Lunar Calendar Research Articles

Are they Similar or are they Same Origin, Persian Language and Korean Language? (0153-0163)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that Korean language is different from Chinese language. Several researchers studied the relation between Persian words and Korean words (Park et al., 2019: Kim and Park, 2022). The present researcher tried to find out the relation between Persian language and Korean language. The researcher selected several Persian words, and imagined possible counter-part Korean words. The present researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008). This study was done on the basis of pronunciation of the two languages. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0153-0163)’. The result obtained is as follows. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0152-2 Neza (dispute) Eo-zzu (It is not good! It is not right!) 0153-1 Mizan (balance) Mis-zin (He or she lost the money, There is not any gain.) 0153-2 Mizan (balance) Mas-tchun (adjusted) 0154 Maqad (anus) Mag-a (You, close the anus!) 0155 Ba kar (necessary) Ba-ggweo (You, change the thing!) 0156 Qadim (antique) Gga- dang (the voice of knock down, the voice of falling) 0157 Zadan (strike, batter) Tchada (kick) 0158 Mehmiz zadan (claw, talon) Maen-mis Tchada (strike the lowest part) 0159 Mehmiz (claw of iron) Mae maz-zi? (You, you get flogged, you are whipped, you are hit?) 0160 Maydan (soil, plain) Maen ddang (bare ground, ground) 0161-1 Mahram (lunar calendar) Ma-gam (It was closed! It was ended.) 0161-2 Mahram (lunar calendar) Mal-eum (the rolled thing) 0161-3 Mahram (lunar calendar) Mul-leo-nam (retreat) 0161-4 Mahram (lunar calendar) Mus-na-eum (All of them are cured.) 0162 Adawat (not favorable) A! Ddeu-geo-weo! (It is too hot! I do not like the thing!) 0163 Al yawm (today) An-nyeong ha-se-yo! (How are you, today?).

Hijriyah Months and The Construction of Religious Moderation in The Sombaopu Community of Gowa, South Sulawesi

This research examines the response of the people of Sombaopu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi in responding to difference views in determining the beginning of the Hijriyah (Islamic lunar calendar) months. This issue needs special attention because it holds the potential for internal conflict among Muslims. This research is classified as descriptive qualitative field research. The aim is to obtain an overview of social phenomena that exist among the Muslim community in Sombaopu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This research focuses on the public's response to differences in determining the beginning of the Hijriyah months which is connected to the concept of religious moderation as an effort to prevent society from extreme understandings and practices that are not in accordance with religious guidelines and regulations. This research concludes that religious moderation can be a solution in preventing the emergence of social conflict while strengthening the sense of unity and integrity in society. The success of this effort can be achieved more quickly if the relevant parties, especially government institutions, religious organizations and community leaders are actively involved in this activity.

Identifikasi Siklus Sipariama Dalam Lontara Pananrang Suku Bugis Terhadap Pengaruh Iklim (Korelasi Peredaran Bulan)

Based on the Sipariama cycle described in the Lontara Pananrang, we aim to determine a reasonable timing schedule for farming activities in this study. The Buginese people utilise this as a rule of thumb because they believe that the same occurrences occur every eight years and by observing natural signals, they may be certain in their forecasts for this auspicious period. In addition, since the Sipariama cycle's calendar system is based on the Hijri month, which employs the lunar calendar system, this research also attempts to establish a link between the moon's motion and the occurrence of climate change. By comparing the findings of the analysis in the sipariama cycle with the findings of the analysis of the data that had been obtained, the data listed in this paper were taken from the results of analysis from journals related to Lontara Pananrang. According to the findings of this study's work, the Sipariama cycle, which lasted for eight years, solely had a numerical basis. then climatic change, namely the occurrence of air tides, is influenced by the motion of the moon.

