Lymphadenitis In Sheep Research Articles

Performance of a whole blood interferon-gamma assay for detection and eradication of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), a chronic bacterial disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, could be controlled by eradication of infected carriers. This study aimed at validation of a whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Bovigam, Pfizer) in naturally infected sheep for use in eradication of infection from a flock. This assay used formalin-inactivated whole bacterial cells as antigen. The sensitivity of the whole cell assay was improved by increasing both the volume of blood and the number of bacterial cells. The assay was validated in experimentally infected sheep and in a flock of known-negative sheep, as well as in a naturally infected flock, a proportion of which was vaccinated with a commercial CLA vaccine. An optical density (540 nm) (OD) cut-off of 0.09 was effective in classifying animals as test positive or negative in the naturally infected flock, although there was variation in OD between visits, notably with weakly reacting animals. The test had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 98%. Postmortem data supported the results in test-negative animals. Visit-to-visit variation in IFN-γ EIA OD in the naturally infected flock as well as CLA disease status was used to develop an algorithm for the eradication of CLA from a known infected flock. The whole blood IFN-γ assay shows promise for eradication of caseous lymphadenitis from sheep flocks.

Protection in alpacas against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis using different bacterial components

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram positive bacterium that produces caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats, and a granulomatous lymphadenitis in llamas and alpacas. To evaluate the immune potential of different doses of cell wall and toxin components of C. pseudotuberculosis from alpaca origin, 12 adult alpacas were allotted at random to four groups, and SC inoculated in the left flank with vaccines composed of low and high doses of bacterial crude antigens, cell wall: 250 and 500 μg/ml and toxin: 133 and 265 μg/ml, respectively. The vaccines were supplemented with 20 μg/ml of muramyl dipeptide as adjuvant. Three alpacas were sham inoculated with adjuvant as a control. After 3 weeks, immunized and naive alpacas were challenged intradermally in the right flank with 1 × 10 6 colony forming units (CFU) of C. pseudotuberculosis. The alpacas were sacrificed at days 28, 58 and 112 after inoculation, and the degree of protection induced by vaccines was demonstrated by the absence of abscesses and/or bacteria. The alpacas vaccinated with high dose of toxin, did not show abscesses. In contrast, the alpacas vaccinated with a low dose of toxin showed abscesses at the inoculation site, regional, and renal lymph nodes. The cell wall vaccinated alpacas showed a lesser degree of protection than the other groups with superficial and internal abscesses. The control alpacas had persistent fever and abscesses at the inoculation site, regional, and internal lymph nodes. In addition, a robust and early humoral response was observed in all vaccinated alpacas after challenge, lasting at least 3 months. The results suggest that the toxin of C. pseudotuberculosis is a very important antigen, inducing a dose dependant protective immunity against this bacterium in alpacas.

Reconhecimento de antígenos por anticorpos de caprinos naturalmente infectados ou imunizados contra Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

<em>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis</em> é um cocobacilo gram-positivo, patógeno intracelular facultativo de macrófagos, filogeneticamente relacionado com o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. É amplamente distribuído em algumas espécies de animais, causando a linfadenite caseosa em ovinos e caprinos. A linfadenite caseosa, de ocorrência mundial, é uma doença infecciosa crônica cuja transmissão se dá principalmente através da pele. No presente experimento, foram estudados aspectos do reconhecimento antigênico, pela resposta humoral, em caprinos criados em regime extensivo, naturalmente infectados ou imunizados com uma vacina viva (cepa 1002), atenuada, desenvolvida pela Empresa Baiana de Desenvolvimento Agrícola (EBDA). As amostras de soros dos animais imunizados e de controle, coletadas mensalmente por um período de doze meses, foram analisadas pelo ensaio imunoenzimático ELISA e pelo Western blotting, utilizando-se como antígenos o extrato bacteriano contendo exotoxina e sonicado bacteriano de uma cepa selvagem e da cepa 1002. A análise através do Western blotting revelou que o padrão de antígenos reconhecidos pelos anticorpos séricos de animais imunizados, sem raça definida (srd) ou de duas raças puras, bem como animais srd naturalmente infectados, é semelhante, verificando-se bandas protéicas com pesos moleculares entre 20 e 94 kDa. Esta análise possibilitou observar-se que diferentes proteínas são reconhecidas ao longo da imunização.

