Luminous Energy Research Articles

Charge transfer between layers of polymeric carbon nitride driven by surface grafting phosphotungstic polyanions toward efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

It is a challenging issue to achieve efficient charge transfer between layers for the layered polymer photocatalysts, because the photogenerated carriers would prefer random migration within layers and thus have high reverse recombination rate due to their inherent anisotropy and high exciton binding energy. Herein, an innovative surface grafting strategy is developed to modify the layered polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) making use of phosphotungstic (PWO) polyanions. The surface coupling effect of PWO on PCN effectively improves reduction ability and utility rate of luminous energy through shifting the conduction band (CB) upward and broadening light absorption range to cover near infrared region up to 1000 nm, respectively. In especial, the strong electron-withdrawing effect of surface PWO moieties can reduce layer spacing to shorten electron transfer path and attract the photogenerated electrons transfer from PCN matrix to surface, thus conquering the charge transfer restriction between layers to improve the carrier separation efficiency. As a result, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) performance is dramatically enhanced. The optimal PWO-PCN-1% sample achieves an average PHE rate of 9.6 times that of PCN, stable operation for a total of 28 h on 7 cycles, and an AQY up to 22.3% at 400 nm. This contribution affords a viable modification avenue to overcome the limitation of charge transfer between layers for layered polymer photocatalysts.

Color-tunable luminescence and energy transfer of Ba2YZrO6:R (R = Dy3+, Sm3+, Dy3+/Sm3+)

Abstract Rare earth ions (Dy3+ and Sm3+) doped luminescence materials have been attracted more interest owing to their excellent luminous properties. Here, Ba2YZrO6:R (R = Dy3+, Sm3+, Dy3+/Sm3+) are prepared in air by using high-temperature solid-state method. The crystal phase and purity are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The luminous properties are studied by using optical spectrometer. Green emission of Ba2YZrO6:Dy3+ with excitation at 260 nm is observed. Ba2YZrO6:Sm3+ with excitation 271 and 407 nm shows yellow and red-orange emission, respectively. Under excitation 271 nm, Ba2YZrO6:Dy3+, Sm3+ show emission from green to yellow with increasing Sm3+ concentration from 2 to 10 mol%. Ba2YZrO6:Dy3+, Sm3+ with excitation 407 nm glow yellow light. We investigate the concentration dependent spectra and confirm the optimal Dy3+ and Sm3+ concentrations. We estimate the concentration quenching mechanism in Ba2YZrO6:R (R = Dy3+, Sm3+) and Ba2YZrO6:Dy3+, Sm3+. The luminous mechanism and energy transfer process are analyzed by using the energy level transitions of Dy3+ and Sm3+ ions.

Integration of biological and information technologies to enhance plant autoluminescence.

Autoluminescent plants have been genetically modified to express the fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP). However, a bottleneck in precursor production has limited the brightness of these luminescent plants. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing a computational model to guide a multiplex five-gene-silencing strategy by an artificial microRNA array to enhance caffeic acid and hispidin levels in plants. By combining loss-of-function-directed metabolic flux with a tyrosine-derived caffeic acid pathway, we achieved substantially enhanced bioluminescence levels. We successfully generated eFBP2 plants that emit considerably brighter bioluminescence for naked-eye reading by integrating all validated DNA modules. Our analysis revealed that the luminous energy conversion efficiency of the eFBP2 plants is currently very low, suggesting that luminescence intensity can be improved in future iterations. These findings highlight the potential to enhance plant luminescence through the integration of biological and information technologies.

NELIOTA: New results and updated statistics after 6.5 years of lunar impact flashes monitoring