Precision Public Health Opportunity: Heat-Associated Mortality Greater among Pilgrims during Hajj

Precision Public Health Opportunity: Heat-Associated Mortality Greater among Pilgrims during Hajj

THE TOLAKI CALENDAR SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING GOOD AND BAD DAYS

The Tolaki people continue to base their way of life on traditions like the Tolaki calendar for identifying good and bad days. The Tolaki tribe employs a tool that is often employed as a weather forecast or as a guide for the community to carry out certain actions to ascertain this. The formulation of the issue is brought up by the author, who asks questions like: How does the Tolaki calendar system work?, How are the good and bad days for the Tolaki people determined?, and How is astronomical research related to the Tolaki calendar system?. The Tolaki Culture Book, which is processed with journals linked to the Tolaki Tribal Calendar System, is used in this research technique, which is a library method. It is studied descriptively and presented qualitatively. These are the study's findings: The moon's position in the night sky is used as the basis for the Tolaki calendar. The meanings of the names of the days in the month are used by the Tolaki people to identify good and bad days, and they use Naga Hari, Kutika, and Bilangari to ascertain the precise day and hour. The Tolaki calendar is identical to the Hijri calendar in astronomy since it uses a lunar calendar that keeps track of the moon's orbit. The Tolaki community uses the concept of good days and bad days as a guide for carrying out activities, but it cannot be utilized as a model for how to do Islamic devotion.

Predicting new crescent moon visibility applying machine learning algorithms

The world's population is projected to grow 32% in the coming years, and the number of Muslims is expected to grow by 70%—from 1.8 billion in 2015 to about 3 billion in 2060. Hijri is the Islamic calendar, also known as the lunar Hijri calendar, which consists of 12 lunar months, and it is tied to the Moon phases where a new crescent Moon marks the beginning of each month. Muslims use the Hijri calendar to determine important dates and religious events such as Ramadan, Haj, Muharram, etc. Till today, there is no consensus on deciding on the beginning of Ramadan month within the Muslim community. This is mainly due to the imprecise observations of the new crescent Moon in different locations. Artificial intelligence and its sub-field machine learning have shown great success in their application in several fields. In this paper, we propose the use of machine learning algorithms to help in determining the start of Ramadan month by predicting the visibility of the new crescent Moon. The results obtained from our experiments have shown very good accurate prediction and evaluation performance. The Random Forest and Support Vector Machine classifiers have provided promising results compared to other classifiers considered in this study in predicting the visibility of the new Moon.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES OF THE CRIMEAN NATIVES’ RELIGION AND CULTS IN THE EARLY IRON AGE

in the Early Iron Age
 Scientific information about the natives of Crimea, in spite of more than a century of investigations, is quite limited. Perhaps the least clear in the archaeological and cultural-historical constructions of the Crimean societies of the final Bronze Age — Early Iron Age is still the sphere of religion and cults.
 The only thing that in any way indicates the religion of the population of Crimea — is a set of symbols on ceramics, which demonstrates the dynamics of change of signs. In addition to images of signs in the culture, images of faces are also known — on a vessel from Uch-Bash and on phallic-shaped ceramic figures from the pre-Greek layer of Chersonesos.
 We assume that the social order of the tribes of the younger pre-Taurian period was destroyed due to the invasion of nomads. The old economic system in the northern Black Sea coast ceased to function, contacts collapsed, and the remnants of the local tribes formed a new society, in fact, on fire and together with the remnants of other tribes. In such a situation, the beginnings of a new ideology were probably destroyed along with their bearers. The tribes adopted a primitive ideology that was not characteristic of earlier Crimean societies. Why this happened and where this ideology was borrowed from, or whether it was characteristic of the tribal Bronze Age tribes living on the peninsula, remains unclear.
 In general, characterizing the tribes that inhabited the Crimea during the metal ages, only in the final of Bronze Age and turn to Iron Age and later during the emergence of Greek centres we can talk about the tribes of farmers, where the cultivation of cereals accounts for a significant share in the economy. This is important because only the agricultural tribes have a common lunar calendar, which was determined by observations of celestial bodies, and therefore needed a sanctuary-observatory. There are no signs of such sanctuaries in the Crimea. The tribes of pastoralists had simpler ways of observing the sky, which probably occurred on the basis of the movement of the sun through the firmament, embodied in temples and sacred places on certain elevations — mountains, stone remains etc., or the construction of special structures — pyramids, ziggurats, mounds, obelisks, menhirs. We observe the simplest forms of worship in the Crimea — cemeteries under mountain ranges, mounds, menhirs. Sanctuaries and cults of the pre-Taurian periods of the Kyzyl-Koba culture are not known to us, except for a small set of signs on ceramic vessels. This antropomorthous signs have earlier analogies in Eastern Mediteranian and show features of changing in ideology of native population in different lends in process of transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age. This features appearances in anthropomorthous signs. All the known sanctuaries of the Crimean Mountains dated from the Roman time and they did not connect with Kyzyl-Koba culture. The burial custom of the tribes of the Taurian period is rows of stone cists, located under the ridges of the mountains; in some graves were installed menhirs. This custom is more in line with the population with the main component of livestock in the economy. The sanctuaries of the Crimean Mountains appear in the already formed form with an established custom and have nothing similar in the rites of Kyzyl-Koba tribes.
 More and more evidence is now being gathered in favour of the emergence of a completely new phenomenon for Crimea — military cults, which may be associated with a new wave of people who found themselves in the Crimea in connection with the spread of Latin cultures to the east. Preconditions, in particular, the transition of the Tauri population to the customs of the Scythian tribes, developed on the peninsula in the late 4th — early 3rd century BC. Thus, nothing contradicts the formation of syncretic military cults in the barbarian population of Crimea in the 2nd century BC and the emergence of such phenomena as the sanctuary of Gurzufske Sidlo in Roman times.

