In dealing with the pulmonary diseases to be considered in this paper the surgeon is confronted with the following questions: 1. Is the affection in reality abscess or gangrene of the lung? 2. Can the focus be reached and should it be operated on? 3. Are the pleural surfaces overlying the affected part of the lung adherent? A correct answer to these queries requires fine diagnostic ability at all times, while it not infrequently baffles the diagnostician altogether. To answer the first query requires a differential diagnosis between abscess and gangrene on the one hand, and on the other, the differentiation of these from the following conditions: an abscess of some adjacent structure, as of the liver, that has ruptured into the lung; an encysted empyema; an echinococcus cyst of the lung; bronchiectasis; fetid bronchitis and pulmonary tuberculosis. I shall not deal with hepatic or other abscess perforating the lung;
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