Peyer's Patch Lymphocytes Research Articles

Impaired B cell responses to orally administered antigens in lamina propria but not Peyer's patches of Gαi2‐deficient mice prior to colitis

Despite numerous studies on the intestinal immune system in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and animal models of IBD, very little is known about the immune reactivity of mucosal lymphocytes following oral immunizations under these circumstances. The reactivity of Peyer's patch (PP) and lamina propria (LP) T and B lymphocytes in inhibitory G-protein alpha2 subunit-deficient (Galphai2-/-) mice developing an IBD resembling ulcerative colitis was investigated following repeated oral immunizations with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), together with the adjuvant cholera toxin, prior to colitis. The antigen-specific B-cell response in the LP of both the small and the large intestines was significantly reduced in Galphai2-/- as compared to wild-type mice. In contrast, the frequency of KLH-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells in the PP did not differ between Galphai2-/- and wild-type mice, whereas the total frequency of Ig-producing cells as well as the frequency of enteric flora-specific Ig-producing cells in the PP was significantly increased in Galphai2-/- as compared to wild-type mice. Analysis of T cell responses following restimulation ex vivo with KLH revealed a dramatic increase in the production of interferon-gamma in mesenteric lymph node, PP and LP lymphocytes from Galphai2-deficient as compared to wild-type mice, together with decreased production of interleukin-10 in all locations except the PP.

Targeting lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule-1: A relay approach to gut immunization

Targeting vaccines to dendritic cells (DCs) can enhance responses to weak vaccine antigens. Although there are molecules that are relatively specific for the various DC subsets, there are none that are both region-specific and DC-specific. This has provided some limitation to targeting regional DC populations. We proposed that these limits could be overcome by targeting antigens not to the DC subsets directly but to cells that persistently seek out and closely interact with DCs, namely lymphocytes. To investigate this hypothesis, we targeted antigens to a unique population of gut-homing lymphocytes and then looked at the induction of immune responses at this site. Using an anti-LPAM-1 (Lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule-1; α 4β 7 integrin) monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a model antigen, we found that targeting gut-homing lymphocytes could significantly elevate the gut mucosal IgA response. Moreover, such a strategy greatly elevated the systemic IgG as well as IgA response. We found that LPAM-1-targeting enhanced the localization of antigen to both the systemic and mucosal lymphoid compartments where both IgA and IgG responses were induced. We also found that any parenteral route of delivery sufficed. Overall, targeting unique populations of lymphocytes may provide a strategy for ferrying antigen to sites that such lymphocytes home to.

Role of EspA and Intimin in Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines from Enterocytes and Lymphocytes by Rabbit Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli -Infected Rabbits

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produces attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions and watery diarrhea, both of which are intimin and EspA dependent. In this work, we explored the mucosal immune response by detecting cytokine induction in rabbits with diarrhea caused by rabbit EPEC (REPEC). Orally inoculated rabbits exhibited weight loss and mucosal inflammation, developed watery diarrhea, and died (day 7). At day 6 postinoculation, animals were analyzed for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in enterocytes. The role of lymphocyte-dependent immunity was determined through the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by lymphocytes from Peyer's patches (PP) and the spleen. EspA and intimin mutants were used to explore the role of A/E lesions in the expression of these cytokines. REPEC-infected rabbit enterocytes showed increased interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression, but that of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was increased only slightly. In contrast, intimin mutant-infected rabbits were unable to produce this proinflammatory cytokine profile but did produce a remarkable increase in IL-10 expression. Bacteria lacking EspA increased the expression of IL-8 and TNF-alpha, but that of IL-10 was increased only slightly. PP lymphocytes also produced proinflammatory cytokines, which were dependent on EspA (except for TNF-alpha) and intimin, while IL-10 was induced by EspA and intimin mutants. In contrast, spleen lymphocytes (systemic compartment) were unable to produce IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. These data show the importance of the proinflammatory cytokines secreted by enterocytes and those expressed locally by PP lymphocytes, which can activate effector mechanisms at the epithelium. Furthermore, this cytokine profile, including IL-6 and IL-1beta, which may be involved in the diarrhea produced by EPEC, depends on intimin.