A comparison of four serological tests for the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats

A double antibody sandwich ELISA (ELISA A) developed for the detection of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in sheep and goats was modified to improve its sensitivity. To establish the sensitivity and specificity of this modified ELISA (ELISA B), sera from 183 sheep and 186 goats were tested using ELISAs A and B. Comparison was also made with two further ELISAs (C and D) developed in Australia that, respectively, detect antibodies to cell wall antigens or toxin. ELISA B had the best performance of the four tests. Its specificity was 98±1% for goats and 99±1% sheep. Its sensitivity was 94±3% for goats and 79±5% for sheep. ELISA B will now be tested for use in caseous lymphadenitis eradication and control programmes in The Netherlands. It will also be used in experimental studies of CL in Scotland.

Targeting improves the efficacy of a DNA vaccine against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep.

A large-scale DNA vaccination trial was performed with sheep to investigate whether an antigen targeted by CTLA-4 enhanced and accelerated the humoral immune response. Vaccination with genetically detoxified phospholipase D (DeltaPLD) has been shown to be effective, at least partially, against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the causal agent of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep. CTLA-4 binds to B7 on antigen-presenting cells and thus was used to direct the fusion antigens to sites of immune induction. Here we demonstrated that targeting DeltaPLD as a CTLA-4 fusion protein significantly enhanced the speed, magnitude, and longevity of the antibody response compared to that obtained with DNA encoding DeltaPLD. While all groups of sheep vaccinated with DNA encoding DeltaPLD were afforded better protection against an experimental challenge with C. pseudotuberculosis than those immunized with an irrelevant plasmid or those left unimmunized, the best protection was provided by the targeted DNA vaccine. We propose that targeting antigens to antigen-presenting cells offers a generic strategy for enhancing the efficacy of DNA vaccines.

Lymphadénite chez des moutons et des chèvres au Soudan

La prévalence et l'évolution de la lymphadénite caséeuse (CLA) ont été étudiées chez des moutons et des chèvres au Soudan. Les carcasses de 1 118 moutons et 626 chèvres des deux sexes ont été examinées pour déterminer la présence de la maladie. Soixante et onze moutons (6,35 %) étaient infectés. Ils présentaient des lésions sous forme d'abcès unique ou multiples, ou de processus inflammatoire dans divers organes. Certaines de ces lésions étaient de forme miliaire ressemblant à celles de la tuberculose. Quarante-quatre chèvres (7,05 %) étaient aussi infectées par CLA mais leurs lésions n'étaient présentes qu'en un seul endroit, sous forme d'abcès des noeuds lymphatiques superficiels et pulmonaires. La maladie était davantage progressive chez les moutons que chez les chèvres. Il a été trouvé que CLA avait un impact sur la santé, la reproduction naturelle des moutons et des chèvres, l'économie et l'alimentation des habitants du pays.

Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats

In PracticeVolume 16, Issue 1 p. 24-29 Farm Animal Practice Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats Sheelagh Lloyd, Search for more papers by this author Sheelagh Lloyd, Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1994 https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.16.1.24Citations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume16, Issue1January 1994Pages 24-29 RelatedInformation

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from lesions of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep in Hokkaido, Japan.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from lesions of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep in Hokkaido, Japan.

Serological Investigation of Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis Infection in Sheep–Correlation between the Hemolysis Inhibition Test and the ELISA Test

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats. The animals may be infected without showing clinical symptoms. Several serotests have therefore been employed to detect infected animals. Shen et al (1982) performed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies against the organism using cell wall antigens. Maki et al (1985) found that the toxin of the bacterium was a better antigen for assessing infection in the ELISA test. They reported that the antitoxin ELISA appeared to be as sensitive as the antihemolysin inhibition test (Zaki 1968).

Seroepidemiological survey of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in sheep in Japan using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunodiffusion.

Sera from 1186 apparently healthy sheep in Hokkaido were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunodiffusion (ID) for the presence of antibodies against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. ELISA-positives were 466 (39.3%) while ID-positives were 330 (27.8%). Spread of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep in Hokkaido was thus clarified. Although ID was less sensitive than ELISA in detecting the antibodies against C. pseudotuberculosis it did not give any non-specific reaction. From the results and in view of the simplicity of the test procedure, ID was found to be of practical diagnostic value. Distribution by age group of anti-C. pseudotuberculosis antibodies in 758 sheep in a herd detected by both tests showed that the ratio of positives was low in sheep aged less than 1 year, and the ratio increased significantly in those aged 1 year and continued to increase with age until it reached a plateau at the age of 4-5 years.

Pathogenesis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats.