We present results of the Near-Earth objects Lunar Impacts and Optical TrAnsients (NELIOTA) campaign for lunar impact flashes observed with the 1.2 m Kryoneri telescope. From August 2019 to August 2023, we report 113 validated and 70 suspected flashes. For the validated flashes, we calculate the physical parameters (masses, radii) of the corresponding projectiles, the temperatures developed during the impacts, and the expected crater sizes. For the multiframe flashes, we present light curves and thermal evolution plots. Using the whole sample of NELIOTA that encompasses 192 validated flashes in total from 2017, the statistics of the physical parameters of the meteoroids, the peak temperatures of the impacts, and the expected crater sizes has been updated. Using this large sample, empirical relations correlating the luminous energies per photometric band were derived and used to roughly estimate the parameters of 92 suspected flashes of the NELIOTA archive. For a typical value of the luminous efficiency, we found that the majority (>75%) of the impacting meteoroids have masses between 1 and 200 g, radii between 0.5 and 3 cm and produced craters up to 3.5 m. 85% of the peak temperatures of the impacts range between 2000 and 4500 K. Statistics regarding the magnitude decline and the cooling rates of the multiframe flashes are also presented. The recalculation of the appearance frequency of meteoroids (lying within the aforementioned ranges of physical parameters) on the Moon yields that the total lunar surface is bombarded with 7.4 sporadic meteoroids per hour and up to 12.6 meteoroids per hour when the Earth-Moon system passes through a strong meteoroid stream. By extrapolating these rates on Earth, the respective rates for various distances from its surface are calculated and used to estimate the probability of an impact of a meteoroid with a hypothetical infrastructure on the Moon, or with a satellite orbiting Earth for various impact surfaces and duration times of the missions.

Fabrication of oxygen-vacancy-adjustable Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped BiOBr 3D flowerlike hierarchical architectures with enhanced photocatalytic activity under broad spectrum (UV/vis/NIR) excitation

A novel Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped BiOBr photocatalyst with 3D flowerlike hierarchical architectures were successfully fabricated through self-assembled process without any templates under hydrothermal conditions, and the structure and properties of the photocatalysts were characterized. The results indicate that Yb3+ ions and Er3+ ions are successfully doped into the lattice of BiOBr, and the as-obtained photocatalyst can respond the NIR light and emit red and green light due to the up-conversion effect of the rare-earth ions. Meanwhile, with co-doped Yb3+/Er3+ ions content increasing, oxygen vacancy concentration in the photocatalyst rises. The oxygen vacancy will form the intermediate energy band, which can decrease the photon energy required for electronical transition, and thus help to utilize the luminous energy generated by up-conversion luminescence. Moreover, the appropriate introduction of defects (oxygen vacancy defect and impurity atom) can further promote the transfer and separation efficiency of photo-generated carriers. Hence, Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped BiOBr photocatalyst exhibits enhanced photocatalytic properties under broad spectrum (UV/vis/NIR) excitation, which is about 4 times as high as that of pure BiOBr.

A Bird’s Eye View on Ojakshaya with Special Reference to Pandu(Anemia)

It is considered that Ojas is a constituent that embodies the ultimate essence of each and every one of the body's Dhatus, or tissue elements. It is one of the Pranayatanas, or the "seat of life." Ojas is also regarded as the live, luminous energy that resides within the human body. Every bodily component needs it to function efficiently. Both physiological and psychological elements have an impact on it. The classical Ayurveda text describes Ojakshaya as one of the Ojavikara which may be prevalent in various diseases. Referring to our ancient text, Pandu Roga is a disorder brought on by Oja kshaya in the body. Clinical evaluations of Pandu patients can reveal the presence of Oja kshaya; if this information is kept in mind during treatment, it may prevent the disease from progressing further and leading to problems. The relationship between Oja kshaya and Pandu is discussed in old Ayurvedic texts. The findings indicate that Oja kshaya may be more common in Pandu patients. The goal of this review article is to comprehend Oja and Oja kshaya and how they relate to Pandu..

A Novel Integrated Electronic Lighting Driver Circuit for Supplying an LED Projection Lamp with High Power Factor and Soft Switching Characteristics

The traditional light source of projection lamps adopts a halogen lamp, which has the advantages of high brightness, but its luminous efficiency is not good and consumes energy. A light-emitting diode (LED) has the characteristics of high luminous efficiency and energy savings and can be used as a new light source for projection lamps. The conventional two-stage electronic lighting driver circuit for supplying an LED projection lamp is composed of an AC-DC converter with power factor correction (PFC) as the first stage and a DC-DC converter for providing rated lamp voltage and current as the second stage. The conventional LED projection lamp driver circuit has more circuit components, a higher cost and limited efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel electronic lighting driver circuit for supplying an LED projection lamp with PFC function, which integrates a modified stacked dual boost converter and a half-bridge LLC resonant converter into a single-stage power-conversion circuit. The inductor inside the modified stacked boost converter is designed to operate at discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) for the driver circuit achieving PFC. Wide bandgap semiconductor devices silicon carbide (SiC)-based Schottky diodes are utilized to reduce power diode losses, and soft switching is implemented in the proposed LED projector lamp driver circuit to reduce the switching losses of the power switches and thus improve circuit efficiency. This paper has completed a single-stage prototype driver circuit for an LED projection lamp with PFC function, and the prototype circuit has a high power factor (PF > 0.98), low input current total-harmonic-distortion (THD < 6%) and high efficiency (>89%) in the case of an AC input power supply with an RMS value of 110 volts, and both power switches have the characteristics of soft switching.