Nutritional qualities and fluoride content of different date (Phoenix dactylifer) varieties consumed in Morocco

The date is a fruit of the palm family (Phoenix dactylifer), grown in Morocco in the southern regions. It is a very important fruit in the Moroccan table, especially during Ramadan (9th month of the Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar consisting of 354 days), where it becomes an essential food that is very nutritious and invigorating to the breaking of the fast added to milk. The present work aimed to determine the contents of mineral elements (fluorine, calcium, magnesium and chlorides) and sugar levels (Brix, glucose) of 12 varieties: Ajwa (Saudi Arabia), Deglet nour (Algeria), Anbara (Saudi Arabia), Anbara (United Arab Emirates), Boufeggous (Errachidia; Morocco), Aziza (Figuig; Morocco), Majhoul (Erfoud; Morocco) Majhoul (Errachidia; Morocco), Elkhalsse (Tafilalt; Morocco) Tarzawa (Tafilalt; Morocco), Deglet nour (Tunisia), Majhoul Sghir (Tafilalt; Morocco)) of dates marketed in Morocco of North African and Middle Eastern origin. Fluoride analyses were performed using a fluoride-specific ion electrode (HI-4110). The analyses of Ca, Mg, Cl and glucose levels were performed by Spectrophotometric methods. The results of the fluoride levels revealed in the different varieties of dates varied from 0.26 to 1.05 mg in 100g of fresh weight. The sucrose and glucose levels varied between 11.8 g to 17.75 g and 18 to 40.9 g in 100g of fresh date weight, respectively. The Mg, Ca and Cl levels varied between 46.89 to 93.71mg, 11.20 to 279.28 mg and 30.66 to 47.33 mg in 100g fresh date weight, respectively. Thus, it is possible to classify the varieties of dates on the basis of their nutritional qualities and mode of consumption and to warn the population about their consumption in excess with the risk (if any) of an attack of dental or osseous fluorosis.

Examining the Impact of the Book of Enoch, Sefer Yetzirah, and Greek Civilization on the Jewish Calendar System: An Islamic Astronomical Law Perspective

This article analyzes changes in the reference system of the Jewish Calendar. Initially, the Jewish Calendar reference was based on the movement of the Sun. However, the calendar system used by the Jewish community worldwide now refers to two celestial objects, the Sun and the Moon. This study is literature research with a qualitative approach and uses the Book of Enoch and the Sefer Yetzirah as primary sources. The authors found that the first reference system of the Jewish Calendar, which was based on the movement of the Sun (Solar), follows the description in the Book of Enoch and the Sefer Yetzirah. These two books explain the calendar system used by Prophet Idris to Prophet Moses. The Solar Calendar reference system was later replaced with the Lunar Calendar in the second century BCE. Six centuries later, the Jewish Calendar returned to using a Solar Calendar combined with the Lunar Calendar, known as the Lunisolar Calendar. The latest reference system is a mathematical calendar with the Metonic cycle that refers to the movement of the Sun and Moon. The authors argue that the influence of the Greek civilization and the adjustment of the difference between the Lunar and Solar Year caused the changes in the reference system of the Jewish Calendar.

