Luminescence Excitation Research Articles

Evaluation of new Li2CaSiO4:Eu/ scintillation plastic phoswich for combined alpha-beta and gamma-neutron detectors

A phoswich-type detector element based on a new light inorganic scintillation material, Li2CaSiO4:Eu2+, and a plastic scintillator, EJ-200, was evaluated for separation of signals of neutrons, β-, α-particles and γ-rays. It has been shown that the use of scintillators in a phoswich with a quite large difference in the scintillation kinetics, by two orders of magnitude, despite the effect of excitation of inorganic material luminescence by scintillation of plastic, provides reliable discrimination of signals from the layers of the phoswich detector. The developed approach to constructing a detecting element can find applications for discrimination of α- and β-particles, as well as neutrons and γ-rays in combined α/β and γ-neutron detectors for radiometry and dosimetry. The separation of signals and measurement of the response when recording interaction products in the reverse β-decay reaction are of particular interest.

Nonlinear Excitation of Color Centers in a LiF Crystal by Femtosecond Laser Radiation

Experiments were carried out in which the luminescence of color centers in lithium fluoride crystals was excited by two different femtosecond lasers with significantly different energies, durations and pulse repetition rates. It was established that in all experiments the main center, the luminescence of which was excited nonlinearly, was the F3+ color center. Unusual experimental data were obtained; a laser with low pulse energy (4 nJ) excited triplet luminescence of these centers (570 nm) but did not excite singlet luminescence (540 nm). Another laser with a higher pulse energy (0.3 mJ), on the other hand, excited singlet luminescence and did not excite triplet luminescence. A proposed diagram of energy levels and quantum transitions is presented, explaining the possible mechanisms of nonlinear excitation of luminescence in these experiments.

Enhanced scintillating performance in Tb3+ doped oxyfluoride glass for high-resolution X-ray imaging

Scintillators that exhibit excellent scintillation performance coupled with superior radiation resistance are anticipated to cater the growing demand of X-ray detection across various fields including medicine and scientific research. Oxyfluoride glasses, which combine the benefits of both fluorine and oxide glasses, show significant potential as scintillator candidates. Here, highly transparent Tb3+ doped oxyfluoride glasses with splendid radioluminescence were successfully synthesized by melt quenching method with the aid of a two-step component tuning strategy. The luminescence excited by X-ray and ultraviolet light are significantly enhanced by boosting the effective atomic number of glass components and optimizing the B2O3/Al2O3 ratio. The integrated X-ray excited luminescence intensity of representative specimen reaches 219% of that of BGO. Exceptional anti-irradiation recoverability and thermal stability of 93% @ 573 K are conferred in the resultant glass. Moreover, X-ray imaging with a spatial resolution of up to 20 lp mm−1 was triumphantly achieved. These properties testify that the prepared oxyfluoride glass owns an enormous application foreground in X-ray imaging.

Site-selective laser spectroscopy of mixed fluoride La1−x−yYxNdyF3 crystalline nanopowders

When replacing lanthanum with yttrium, mixed fluoride crystalline La1−x−yYxNdyF3 colloidal solutions and nanopowders (x = 0.1–0.3; y = 0.001, 0.01) demonstrate significant heterogeneity of the crystal structure. Therefore, the luminescence excitation and emission spectra of the Nd3+ ion are significantly inhomogeneously broadened. The spectral broadening increases with increasing yttrium concentration from 10 to 30 at.%. The measured luminescence band of Nd3+ ion with a maximum of approximately 862.5 nm includes the luminescence of three groups of optical centers OC1 − OC3. The luminescence of these OCs is quenched by OH− acceptors, which were embedded into the volume of nanoparticles (NPs) during the hydrothermal synthesis. Density functional calculations revealed three possible local positions of molecular OH− groups replacing fluorine ions. The observed difference in the luminescence quenching kinetics of the OC1 − OC3 centers is due to the different coordination of the local OH− groups around the Nd3+ ions.

Optical properties of ZnWO4 ceramics obtained by radiation synthesis

One of the promising methods for producing ceramics from tungstate metals of the MWO4 composition is ra- diation synthesis using powerful electron fluxes. Due to the unique properties of radiation, it was possible to significantly accelerate the synthesis process. It has been demonstrated that ZnWO4 ceramics can be synthe- sized by acting on an electron flux with an energy from 1.4 to 2.5 MeV and a high power density of 10– 25 kW/cm2. In this regard, studies of the optical properties of ceramic samples of zinc tungstate ZnWO4 ob- tained by this method were carried out. The morphology of the surface, X-ray diffraction spectra and optical properties of ZnWO4 ceramics obtained by radiation synthesis were studied. X-ray diffraction measurements and EDX analysis confirmed the formation of zinc tungstate ceramics ZnWO4 as a result of radiation synthe- sis. The absorption, luminescence, and luminescence excitation spectra of synthesized samples were meas- ured. Luminescence spectra of a reference single crystal sample were also measured. X-ray diffraction con- firmed the formation of zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) as a result of radiation synthesis. The luminescent spectra of the synthesized sample coincide with the spectra of crystalline ZnWO4. A comparison of the luminescence spectra of a synthesized ceramic sample and a monocrystalline reference sample measured under different op- tical excitation conditions shows significant differences in the luminescence spectra of the synthesized sample and the reference sample and indicates possible various defects present in the compared samples.