Piezoelectric polarization accelerated charge separation in Zinc stannate based Schottky barrier for high-efficiency hydrogen evolution

Piezoelectric polarization can effectively improve the separation and transfer of the carriers in photocatalyst. Herein, a dimension-matched piezo-photocatalyst was designed based on plate-like orthorhombic perovskite Zinc stannate (ZnSnO3)@reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which verified the prominent hydrogen (H2) evolution performance. Driven by the mechanical vibration induced piezoelectric field, the limitation of photocatalytic H2 evolution on the proper band edge position had been breached. The band of ZnSnO3 could be tilted more negative than H2O/H2 redox potential under the piezoelectric field, making it possible to achieve H2 evolution which was originally unsatisfactory. Moreover, on the basis of piezoelectric field, the Schottky barriers established in the catalyst further accelerated the electron separation. The electron paramagnetic resonance results demonstrated that the strongest ·O2− and ·OH radical intensities could only be observed when under the synergistic of light and ultrasonic. The effect of contents, size, surface chemistry of rGO and the ultrasonic power on piezo-photocatalytic performance were also optimized. Satisfactory, the ZnSnO3@rGO exhibited superior piezo-photocatalytic H2 evolution (5.66 mmol g−1), which was four times more than that of ZnSnO3 (1.37 mmol g−1). This work sheds light on the essentially synergistic effect of the mechanical and luminous energy in H2 evolution through piezo-phototronic process.

An intercalated covalent organic framework with donor-acceptor property for photothermal therapy

Based on the supramolecular assembly strategy, a donor-acceptor (D-A) covalent organic framework (COF) was developed by intercalating the electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) between the layers of the COF which used 1,3,5-tris-(4-aminophenyl)triazine (TAPT) as an electron-deficient building unit. Due to the supramolecular D-A interactions, the obtained intercalated COF can efficiently convert luminous energy into thermal energy with a satisfying photothermal conversion efficiency up to 38.1 % for photothermal therapy. To further improve the biocompatibility and tumor targeting ability, the TTF-intercalated COF was coated with cancer cell membranes. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the intercalated COF with D-A properties could effectively suppress the growth of tumors upon laser irradiation. This work provided a paradigm to feasibly construct D-A COF with promising photothermal performance for cancer treatment.

Degradation of bisphenol A by Fe-doped BiOBr enhanced UV/persulfate system: Significant role of superoxide radicals

Widely diffused pollution of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has indeed threatened the safety of ecological environment and human health. A hydrangea-like Fe doped BiOBr (Fe-BiOBr) microsphere was synthesized and used to enhance the performance of UV/persulfate (PS) system using bisphenol A (BPA) as the targeted contaminant. The photochemical characterization of Fe-BiOBr showed that Fe doping markedly improved the separation efficiency of photoelectron and hole, and enhanced the utility rate of luminous energy of BiOBr. Degradation test demonstrated that with the assistance of Fe-BiOBr, the efficiency of UV/PS system was increased by 1.8 times, while 85.7% of BPA can be degraded within 10 min. Through scavenging experiments, sulfate radical (SO4•−), superoxide radical (O2•−), and hole were demonstrated as the dominate reactive species (RSs) in UV/Fe-BiOBr/PS system. Then, the role and mutual transformation of RSs was further clarified by radicals steady-state concentrations estimation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Based on the results, the produced O2•− can be subdivided into confined O2•− and free O2•− from the UV induced oxygen vacancy and photoelectron, respectively. Of which, SO4•− and confined O2•− were symbiotic via the redox cycle of Fe species. Significantly, only 2.6% of TOC can be simultaneously removed within 10 min treatment time, suggesting the incomplete degradation of BPA. For this, 16 organics was detected using LC-MS and the degradation route of BPA was also determined based on the intermediates analysis. Finally, the application possibility of the system was evaluated from the perspective of ecotoxicity by ECOSAR and T.E.S.T. softwares. This study investigates the dual effect of transition metal doped semiconductor on coupling system, and provides new insights into the role of O2•−.