Statistical Analysis on the Number of Discoveries and Discovery Scenarios of Near-Earth Asteroids

Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are a kind of small solar system bodies that may lead to potential hazard to the safety of the Earth. Currently, most of the NEAs are discovered with ground-based telescopes and the number is still growing. In order to provide references and experience to our future near-Earth asteroid discovery and monitoring, we perform a multi-dimensionally statistical analysis on the discovery data of NEAs with public database obtained from the website of Minor Planet Center (MPC). We find the constraint of observation ability can lead to selection effect on the discoveries, which causes a yearly dependence trend and a size-dependence characteristic of the relative proportion for different orbit types of discovered NEAs. Besides, combined with the orbits obtained from numerical simulations, we revisit the discovery scenarios of these objects. The position distribution of the objects under different celestial coordinate systems are obtained, and the dependence on seasons, observatory latitudes, and the diameters are analyzed. Finally, we quantify the impact of the Sun, the Moon, and the galactic plane on the discoveries by analyzing the observation data, and find that ground-based telescopes generally have difficulty in discovering NEAs within 90∘ from the Sun direction, and that this limitation generally has a greater impact on smaller-sized objects. The lunar position also has a significant effect on the discoveries, with the restriction on the nights before and after the full Moon resulting in 29% of NEAs being undiscovered, and analysis shows that objects found in the first half of the lunar calendar month are generally more difficult to be followed than those found in the second half. The galactic plane, especially the direction near the galactic center, also has an effect on the discoveries, resulting in a season-dependent “blind spot” for observations near the ecliptic.

The Development of the Twelve Flora Images in Mid-Qing Dynasty of China

The traditional Chinese “Twelve Flora” refer to the images of twelve flower gods corresponding to the twelve months of the Chinese lunar calendar. They are usually composed of celebrities in Chinese history and are the subject matter of traditional Chinese paintings, closely related to traditional flower and festival cultures. This paper mainly uses the research methods of iconography, formal analysis and prototype theory to study the images of the Twelve Flora in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. While examining the visual images, it uses the method of mutual verification of texts to sort out how the image of the Twelve Flora of the Qing Dynasty was initially formed and formed a relatively fixed creative mode.

Is Chinese Spring Festival a key point for glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China?

This study aims to explore the long-term trend of fasting blood glucose (FBG) among urban patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the impacts of the Chinese Spring Festival on their glycemic control in urban China. The general information and longitudinal monitoring data of patients with T2DM in Minhang District, Shanghai China from 15 December 2006 to 31 December 2015 were collected. The FBG records were grouped into three periods, namely, the preholiday period (2 months right before the Chinese Spring Festival), the holiday period (from 28 December to 7 January of the lunar calendar year), and the postholiday period (2 months after the Chinese Spring Festival). The Mann-Kendall trend test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were occupied to explore the long-term trend, and paired t-test and chi-square (χ2) test were used to determine the differences in glycemic level and control rate between the preholiday and postholiday periods, respectively. From 2007 to 2015, the glycemic control rate in patients with T2DM showed an upward trend (P < 0.001), and the FBG level showed a decreasing trend (P = 0.048). After the Chinese Spring Festival, the glycemic control rate decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and the FBG level increased significantly (P < 0.001) compared to those during the preholiday period. The incidence of hypoglycemia increased during holidays. Patients who were aged 60-69 years, overweight or obese, with hypertension, with a disease duration of <3 years, or with poor glycemic control in one previous year were more likely to be affected by the holiday. Chinese Spring Festival is a key point for glycemic control of patients with T2DM in China. Intensive holiday-specific diabetic healthcare needs to be further improved, and community-based interventions should be developed and implemented to control the possible holiday effects.

One Country, Two Calendars: Lunar January Effect in China's A‐Share Stock Market

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the January effect in China's A‐share stock market from January 1995 to December 2019 using both the solar and lunar calendars. Consistent with the existing literature, we find the absence of a traditional January effect in the solar calendar; however, we observe a strong January effect in the lunar calendar. Moreover, the effect is much stronger in small firms. We demonstrate that the tax‐loss selling and window dressing hypotheses cannot explain the turn‐of‐the‐year effect in China. Instead, the turn‐of‐the‐year effect in trading volume and buy orders help to explain the strong lunar January effect. As a falsification test, we examine the B‐share market that is predominantly composed of foreign investors and find no evidence of the lunar January effect. Our results show that Chinese financial markets are more closely aligned with the traditional lunar calendar than the standard solar calendar.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Ramadan and other religious fasting by young people with diabetes.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Ramadan and other religious fasting by young people with diabetes.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Ship Activity in Dongying Port Waters

The automatic identification system (AIS) provides detailed information about vessel movement that has gained wide application in areas such as ship behavior analysis over the past decade. Based on the AIS data in January and February of the lunar calendar in 2019 and 2020, this study analyzed the number and size of ships, the spatial distribution characteristics, such as ship position and density, ship speed, as well as the temporal characteristics of daily and monthly changes of ship flow, and then evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on ship activities in Dongying Port waters. The results show that the number of tankers declined to a lesser extent compared to fishing and cargo ships after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic. Because berthing activities would require extra operating time due to the epidemic, ships may require longer turnaround times. In general, tankers in Dongying Port waters were less affected by the epidemic than cargo and fishing ships.