The progress of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats is described as involving primary wound infection, lymphatic and haematogenous dissemination, and secondary infection of lymph nodes and various visceral organs. This is followed by elimination or containment of infection, the latter being represented by the characteristic caseous lesions. Resistance to infection is complex involving components of both the specific and non-specific host response. The role of these in pathogenesis is discussed. Bacterial factors including the phospholipase exotoxin and cytotoxic lipid contribute to pathogenesis at a local level with little likelihood of systemic effect in the natural disease. In a disease such as caseous lymphadenitis, lesion site, size or number do not indicate severity of disease but rather, reflect the ability of the host to mount a cellular response to infection.

Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep imported from Australia for slaughter in Malaysia.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 61, Issue 12 p. 410-410 Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep imported from Australia for slaughter in Malaysia Faculty of Veterinary Medicine A.R. SHEIKH-OMAR, A.R. SHEIKH-OMAR Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian, Malaysia Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this authorM. SHAH, M. SHAH Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian, Malaysia Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this author A.R. SHEIKH-OMAR, A.R. SHEIKH-OMAR Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian, Malaysia Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this authorM. SHAH, M. SHAH Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian, Malaysia Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1984 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1984.tb07179.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume61, Issue12December 1984Pages 410-410 RelatedInformation

A simplified double immunodiffusion technique for detection of Corynebacterium ovis antitoxin

A method is described for obtaining yields of Corynebacterium ovis exotoxin sufficiently high to allow use of unconcentrated supernatant and serum as the reactants in a double immunodiffusion test. C ovis supernatant with a haemolytic titre or rabbit dermal necrosis titre of 1:16,394 or greater produced readily detectable precipitation lines with specific antitoxin in the range of concentrations commonly found in sera from cases of natural C ovis infection. When used as a diagnostic screening test, sera from 32 confirmed cases of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats were positive whereas sera from 16 sheep free of caseous lymphadenitis were negative. Sera from 10 out of 16 kids which had been suckled by mothers from an affected flock of goats were positive.

Experimental induction of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep by intralymphatic inoculation of Corynebacterium ovis

Lesions histologically similar to those of natural caseous lymphadenitis developed in sheep popliteal lymph nodes following injection of viable Corynebacterium ovis cells into afferent lymphatic ducts. Histopathological examination of affected lymph nodes suggested that exotoxin might be involved in the establishment, progressive development and persistence of caseous lymphadenitis lesions through localised cytotoxicity.

An indirect haemagglutination test for the sero-diagnosis of C ovis infection in sheep

An indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test for the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep is described; the test uses purified Corynebacterium ovis toxin to sensitise formalinised sheep erythrocytes treated with bis-diazobenzidine. Animals with titres of 1/16 and above were considered positive to the test. Examination of sera from proven cases of caseous lymphadenitis by the IHA test and anti-haemolysin-inhibition (AHI) tests showed that the IHA test was more sensitive than the AHI test.

The use of mouse protection tests in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep

Mouse protection tests gave promising results in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep especially those presenting no external lesions. The test was specific since sera of infected sheep were capable of neutralising Corynebacterium ovis toxin while sera of healthy sheep failed to do so. Better results were obtained with 1-0 ml than 0-5 or 0-25 ml serum of infected sheep to neutralise 2 MLD of the toxin through mice.

An unusual form of Lymphadenitis in sheep and goats in the Somali Democratic Republic

An outbreak of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats was investigated and a micrococcus, similar to that associated with “Morel's abscess disease” in France and Kenya, was consistently isolated from the lesions. This organism might be a distinct species, but the possibility of it being a “G” form of a staphylococcus is also discussed.

The Cause of Caseous Lymphadenitis of Sheep in Australia

The Cause of Caseous Lymphadenitis of Sheep in Australia

Further Observations on the Method of Infection in Caseous Lymphadenitis of Sheep.

Further Observations on the Method of Infection in Caseous Lymphadenitis of Sheep.

The Diphtheroid Bacillus of Preisz-Nocard from Equine, Bovine, and Ovine Abscesses. Ulcerative Lymphangitis and Caseous Lymphadenitis

With Fisher1 one of us (H.) has described a series of abscesses in 11 horses and 1 calf from all but one of which we obtained pure primary cultures of a diphtheroid bacillus identical with an organism recovered by us from caseous lymphadenitis in sheep. This organism appears to be the same as that described by certain American and European writers as the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard, which causes a disease among horses generally known as ulcerative lymphangitis. There is some question as to whether all the cases we observed were truly lymphangitic; at any rate one was very suggestive of it, and the deep origin of many of the abscesses seemed to indicate a localization in certain lymphatic nodes. We wish now to describe some of the bacteriologic aspects of our work, which is the first to show the occurrence of equine and bovine infections due to B. Preisz-Nocard in the United States.