Cloud reflection modelling for impact flashes on Jupiter

Aims. We investigate the optical characteristics of flashes caused by the impact of metre- to decametre-sized outer Solar System objects on Jupiter, and the contributions of reflected light from surface clouds at visible wavelengths, in order to estimate more accurate bulk parameters, such as the luminous energy of the flash, the kinetic energy, the mass, and the size of the impact object. Methods. Using the results of recent reflectivity studies of the Jovian surface, we developed a cloud reflection model that calculates the contribution of the reflected light relative to that directly from the flash. We compared the apparent luminous energy of the previously reported flashes with the expected cloud reflection contributions to obtain their revised bulk parameters. Results. We find that cloud reflection contributions can make up to 200% of the flux directly from the flash, and thus can be the most significant uncertainty in the measurement of the bulk parameters. The reflection contributions strongly depend on wavelength. With our cloud reflection correction, we obtained revised bulk parameters for the previously reported flashes. Conclusions. Our cloud reflection correction enables us to better understand the properties of objects impacting Jupiter and is crucial for ongoing detailed investigations using high-sensitivity and multi-wavelength observation systems, such as PONCOTS. It will also be useful for understanding other optical transients in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere, such as the recently discovered sprite-like events.

A novel thermally-stable single-phase phosphor Ca2InTaO6:Dy3+ for NUV-excited white LEDs

The work focuses on the utilization of the conventional solid-state sintering procedure to synthesize white phosphors Ca2InTaO6:xDy3+ (0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.12). Utilizing X-ray diffraction, the phase structure of samples was examined, and the crystal structure was refined using the Rietveld method. A scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the microstructure of sample. First-principles calculations confirm that the indirect bandgap of Ca2InTaO6 is 3.786 eV. The luminous properties and energy transfer mechanism of Ca2InTaO6:xDy3+ were studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy. The 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 transition of Dy3+ ions is responsible for the greatest emission peak, which was measured at 575 nm. According to research, the lifespan falls as the concentration of Dy3+ doping amount rises because of frequent interaction and energy transfer between Dy3+ ions. The correlated color temperature of the W-LEDs packaged with Ca2InTaO6:0.08Dy3+ is 4677 K and CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates are (0.3578, 0.3831). Meantime, the phosphor also shows outstanding temperature stability property, which maintains 83.8% of its initial emission intensity at 450 K (activation energy of 0.1467 eV). The W-LEDs retain their performance for 100 min when powered at 3.4 V voltage and 600 mA current, demonstrating the packed W-LEDs' sustained operation at high temperatures.

Dense Molecular Gas Properties of the Central Kiloparsec of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Constrained by ALMA Three Transition-line Observations

We report the results of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1–2 kpc resolution, three rotational transition-line (J = 2–1, J = 3–2, and J = 4–3) observations of multiple dense molecular gas tracers (HCN, HCO+, and HNC) for 10 nearby (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs). Following the matching of beam sizes to 1–2 kpc for each (U)LIRG, the high-J-to-low-J transition-line flux ratios of each molecule and the emission-line flux ratios of different molecules at each J transition are derived. We conduct RADEX non-LTE model calculations and find that, under a wide range of gas density and kinetic temperature, the observed HCN-to-HCO+ flux ratios in the overall (U)LIRGs are naturally reproduced with enhanced HCN abundance compared to HCO+. Thereafter, molecular gas properties are constrained primarily through the use of HCN and HCO+ data and the adoption of fiducial values for the HCO+ column density and HCN-to-HCO+ abundance ratio. We quantitatively confirm the following: (i) molecular gas at the (U)LIRGs’ nuclei is dense (≳103–4 cm−3) and warm (≳100 K), (ii) the molecular gas density and temperature in nine ULIRGs’ nuclei are significantly higher than those of one LIRG’s nucleus, (iii) molecular gas in starburst-dominated sources tends to be less dense and cooler than ULIRGs with luminous AGN signatures. For six selected sources, we also apply a Bayesian approach by freeing all parameters and support the above main results. Our ALMA 1–2 kpc resolution, multiple transition-line data of multiple molecules are a very powerful tool for scrutinizing the properties of molecular gas concentrated around luminous energy sources in nearby (U)LIRGs’ nuclei.