Intragraft distribution of lymphocytes expressing β7 integrins after small bowel transplantation in mice

Lymphocytes with activated β7 integrins (αEβ7 and α4β7) contribute to inflammatory reactions in the small bowel. Since the selective recruitment of lymphocytes to the lymphoid compartments of the small bowel is controlled by distinct adhesion molecule interactions, a compartment-dependent use of β7 integrins may influence the rejection response within intestinal transplants. To further delineate the nature of β7 integrin-mediated graft infiltration, we analysed their expression on T lymphocytes in the heterotopically transplanted small bowel of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Lymphocytes isolated from the epithelium, lamina propria (LP), Peyer's patches (PP), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were analysed by three-color fluorescence flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to integrin the subunits, lymphocyte markers, and MHC I of the donor and recipient strains. On postoperative day 5 (POD) after allogeneic small bowel transplantation (SBT), 43% of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and 63% of LP, 93% of MLN, and 93% of PP lymphocytes were of host origin. In the MLN and PP of allografts, a major infiltrating lymphocyte population consisted of CD8 + cells with increased expression of α4β7 and decreased expression of L-selectin, an adhesion molecule profile characteristic of intestinal effector cell phenotypes. An increase in α4β7 levels was also found on CD8 + host lymphocytes in the LP. The integrin profile of a number of host IEL suggests an ongoing transition from the phenotype of graft infiltrating lymphocytes with high levels of α4β7 and low levels of αεβ7 to that of resident IEL with high levels of αεβ7 and low levels of α4β7. The importance of β7-mediated lymphocyte trafficking to the graft is attested by the significant reduction in the host lymphocyte population in the LP, PP, and epithelium following the administration of a β7-blocking mAb to allograft recipients. In conclusion, while the infiltration patterns of lymphocytes may vary between the lymphoid compartments of intestinal allografts, host CD8 + lymphocytes with high levels of α4β7 constitute a major effector cell population that affects the entire graft.

The C‐Terminal Heptapeptide of Bombesin Reduces the Deleterious Effect of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) on Gut‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) Mass but Not Intestinal Immunoglobulin A In Vivo

Background: Bombesin, the amphibian analog of mammalian gastrin‐releasing peptide, reverses total parenteral nutrition (TPN)–induced atrophy of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue and increases intestinal and respiratory immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels. Structure‐activity studies suggested that the biologically active portion of bombesin is a C‐terminal heptapeptide (7AA). This study investigates the effect of 7AA on lymphocytes counts of the Peyer's patches (PP), the lamina propria (LP) and the intraepithelial layer (IE). Methods: Forty‐eight male mice were randomized to receive chow (n = 13), TPN only (n = 9), TPN + 15 μg 7AA 3 times per day (n = 13) or TPN + 150 μg 7AA 3 times per day (n = 13). After 5 days of feeding, PP, LP, and IE lymphocytes were determined. Intestinal IgA levels were measured with ELISA. Groups were compared with ANOVA. Results: All TPN‐fed mice lost more weight than mice fed chow (p < .04). Lymphocyte counts in PP, LP, and IE were significantly lower in the TPN group than in the 3 other groups but did not differ between the groups fed chow, TPN + 15 μg 7AA 3 times per day, or TPN + 150 μg 7AA 3 times per day. Intestinal IgA levels were higher in chow‐fed mice (148.4± 16.9) than in mice fed TPN (98.4 ± 14.0, p = .008), TPN + 15 μg 7AA 3 times per day (96.9 ± 7.7, p = .003) or TPN + 150 μg 7AA 3 times per day (87.3 ± 6.7, p = .001). Conclusions: The C‐terminal heptapeptide of bombesin prevented the TPN‐induced decrease in intestinal lymphocyte populations but not the reduction in intestinal IgA levels.

Lymphocytes in Peyer patches regulate clinical tolerance in a murine model of food allergy

Background Food allergy can lead to severe, potentially life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. To generate efficient strategies aimed at an active cure, a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms is strongly needed. Objective To investigate T-cell–related mechanisms of food allergy and tolerance to β-lactoglobulin (BLG) in gut-associated lymphoid structures. Methods β-Lactoglobulin–specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE in serum from mice anaphylactic to BLG were analyzed by ELISA and compared with those obtained in mice actively tolerized to BLG. The number of Ab-secreting cells in the spleen and in Peyer patches was determined by ELISPOT. The numbers of cytokine-producing cells after antigen-specific activation were measured by the same method. Furthermore, mesenteric lymph node cells and Peyer patches cells were transferred to naive mice, and Ab production as well as Ab-secreting cells were measured. Results Serum IgG1 and IgE Ab titers as well as IL-4–producing cell numbers were strongly increased in anaphylactic mice. IL-10 was found in Peyer patch cells from tolerant mice after BLG activation but not in anaphylactic mice. Peyer patch cells, in contrast to mesenteric lymph node cells, proliferated weakly in anaphylactic mice after antigen activation, and activation of Peyer patches was partially inhibited by tolerization. Conclusions Our data suggest a specific role for lymphocytes in Peyer patches in tolerance to BLG. Low IL-10 production in Peyer patches may favor symptoms of food allergy.