The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Cognitive Performance Before and During Ramadan Fasting among Healthy Adult Population in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, during which healthy adolescents and adult Muslims fast from dawn to dusk for a month. During Ramadan fasting, dietary intake and cognitive performance changes can be seen related to many factors. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the comparison between dietary intake and cognitive performance among healthy adult populations in Kuala Nerus before and during Ramadan fasting and the possible correlation between these parameters.&#x0D; &#x0D; This study was conducted among a healthy adult population in Kuala Terengganu and mainly at University Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). Socio-demographics data, dietary data, and cognitive assessment were measured. Energy and macronutrient intakes were measured by using a three-day food record while cognitive performance was measured by using Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) and Trail-Making Test (TMT) through a face-to- face activity-based survey. All the measurements were taken in the two-time interval which is before Ramadan fasting (one to two weeks prior to Ramadan month) and during Ramadan fasting (week two to four of Ramadan Month)&#x0D; &#x0D; A total of 113 participants with a mean age of 23.1 ± 4.9 years old were recruited in this cross-sectional study consisting of 23 males (20.4%) and 90 females (79.6%). The majority of the participants were Malay (97.3%), and still single (92.9%). Most of the participants also still pursuing their degrees (92%) and has no income (92%). Almost all of the participants were non-smokers (99.1%).&#x0D; &#x0D; The dietary data shows that the energy intake was significantly reduced during Ramadan by 293.8 kcal compared to before Ramadan (p&lt;0.001). Regarding macronutrients, a significant reduction in carbohydrates, protein, and fat was reported, p=0.003, p=0.011, and p&lt;0.001 respectively. Next, the results of cognitive performances varied according to Stroop congruent and incongruent test; and Trail Making Test A and B. Stroop Congruent Test (word test) showed that the reaction time was significantly higher before Ramadan compared to during Ramadan (p&lt;0.001), meanwhile the reaction time for Trail-making Test A and B showed that there were significantly lower before Ramadan compared to during Ramadan (p&lt;0.001). But there were no significant differences in others' tests. In addition, the result for correlation showed that the reaction time for Trail Making B was significantly negatively correlated with energy intake (p=0.002) and protein intake (p=0.007) while positively correlated with fat intake (p=0.004).&#x0D; In conclusion, according to the results, most participants reported a decrease in their dietary intake during Ramadan, similar to what was observed in cognitive performance, with most participants reporting a slower reaction time during Ramadan. Hence, the consumption of sufficient energy is critical for good cognitive performance because diet can influence cognitive abilities.

Sliding Window Detection and Analysis Method of Night-Time Light Remote Sensing Time Series—A Case Study of the Torch Festival in Yunnan Province, China

The spatial distribution of night-time lights (NTL) provides a new perspective for studying the range and influence of human activities. However, most studies employing NTL time series are based on monthly or annual composite data, and time series studies incorporating sliding windows are currently lacking. Therefore, using National Polar-Orbiting Partnership’s visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (NPP-VIIRS) night-time light remote sensing (NTLRS) data, VNP46A2, toponym, and Yunnan census statistical data, this study proposes a sliding-window-based NTLRS time series detection and analysis method. We extracted ethnic minority areas on the PyCharm platform using ethnic minority population proportion data and toponym and excluding data representing interference from urban areas. We used a sliding window approach to analyze NTLRS time series data of each ethnic group and calculated the cosine similarity between the NTL brightness curve of original data and the sliding window analysis result. The cosine similarity was greater than 0.96 from 2018 to 2020; we also conducted a field trip to the 2019 Torch Festival to demonstrate the applicability of the employed method. Finally, the temporal and spatial pattern of the Torch Festival was analyzed using the festival in Yunnan Province as an example. Results showed that the Torch Festival, mostly celebrated by the Yi ethnic group, was usually held on the 24th (and ranged from the 22nd to 26th) day in the sixth month of the lunar calendar (LC) every year. We found that during the Torch Festival, the greater the increase in the percentage of NTL brightness reduction in the main urban area of Kunming, the greater the percentage of ethnic minorities’ NTL brightness. The width of the sliding window can be adjusted appropriately according to the research objective, with these results showing good continuity. Our study presents a new application of the sliding window approach in the field of remote sensing, suitable for research into festivals related to night lights and fire all over the world.