Self-Luminous Wood Coatings with Carbon Dots/TiO2 Grafted Afterglow SrAl2O4: Eu, Dy Core-Shell Phosphors for Long-Lasting Formaldehyde Removal.

Long-term relief of indoor volatile pollution has become a competitive issue worldwide in both visible and dark environments. A novel self-luminous wood coating with carbon dots (CDs)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterial coated SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ (CDs/TiO2@SAO) composite was prepared for the long-term degradation of formaldehyde through a simple sol-gel method. The microstructure, chemical composition, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra, and long-lasting fluorescence of the CDs/TiO2@SAO photocatalyst were analyzed to illustrate the mechanism for degrading formaldehyde. The obtained CDs with a particle size of ~2-7 nm have a good graphite structure and presented good absorption in visible light. In addition, owing to the synergistic effect of the CDs/TiO2 nanomaterial coating layer and the long-afterglow luminescence of the SAO phosphor, the CDs/TiO2@SAO composite can absorb a part of the visible light for photocatalytic degradation and store luminous energy efficiently at daytime so as to give out visible luminescence continuously for a few hours in the darkness. Furthermore, the functional wood coatings with CDs/TiO2@SAO composite presented continuous and efficient photocatalytic activity in the presence and absence of light exposure. The current research could provide a new strategy for designing an efficient photocatalyst for degrading formaldehyde pollution in the daytime with a visible light supply and in an indoor dark environment without an external light source.

Real-Time Degradation of Indoor Formaldehyde Released from Actual Particle Board by Heterostructured g-C3N4/TiO2 Photocatalysts under Visible Light

Indoor formaldehyde pollution causes a serious threat to human health since it is uninterruptedly released from wooden furniture. Herein, we prepared a g-C3N4-modified TiO2 composite photocatalyst and coated it on the surface of a commercial artificial particle board with the assistance of melamine formaldehyde adhesive. The g-C3N4/ TiO2 coating was then used to degrade formaldehyde which was released in real-time from the particle board under the irradiation of visible light. The results showed that compared with pure TiO2, the g-C3N4/ TiO2 composite with a heterojunction structure had a lower band gap energy (~2.6 eV), which could effectively capture luminous energy from the visible light region. Under continuous irradiation, the g-C3N4/ TiO2 photocatalytic coating was capable of degrading more than 50% of formaldehyde constantly released from the particle board. In the meantime, the photocatalytic coating also exhibited promising catalytic stability towards various formaldehyde release speeds, air flow velocities and environmental humidities. The hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical were found to be the predominant active species which triggered formaldehyde degradation. This study provides a feasible and practical approach for the improvement in indoor air quality through photocatalyst surface engineering.

Modelling of the effects of luminaire installation geometries and other factors on road illumination system photometric parameters and energy efficiency

PurposeProperly planned road illumination systems are collectively a public wealth and the commissioning of such systems may require extensive planning, simulation and testing. The purpose of this simulative work is to offer a simple approach to facilitate luminance-based road lighting calculations that can be easier to comprehend and apply to practical designing problems when compared to complex multi-objective algorithms and other convoluted simulative techniques.Design/methodology/approachRoad illumination systems were photometrically simulated with a created model in a validated software platform for specified system design configurations involving high-pressure sodium (HPS) and light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with the simulatively obtained data set to propound a linear model of estimating average luminance, overall uniformity of luminance and energy efficiency of lighting installations, and the simulatively obtained data set was used to explore luminaire power–road surface average luminance characteristics for common geometric design configurations involving HPS and LED luminaires, and four categories of road surfaces.FindingsThe six linear equations of the propounded linear model were found to be well-fitted with their corresponding observation sets. Moreover, it was found that the luminaire power–road surface average luminance characteristics were well-fitted with linear trendlines and the increment in road surface average luminance level per watt increment of luminaire power was marginally higher for LEDs.Originality/valueThis neoteric approach of estimating road surface luminance parameters and energy efficiency of lighting installations, and the compendia of luminaire power–road surface average luminance characteristics offer new insights that can prove to be very useful for practical purposes.