Lymphocytes in Peyer patches regulate clinical tolerance in a murine model of food allergy*1

Lymphocytes in Peyer patches regulate clinical tolerance in a murine model of food allergy*1

Expression of notch receptors and ligands in the adult gut.

The Notch signaling pathway has become recognized as a vitally important pathway in regulating proliferative/differentiative decisions and cell fate. To explore the involvement of the Notch pathway in adult gut, we investigated the expression of Notch receptors and their ligands by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. Notch receptors and ligands were expressed in both proliferative and post-mitotic cells throughout adult rat gut, variously in epithelial, immune, and endothelial cells. Expression of Notch1, Jagged1, and Jagged2 frequently overlapped, whereas Notch2 expression was restricted to specific crypt cells, the lamina propria of the large intestine, and Peyer's patch lymphocytes. We propose that the expression of multiple Notch receptors and ligands in a range of different intestinal cell types indicates that this signaling pathway underpins many of the processes involved in the maintenance and function of the adult gut.

Glutamine supplementation enhances mucosal immunity in rats with Gut-Derived sepsis

Objective Supplemental glutamine (Gln) has been demonstrated to improve the immunologic response and reduce mortality in rodents with sepsis. However, the effects of Gln on gut-associated lymphoid tissue function after infection and sepsis are not clear. We investigated the effects of Gln-supplemented diets before sepsis, Gln-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) after sepsis, or both on the intestinal immunity in rats with gut-derived sepsis. Methods Male Wistar rats were assigned to control and four experimental groups. The control and experimental groups 1 and 2 were fed a semi-purified diet; in experimental groups 3 and 4, part of the casein in the diets was replaced with Gln. After feeding rats the respective diets for 10 d, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the experimental groups, whereas the control group underwent a sham operation; at the same time, the internal jugular vein of all rats was cannulated. All rats were maintained on TPN for 3 d. The control group and groups 1 and 3 were infused with conventional TPN, and groups 2 and 4 were given a TPN solution supplemented with Gln, which provided 25% of total amino acid nitrogen. All rats were killed 3 d after the sham operation or CLP. Intestinal immunoglobin A levels, total lymphocyte yields, and lymphocyte subpopulations in Peyer's patches were analyzed. Results Total Peyer's patch lymphocyte numbers were significantly higher in the Gln-supplemented groups than in the control group. Distributions of CD3 + and CD4 + in group 1 were significantly lower than those in the control group, whereas no differences were observed among the control and Gln-supplemented groups. Plasma immunoglobulin A levels were higher in the Gln-supplemented groups than the control group and group 1. Intestinal immunoglobulin A levels were significantly higher in groups 2 and 4 than in the control group and group 1. Conclusions Preventive use of a Gln-supplemented enteral diet before CLP or intravenous Gln supplementation after CLP have similar effects in promoting proliferation of total lymphocyte in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, enhancing IgA secretion, and maintaining T-lymphocyte populations in Peyer's patches. Gln administered before and after CLP did not seem to have a synergistic effect on enhancing mucosal immunity in rats with gut-derived sepsis.

Kinetics of spleen and Peyer's patch lymphocyte populations during gut parasite clearing in Cryptosporidium parvum infected suckling mice.

Data from experimental and human cryptosporidiosis have established a major role of specific immunity in the control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. In this work, alterations in spleen and Peyer's patch (Pp) lymphocytes were investigated in the course of a spontaneously resolutive gut cryptosporidiosis in four-day-old suckling NMRI mice infected with either 4 x 10(5) or 30 viable oocysts. Oocysts from entire small intestines, and spleen and Pp lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry from day 7 to day 27 post-infection. Compared to uninfected animals, a 3-5 fold increase in the numbers of spleen TCR alphabeta+, CD4+, CD8+, TCR gammadelta+ and CD45R/B220+ lymphocytes was observed on day 17 post-infection in heavily infected animals. In Pp, more than ten-fold increases were observed, except for TCR gammadelta+ lymphocytes. At termination of infection, i.e. on days 21-23 after ingestion of 4 x 105 oocysts, T and B lymphocytes decreased rapidly in both organs, and remained lower than in uninfected animals on days 19-23 post-infection. In mice infected with 30 oocysts, similar alterations were observed in Pp, but not in spleen. Data suggest that in normally developing mice, clearance of gut C. parvum infection is associated with an initial increase in systemic and local lymphocyte numbers, followed by their decrease to below control levels during the recovery phase.