Tb-doped borosilicate glass scintillators with high thermal stability for high-resolution X-ray imaging

Scintillators with high thermal stability and excellent spatial resolution are desirable for X-ray imaging applications in harsh environments. Here, Tb3+-doped borosilicate glass scintillators were prepared using conventional melt-quenching method. The optimized Tb3+-doped borosilicate glass (G-15Tb) scintillator exhibited a significantly higher X-ray excited luminescence intensity (147 % of Bi4Ge3O12). Furthermore, it possessed a remarkable imaging spatial resolution of 20 lp/mm, surpassing the standard requirement for X-ray imaging and medical computed tomography scans (2 lp/mm). Moreover, the X-ray excited luminescence intensity of G-15Tb glass sample remained unchanged even after being submerged in water for 30 days, indicating exceptional water resistance. Additionally, the integral intensity of photoluminescence at 573 K is 96.7 % of its initial value. Most importantly, the G-15Tb glass scintillator remains high-quality X-ray images even at elevated operating temperatures. Therefore, the Tb3+-doped borosilicate glass scintillator holds immense potential for high-resolution X-ray imaging in harsh environments.

High transparency Ce3+-doped oxyfluoride glass scintillator for X-ray imaging and γ-ray detection

High transparency Ce3+-doped dense gadolinium aluminum borosilicate (GSx) glass scintillator was synthesized in reducing atmosphere by melt-quenching process. The transmittance of the glasses exceeds 80%, and the light attenuation length is between 5-20 cm within the range of 400–600 nm. GSx glass shows an photoluminescence (PL) in range of 350–550 nm, with the strongest emission peak around 420 nm. The PL decay time of GSx glasses is around 37 ns, with a maximum PL quantum yield of 44.05%. The integrated X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) intensity of GSS glass is 52.5% compared with BGO crystal. For X-ray imaging, GSL glass based imaging system shows a high spatial resolution of 9 lp/mm, which is comparable to CsI:Tl X-ray detectors. Under γ-ray, the highest light yield of GSS glass is 1235 ph/MeV with an energy resolution of 24.0% at 662 keV, close to that of BSO crystal. The scintillation decay time of GSx glasses is consisted of fast (∼100 ns) and slow (∼560 ns) components. In thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL), GSS glass exhibits a strong TSL peak at approximately 440 K, with low intensity shoulders at about 520 K, implying different types of defects and traps. Therefore, GSx glass has promising prospects for X-ray imaging and high-energy physics applications.

Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Beyond. Photophysics and Material Design Strategies.

This review focuses on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Photophysical properties of Cu(I) complexes and unique organic molecules are addressed. Investigations, based on temperature‐dependent emission studies, micro‐ to femto‐second time‐resolved spectroscopy investigations, quantum mechanical considerations, state‐of‐art calculations, and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) device studies, address exciton harvesting mechanisms and photophysical impact of the energy gap ΔE(S1–T1) and spin‐orbit coupling (SOC). We disclose relationship between (i) ΔE(S1–T1) and transition rate k(S1–S0); (ii) SOC, phosphorescence, and intersystem crossing (ISC); (iii) internal/external rigidity, luminescence quantum yield, excitation self‐trapping, and concentration quenching; (iv) environment polarity and state energy tuning, as well as (v) SOC and combined ambient‐temperature TADF/phosphorescence, zero‐field splitting, and spin‐lattice relaxation (at T = 1.2 K). These studies guide us to milestone Cu(I) complexes. Moreover, we demonstrate that fast ISC in organic molecules requires state mixing with an additional, energetically close triplet state. Thus, a guide structure for unique organic TADF molecules with ultra‐fast ISC and reverse‐ISC rates (>109 s−1) combined with ΔE(S1–T1)<10 cm−1 (<1 meV) is presented allowing for ultra‐fast singlet‐triplet equilibrated fluorescence with sub‐microsecond decay. First OLEDs fabricated show high external quantum efficiency of ≈19%. Based on this breakthrough material class, a new exciton harvesting mechanism, the direct singlet harvesting (DSH), is presented.

