of finishing goats

BackgroundClostridium butyricum (CB) is a probiotic that can regulate intestinal microbial composition and improve meat quality. Rumen protected fat (RPF) has been shown to increase the dietary energy density and provide essential fatty acids. However, it is still unknown whether dietary supplementation with CB and RPF exerts beneficial effects on growth performance and nutritional value of goat meat. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CB and RPF supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, oxidative stability, and meat nutritional value of finishing goats. Thirty-two goats (initial body weight, 20.5 ± 0.82 kg) were used in a completely randomized block design with a 2 RPF supplementation (0 vs. 30 g/d) × 2 CB supplementation (0 vs. 1.0 g/d) factorial treatment arrangement. The experiment included a 14-d adaptation and 70-d data and sample collection period. The goats were fed a diet consisted of 400 g/kg peanut seedling and 600 g/kg corn-based concentrate (dry matter basis).ResultInteraction between CB and RPF was rarely observed on the variables measured, except that shear force was reduced (P < 0.05) by adding CB or RPF alone or their combination; the increased intramuscular fat (IMF) content with adding RPF was more pronounced (P < 0.05) with CB than without CB addition. The pH24h (P = 0.009), a* values (P = 0.007), total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.050), glutathione peroxidase activities (P = 0.006), concentrations of 18:3 (P < 0.001), 20:5 (P = 0.003) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.048) were increased, whereas the L* values (P < 0.001), shear force (P = 0.050) and malondialdehyde content (P = 0.044) were decreased by adding CB. Furthermore, CB supplementation increased essential amino acid (P = 0.027), flavor amino acid (P = 0.010) and total amino acid contents (P = 0.024) as well as upregulated the expression of lipoprotein lipase (P = 0.034) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (P = 0.012), and downregulated the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) (P = 0.034). The RPF supplementation increased dry matter intake (P = 0.005), averaged daily gain (trend, P = 0.058), hot carcass weight (P = 0.046), backfat thickness (P = 0.006), concentrations of 16:0 (P < 0.001) and c9-18:1 (P = 0.002), and decreased the shear force (P < 0.001), isoleucine (P = 0.049) and lysine content (P = 0.003) of meat. In addition, the expressions of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P = 0.003), fatty acid synthase (P = 0.038), SCD (P < 0.001) and PPARγ (P = 0.022) were upregulated due to RPF supplementation, resulting in higher (P < 0.001) content of IMF.ConclusionsCB and RPF could be fed to goats for improving the growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality, and promote fat deposition by upregulating the expression of lipogenic genes of Longissimus thoracis muscle.

Genomic prediction reveals unexplored variation in grain protein and lysine content across a vast winter wheat genebank collection.

Globally, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major source of proteins in human nutrition despite its unbalanced amino acid composition. The low lysine content in the protein fraction of wheat can lead to protein-energy-malnutrition prominently in developing countries. A promising strategy to overcome this problem is to breed varieties which combine high protein content with high lysine content. Nevertheless, this requires the incorporation of yet undefined donor genotypes into pre-breeding programs. Genebank collections are suspected to harbor the needed genetic diversity. In the 1970s, a large-scale screening of protein traits was conducted for the wheat genebank collection in Gatersleben; however, this data has been poorly mined so far. In the present study, a large historical dataset on protein content and lysine content of 4,971 accessions was curated, strictly corrected for outliers as well as for unreplicated data and consolidated as the corresponding adjusted entry means. Four genomic prediction approaches were compared based on the ability to accurately predict the traits of interest. High-quality phenotypic data of 558 accessions was leveraged by engaging the best performing prediction model, namely EG-BLUP. Finally, this publication incorporates predicted phenotypes of 7,651 accessions of the winter wheat collection. Five accessions were proposed as donor genotypes due to the combination of outstanding high protein content as well as lysine content. Further investigation of the passport data suggested an association of the adjusted lysine content with the elevation of the collecting site. This publicly available information can facilitate future pre-breeding activities.

The impact of the distribution method for struvite (Crystal Green) on the chemical composition of soybean and their utility in animal nutrition

One of the main factors considered in assessing the nutritional value of feed is its chemical composition, which can be modified by fertilization. Faced with reducing P resources, alternative sources of this element are being sought. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient in soybean cultivation. The aim of the study was to use an alternative source of phosphorus fertilizer and compare its impact on the chemical composition of soybean seeds with that of a traditional fertilizer (Super FOS DAR). The study investigated a range of factors in animal nutrition as well as the basic content of macro- and microelements. A pot experiment with the Abelina soybean variety was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The experiment considered two factors against the control: phosphorus fertilizer placement (band, broadcast) and different phosphorus fertilization (Super FOS DAR, Crystal Green). Use of struvite (Crystal Green)) caused positive changes in selected amino acids content and in the nutritional value of protein in soybean seeds; this can enhance the value of soybean seeds as well as increase certain macroelements and microelements. Phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the content of lysine, leucine, valine, phenyloalanine and tyrosine. Band fertilization with struvite caused a significant increase in amino acids (lysine, leucine, valine, phenyloalanine and tyrosine) as well as in the nutritional value of protein (as measured by the essential amino acid index, protein efficiency ratio and biological value of the protein). Favorable changes under the influence of the application of struvite were recorded in the content of calcium, as well as phosphorus, iron, and manganese. The value of the struvite in the case of its use as phosphorus fertilizer is promising; however, it needs further study.

Isolation and Purification of Protamine from the Cultured Takifugu flavidus and Its Physicochemical Properties.

Protamine is a cationic peptide derived from fish sperm and has several important functional properties: antibacterial properties, acting as a carrier for injectable insulin and as a heparin antagonist, combatting fatigue, etc. Thus, it has been widely used in medicinal applications and food products. Cultured Takifugu flavidus is a type of pufferfish with a delicious taste that is popular in China, and its production is increasing significantly. Therefore, protamine was extracted via acid extraction from the sperm of Takifugu flavidus and further isolated and purified via sephadex gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and desalination chromatography. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of protamine were investigated. The results showed that the sperm of the cultured T. flavidus were non-toxic, and the extracted and purified protamine had high contents of arginine (36.90%) and lysine (27.02%), respectively. The secondary structure of protamine was mainly β-folded and irregularly curled. Additionally, protamine exhibited high thermal stability with a denaturation temperature of 176 °C. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the structural analysis, bioactivity, and resource development of pufferfish protamine and help to promote the development of the pufferfish industry.