Modulation of human enteric epithelial barrier and ion transport function by Peyer's patch lymphocytes.

To investigate the role of Peyer's patch lymphocytes in the regulation of enteric epithelial barrier and ion transport function in homeostasis and host defense. Mouse Peyer's patch lymphocytes were co-cultured with human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 either in the mixed or separated (isolated but permeable compartments) culture configuration. Barrier and transport functions of the Caco-2 epithelial monolayers were measured with short-circuit current (Isc) technique. Release of cytokines was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cytokine mRNA expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Barrier and iontransport functions of both culture conditions following exposure to Shigella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were also examined. The transepithelial resistance (TER) of the epithelial monolayers co-cultured with Peyer's patch lymphocytes was maintained whereas that of the Caco-2 monolayers alone significantly decreased after eight days in culture. The forskolin-induced anion secretion, in either absence or presence of LPS, was significantly suppressed in the both co-cultures as compared with the Caco-2 cells alone. Furthermore, only the mixed co-culture condition induced the expression and release of mIL-6 from Peyer's patch lymphocytes, which could be further enhanced by LPS. However, both co-culture conditions suppressed expression and release of epithelial hIL-8 under the unstimulated conditions, while the treatment with LPS stimulated their hIL-8 expression and release. Peyer's patch lymphocytes may modulate intestinal epithelial barrier and ion transport function in homeostasis and host defense via cell-cell contact and cytokine signaling.

Evaluation of in vivo acute immunotoxicity of a major organic arsenic compound arsenobetaine in seafood

In this study, we observed the in vivo acute immunotoxicity of a trimethyl arsenic compound, arsenobetaine (AsBe), which is present in large quantities in various marine animals that are daily ingested as seafood in many countries. The synthetic pure AsBe was orally administered to CDF 1 mice at a dose of 1.625 g/kg mouse weight once a day on days −6, −4, −2 and 0 (four times, total 6.5 g/kg mouse weight), and its effect on the immune organs and immune effector cells were assessed until day 8. Orally administered AsBe was temporally distributed to the immune organs, such as the spleen and thymus, but was not very toxic both quantitatively and qualitatively on these immune organs and immune effector cells, splenocytes, thymocytes, Peyer's patch lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages. This finding suggests that the ingestion of AsBe contained in marine animals is relatively safe to the health of people who often consume marine animals in their daily diet.

Effects of arginine supplementation on mucosal immunity in rats with septic peritonitis

Background: Supplemental Arginine (Arg) has been demonstrated to improve the immunologic response and reduce mortality in rodents with sepsis. However, the effects of Arg on gut-associated lymphoid tissue function after infection and sepsis are not clear. The aim of this study was to study the effect of Arg-supplemented diets before and Arg-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) after sepsis or both on the intestinal immunity of rats with septic peritonitis. Methods: Rats were assigned to four groups. Groups 1 and 2 were fed a semipurified diet, while in the diets of groups 3 and 4, part of the casein was replaced with Arg. After feeding the experimental diets for 10 days, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); at the same time, the internal jugular vein was cannulated. All rats were maintained on TPN for 3 days. Groups 1 and 3 were infused with conventional TPN, while groups 2 and 4 were given a TPN solution supplemented with Arg, which replaced 10% of the total amino acids. All rats were sacrificed 3 days after CLP. Intestinal immunoglobin (Ig) A levels, total lymphocyte yields, and lymphocyte subpopulations in Peyer's patches were analyzed. In vitro cytokine secretion by splenocytes and Peyer's patch lymphocytes were also measured. Results: Total lymphocyte yields in Peyer's patches, and small intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion in group 4 were significantly higher than the groups 1 and 2. No differences were observed between groups 3 and 4. There were no differences in the interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon- γ levels among all groups when splenocytes were stimulated with mitogen. However, in vitro splenocyte IL-10 production in group 4 was significantly higher than those of groups 1 and 2, and had no difference from group 3. There were no differences in the ratios of B and T lymphocyte subpopulations in Peyer’s patches among all groups. Conclusions: Enteral Arg supplementation before sepsis tended to enhance total lymphocyte yields in Peyer's patches and intestinal IgA secretion. Arg administered both before and after CLP had a synergistic effect on improving intestinal immunity, possibly by enhancing systemic IL-10 secretion. However, intravenous Arg administration after CLP had no favorable effects on mucosal immunity in rats with septic peritonitis.