Heat Stress During Arba’een Foot‐Pilgrimage (World’s Largest Gathering) Projected to Reach “Dangerous” Levels Due To Climate Change

AbstractArba'een, a Muslim pilgrimage, is one of the largest annual mass gatherings in the world, with a date fixed according to the lunar calendar. Most pilgrims start their long walking journey from Basra/Najaf toward Karbala (about 70–500 km) and are significantly affected by outdoor weather conditions during this period. Here, based on simulations performed using carefully‐selected climate models, we project that heat stress during the pilgrimage is likely to reach a “dangerous” level, defined according to the US National Weather Service criteria, by the end of this century. Moreover, a significant increase in consecutive occurrence of hot days and hot nights is expected within the coming decades, which may cause a high incidence of heat‐related disorders as the human body may not recover from the daytime heat loads. Our study suggests that sound adaptation measures and stringent mitigation actions must be established to ensure a safe pilgrimage in the future.

14세기 전기 전주최씨 崔誠之·文度 집안의 불교경영

The main objective of this article is to analyse how the Choi(崔) family undertook their Buddhist woodblock printing business in the early 14th century from a new perspective. Particularly, this paper thoroughly examines Choi Sung-Ji and his son Choi Moon-Do’s printing business and their style of administering temples under their influence. Also, it will carefully look into their unique operating system of the Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock(海印寺大藏經板) printing in the early 14th century. At first, Choi Moon-Do started the Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock printing work from the 6th month of the lunar calendar year of 1337(忠肅王復位 3年). A total of 600 mass volumes of 『Maha prajnaparamita Sutra(The Perfection of Transcendental Wisdom·大般若波羅蜜多經)』 was stored at the Chen-huasun-Temple(天和禪寺) that represents Choi family’s “Wishing Hall(願堂).” Choi Moon-Do started this Buddhist woodblock printing project in a bid to devote to his deceased parents. Moreover, Choi Sung-Ji governed both the Chenhuasun-Temple and the Sunwon-Temple as their family’s Wishing Halls. These Wishing Halls were founded especially for Choi Sung-Ji family’s and his personal well-being. Chenhuasun-Temple was also a place where cultural exchange of Buddhism with the Chinese Won(元) dynasty carried out. Lastly, Choi Sung-Ji and his wife obtained the approval to initiate this Buddhist scripture printing campaign from the Goryeo emperor Chungsuk(忠肅王) and the Daejangdogam(高麗國大藏都監) which functioned as a task-force engraving Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock during the Mongol’s invasion to Goryeo. This presswork financially supported by Choi Moon-Do was possible due to the well-conserved Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock preserved at the Ganghwado Island(江華島)’s archive treasury which was stationed near the capital.

The effect of the lunar cycle on migraine: preliminary findings from a retrospective study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the lunar cycle and attacks observed in patients diagnosed with migraine and under follow-up in our pediatric neurology clinic. Cases diagnosed with migraine and under follow-up at the Balıkesir University Medical Faculty Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Turkey, undergoing attacks between 01.09.2019 and 01.09.2021, and whose attacks were recorded were included in the study. Patients' migraine attacks were investigated retrospectively, and the stage of the lunar cycle at which they occurred, based on the lunar calendar, was determined. The mean age of the patients in the study was 13.39 ± 2.64 (8-17) years. Female gender was observed in the majority of attacks in all lunar cycles, and was most common in the first quarter. Headache was most common in the frontal region during the first quarter and full moon, and auras were also most frequent in the first quarter. Stress and exercise were the most frequent migraine-triggering factors in the first and third quarters, and in the full moon. Migraine attacks were shortest in duration in the full moon, and longest in the first quarter. The frequency of attacks (per week) was highest in the new moon and third quarter, and lowest in the full moon. This study investigated the relationship between migraine attack characteristics in children and the lunar cycle. It represents the first such investigation of the association between the lunar cycle and pediatric migraine attacks.