Study on the Vibration Characteristics of the Spraying Needle Excited by Electro-hydraulic Source Based on Luminous Energy Method

When one kind of liquid was atomized by a metal needle in the electric field, violent vibration of the spraying needle could be observed clearly, and the atomizing stability was affected by it seriously. To explore the cause of the needle’s vibration and weaken its negative effect, an optical energy method was adopted and some characteristics of the vibration were investigated. The principle of the optical energy method was very simple, it was just a transformation from mechanical information of the needle’s vibration to an optical signal composed with luminous energy features and received by a photodiode. The prototype of it was composed by a luminous source system and a testing circuit cored with MCU STC89C52. After the electronic signal transferred from the luminous energy was analysed, some characteristics come from different needles under different working conditions can be obtained. Some results are: the cause of the vibration comes from dual incentives of the electrostatic field and the atomized liquid jet, in view of mechanical structure, the length and diameter of the spraying needle was the main factors affecting the vibration amplitude and frequency, considering the flow rate flow through the spraying needle, there are different starting vibration voltages for different flow rate at the same length and diameter.

Design and Analysis of a Passive Lighting Device for a Sustainable Office Environment in Hot-Arid Climate Conditions

Visual comfort in office spaces improves not only productivity and wellbeing but also satisfaction and energy efficiency of the buildings. The objective of this research is to study the effect of one of the transporting daylighting systems (Anidolic Integrated Ceiling ‘AIC’) on the enhancement of the luminous interior environment and energy saving in office building through objective and subjective evaluations. The quantitative study was performed by measurement of the illuminance values in the physical model (1:4) under local luminous climate in two scenarios (with and without ‘AIC’) and by numerical simulation to calculate the daylight autonomy. The qualitative evaluations were achieved by using a field survey composed of four questions related to pleasantness, level of light and artificial lighting needs. Experimental study shows that the AIC offers high levels of illumination in quantitative terms result in moderate values of Daylight Factor (2% - 4%). Simulation results showed that more than 88% of energy consumption for electrical lighting can be saved. Subjective evaluation results indicate that in the test model (with AIC), 67% of participants felt more pleasant with the luminous environment, 74.19% considered that the level of light is sufficient and only 08 of 31 subjects need to use artificial lighting.

NiCo2O4/BiOCl/Bi24O31Br10 ternary Z-scheme heterojunction enhance peroxymonosulfate activation under visible light: Catalyst synthesis and reaction mechanism

The Z-scheme heterostructure for photocatalyst can effectively prolong the lifetime of photogenerated carriers and retain a higher conduction/valence band position, promoting the synergistic coupling of photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. In order to fully utilize the luminous energy and realize the efficient activation of PMS, this work achieved successful construction of NiCo2O4/BiOCl/Bi24O31Br10 ternary Z-scheme heterojunction by simultaneously synthesizing BiOCl and NiCo2O4 with NiCl2 and CoCl2 as the precursors. The intercalated BiOCl could serve as a carrier migration ladder to further achieve the spatial separation of electron-hole pairs, so that the oxidation and reduction processes separately occurred in different regions. Compared with the reported catalysts, the as-prepared composites exhibited the enhanced removal efficiency for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) in the visible light/PMS system, with a degradation efficiency of 85.30% in 2 min, and possessed good stability. Z-scheme heterojunction was shown to be beneficial for maximizing the superiority of photo-assisted Fenton-like reaction system. The experimental and characterization results confirmed that both non-radicals (1O2) and radicals (SO5•− and SO4•−) were involved in the reaction process and the SO5•− generated by the oxidation of PMS played a crucial role in the TCH degradation. The possible reaction mechanism was finally proposed. This study provided new insight into the Z-scheme heterostructure to promote the photo-assisted Fenton-like reaction.

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of a Photoelectric-Thermoelectric Integrated Power Generator Filled by Al Layer

This article presents the theoretical and experimental investigations of a novel integrated power generator. A solar cell and a thermoelectric generator (TEG) are integrated in a single chip. The fabrication process of the integrated power generator is compatible with the CMOS process and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. Hence, the TEG and the solar cell can collect luminous energy and thermal energy at the same time. The TEG consists of n-type and p-type thermal legs, which are connected in squares and can supply a dc voltage. By experimental measurements, when the TEG is covered by an aluminum layer, its voltage factor and power factor are 0.149 V/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K and 3.03 nW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively. The performance is better than the chip filled by thermal grease. In addition, the solar cell consists of several p-n junctions, which are formed by doping on the silicon substrate. Both the top and back of the solar cell can receive light. When light is incident on the top and bottom surfaces of the chip, the conversion efficiencies of the photoelectric generator are 4.45% and 0.682%, respectively.