Review: Biological effects of organic arsenic compounds in seafood

AbstractThis review describes the results of our recent experiments concerning the in vitro biological effects of water‐soluble organic arsenic compounds contained in seafood in murine immune effector cells using synthetic pure materials. A dimethyl organic arsenic compound in seaweed, viz. an arsenosugar, was weakly cytotoxic in murine alveolar macrophages during a 72 h incubation (50% lethal concentration in vitro, LC50 = 8 mmol dm−3); conversely, it increased the cell viability of peritoneal macrophages at an optimal dose of 5 mmol dm−3. Trimethyl arsenic compounds in marine animals, arsenocholine and arsenobetaine, were less toxic in murine splenocytes, thymocytes, Peyer's patch lymphocytes, peritoneal macrophages and alveolar macrophages in vitro, even over 10 mmol dm−3. Interestingly, they significantly increased the cell viability of immature bone marrow cells at doses over 100 µmol dm−3, and induced the maturation of bone marrow cells especially into granulocytes. The tetramethyl arsenic compound, tetramethylarsonium hydroxide, isolated from some lower marine animals had no in vitro cytolethality on murine immune effector cells. Taken together, organic arsenic compounds in seafood are not very toxic in living systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Study of in vitro cytotoxicity of arsenocholine, a trimethyl arsenic compound in seafood

AbstractWe examined the in vitro cytotoxic effects of an organic arsenic compound contained in seafood, viz. the trimethyl (2‐hydroxyethyl)‐arsonium cation, or arsenocholine (AsCho), on some murine immune effector cells, such as splenocytes, thymocytes, Peyer's patch lymphocytes, peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow (BM) cells using synthesized pure material. We found that AsCho had no cytotoxicity on most immune effector cells, even at concentrations over 10 mmol dm−3, and it slightly but significantly enhanced the viability of BM cells at doses over 100 µmol dm−3. This biological effect of AsCho on BM cells might be direct rather than due to autocrine mechanisms mediating some factors secreted by AsCho‐stimulated BM cells, because the culture supernatants of BM cells pre‐stimulated with AsCho did not influence the viability of other fresh BM cells. It is interesting that this unique biological effect was found in AsCho, an organic arsenic compound contained in some marine animals that are ingested daily as seafood in many countries. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Neonatal infection with a milk-borne virus is independent of β7 integrin- and L-selectin-expressing lymphocytes

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is acquired by neonates through milk and first infects lymphocytes in Peyer's patches. We show here that newborn mice lacking beta7 integrin or L-selectin were infected with MMTV at wild-type levels in both their lymphoid and mammary tissues. Superantigen-mediated activation and cognate T cell deletion were also unimpaired in both types of null mice. A large proportion of neonatal Peyer's patch lymphocytes in wild-type mice were beta7 and beta1 integrin low and both populations increased in response to MMTV infection. These results suggest that adhesion molecules other than beta7 integrin or L-selectin play a role in lymphocyte homing in the gut, peripheral lymph nodes and mammary gland in response to MMTV infection.

Trehalose Ingestion Modifies Mucosal Immune Responses of the Small Intestine in Mice.

Trehalose has been utilized as a supplement to various products such as food and cosmetics, and has recently been reported to have multiple biological functions in vitro and in vivo. We have previously found that trehalose administered orally inhibits mouse osteoclastogenesis induced by estrogen-deficiency or by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we examined whether oral administration of trehalose to mice produced changes in the Peyer's patches (PP) of the small intestine, that are essential for mucosal immune responses, to clarify the inhibitory mechanism of trehalose on osteoclastogenesis. Male C3H/HeN mice were orally administered trehalose 1 g/kg for 5 consecutive days. Interestingly, trehalose administration caused a significant decrease in the total number of PP lymphocytes (PPL) and in the spontaneous release of interleukin (IL)-6 by PPL compared with those of controls, without inducing apparent pathological damage. Moreover, proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ production by PPL in response to LPS tended to increase compared with those of the control group. Considering that IL-6 and IFN-γ are factors associated with bone metabolism, our results suggest the possibility that trehalose ingestion may modify the intestinal immune environment, resulting in altered systemic immunity and bone metabolism.

Effects of Ingestion of Yogurts Containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus on Spleen and Peyer's Patch Lymphocyte Populations in the Mouse

Certain probiotic lactic acid bacteria have been reported to improve immune system function. Here, the effects of ingesting yogurts on lymphocyte populations in the spleens and Peyer's patches were determined in mice. Three probiotic-supplemented yogurts containing Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus acidophilus and one conventional yogurt containing only S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus were prepared from commercial starter cultures and used in the study. B6C3F1 female mice were fed the four different types of yogurts mixed with an AIN-93G diet in a 50:50 (wt/wt) ratio. Nonfat dry milk mixed at a 50:50 (wt/wt) ratio with AIN-93G diet was used as the control. After a 14-day feeding period, spleen and Peyer's patches were removed and lymphocytes subjected to phenotype analysis by flow cytometry. Ingestion of the four yogurts had no effect on percentages of CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells), B220+ (B cells), IgA+, or IgM+ cells in spleen or Peyer's patches. The percentage of CD4+ (T helper) cells was significantly increased in the spleens from one group of mice fed a yogurt containing Bifidobacterium and L. acidophilus, and a similar trend was found in the remaining two probiotic-supplemented yogurts. Effects on CD4+ populations were not observed in spleens of mice fed conventional yogurt or in the Peyer's patches of any of the four yogurt groups. In total, the results suggested that ingestion of conventional or probiotic-supplemented yogurts for 2 weeks had very little effect on lymphocyte distribution in the systemic or mucosal immune compartments.

Dietary gangliosides positively modulate the percentages of Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte subsets in small intestine of mice at weaning.

We studied the influence of dietary gangliosides on the number of spontaneous cytokine-secreting cells from two intestinal lymphocyte populations: lamina propria lymphocytes and Peyer's patches lymphocytes in Balb/c mice for 28 days after weaning. Weanling mice were separated into two groups, designated as Control and BG. The Control group was fed with a semipurified diet without gangliosides and the BG group was fed with the semipurified diet supplemented with 47 mg/kg of a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides. Intestinal lymphocytes were isolated from mice killed at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after weaning, and the percentages of spontaneous Th1 as well as Th2 cytokine-secreting lymphocytes were determined using the ELISPOT assay. The BG group animals showed an earlier development in the number of cytokine-secreting cells, which appeared one week later in Control animals. In addition, mice fed with the ganglioside-supplemented diet showed a significantly higher number of Th1 and Th2 cytokine-secreting lymphocytes than Control mice in lamina propria and Peyer's patches lymphocytes at the end of the experimental period (28 days). Our results suggest that dietary gangliosides influence the maturation process of the intestinal immune system that take place during weaning.

Minimizing resistance and maximizing outcomes in surgical patients through appropriate antibiotic use.

Surgical InfectionsVol. 1, No. 1 Editorial: Minimizing Resistance And Maximizing Outcomes In Surgical Patients Through Appropriate Antibiotic UsePhilip S. BariePhilip S. BarieSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:9 Jul 2004https://doi.org/10.1089/109629600321236AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail "Editorial: Minimizing Resistance And Maximizing Outcomes In Surgical Patients Through Appropriate Antibiotic Use." , 1(1), pp. 1–2FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByInfluences of Long-Term Antibiotic Administration on Peyer's Patch Lymphocytes and Mucosal Immunoglobulin A Levels in a Mouse Model21 August 2017 | Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Vol. 30, No. 5Emergence of Resistant Microbes in Critical Care Units Is Transient, Despite an Unrestricted Formulary and Multiple Antibiotic Trials Glen A. Franklin, Kara Beth Moore, James W. Snyder, Hiram C. Polk, and William G. Cheadle9 July 2004 | Surgical Infections, Vol. 3, No. 2Clinical Trial Results with Linezolid, an Oxazolidinone, in the Treatment of Soft Tissue and Postoperative Gram-Positive Infections Samuel E. Wilson9 July 2004 | Surgical Infections, Vol. 2, No. 1 Volume 1Issue 1Apr 2000 To cite this article:Philip S. Barie.Editorial: Minimizing Resistance And Maximizing Outcomes In Surgical Patients Through Appropriate Antibiotic Use.Surgical Infections.Apr 2000.1-2.http://doi.org/10.1089/109629600321236Published in Volume: 1 Issue 1: July 9, 2004PDF download