Hard X-ray nanoprobe to study the emission properties of Ce-doped YAG wafer by using XEOL and TR-XEOL

In this study, the valent state, emission properties, and decay lifetime of Ce-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) wafer have been probed using X-ray absorption (XAS), X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL), and time-resolved XEOL (TR-XEOL). The XAS spectrum demonstrates that Ce ions are in the trivalent state, and the XEOL spectrum exhibits typical 5 d1-4f1(2F5/2) and 5 d1-4f1(2F7/2) transitions of Ce3+ ions, with emission peaks at ∼528 nm and 582 nm, respectively. From the TR-XEOL measurements, the decay lifetimes of 5 d1-4f1(2F5/2) and 5 d1-4f1(2F7/2) transitions are about ∼90 ns and ∼100 ns, respectively. We found that the reabsorption effects will not only make the 5 d1-4f1(2F7/2) transitions have longer decay lifetime, but also the higher emission intensity. By comparison with photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL using a pulsed laser at 375 nm, we found that the emission spectra and decay lifetime of Ce-doped YAG (111) wafer are different when using X-ray irradiation. The longer decay lifetime measured by TR-XEOL compared TR-PL are caused by high X-ray dose irradiation. In addition, high X-ray doses provided by the nano-focus X-ray beam will be influenced the emission behaviors of Ce-doped YAG (111) wafer. Which phenomena have been demonstrated by using time-dependent XEOL with irradiation for 10 h. These peculiar emission behaviors observed with a hard X-ray nanoprobe may be able to provide important information on quantum technologies and scintillators used in hard X-ray detectors.

Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticle-Loaded Filaments for Identification of Fabrics in the Visible and Infrared.

Persistent luminescent materials are those which can store an amount of energy locally and release it slowly in the form of light. In this work, persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) were synthesized and incorporated into polypropylene (PP) filaments at various loading percentages. We investigated the optical properties of both the as-prepared PLNPs and the PLNP-loaded filaments, focusing on any changes resulting from the integration into the filaments. Specifically, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the emission, excitation, and persistent luminescence of the PLNPs and PLNP-loaded filaments. The tensile properties of the extruded filaments were also investigated through breaking tenacity, elongation at break, Young's modulus, and secant modulus. All PLNP-loaded filaments were shown to exhibit persistent luminescence when exposed to ultraviolet light. While there were no significant changes in the elongation at break or Young's modulus for the loading percentages tested, there was a slight increase in breaking tenacity and a decrease in the secant modulus. Finally, the filaments were shown to maintain their optical properties and persistent luminescence even after abrasion testing used to simulate the normal wear and tear that fabric experiences during use. These results show that PLNPs can be successfully incorporated into filaments which can be used in fabrics and will maintain the persistent luminescent properties.

Unlocking multi-photon excited luminescence in pyrazolate trinuclear gold clusters for dynamic cell imaging

The family of coinage-metal-based cyclic trinuclear complexes exhibits abundant photophysical properties, promising for diverse applications. However, their utility in biochemistry is often hindered by large particle size and strong hydrophobicity. Meanwhile, the investigation into multi-photon excited luminescence within this family remained undocumented, limiting their potential in bio-imaging. Herein, we unveil the multi-photon excited luminescent properties of pyrazolate-based trinuclear gold(I) clusters, facilitated by excimeric gold(I)···gold(I) interactions, revealing a nonlinear optical phenomenon within this family. Furthermore, to address issues of poor biocompatibility, we employ electrospinning coupled with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as the matrix to fabricate a flexible, durable, transparent, and red emissive film with a photoluminescence quantum yield as high as 88.3%. This strategy not only produces the film with sufficient hydrophilicity and stability, but also achieves the downsizing of trinuclear gold(I) clusters from microscale to nanoscale. Following the instantaneous dissolution of the film in the media, the released trinuclear gold(I) nanoparticles have illuminated cells and bacteria through a real-time, non-toxic, multi-photon bio-imaging approach. This achievement offers a fresh approach for utilizing coinage-metal-based cyclic trinuclear complexes in biochemical fields.

Sub‐10 nm Lanthanide‐Doped Lu6O5F8 Nanoscintillators for Real‐Time High‐Resolution Dynamic 3D X‐Ray Imaging

AbstractLanthanide‐doped fluoride nanoscintillators (NSs) have emerged as promising candidates for X‐ray imaging. However, strong afterglow, long lifetime, and poor irradiation stability pose key challenges for real‐time dynamic X‐ray imaging. In this study, the sub‐10 nm Lu6O5F8:Tb NSs with tunable morphologies are prepared via incorporating Li+/Na+ ions. The X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) intensity of the Lu6O5F8:15Tb/10Li NSs is stronger than that of NaLuF4:15 Tb NSs with a similar particle size while its afterglow is only ≈2.7% compared to that of NaLuF4:15 Tb NSs. Utilizing the Lu6O5F8:15 Tb/10Li NSs‐integrated film as a scintillator screen, a high resolution of ≈21.6 lp/mm is achieved. Even at a low dose of 0.23 µGy, the fringe detail in the electron device is clearly observed in the X‐ray image. The afterglow intensity of the Lu6O5F8:10Eu/10Li NSs decays to 0.7% at 40 µs, which is better than that of CsI:Tl (3.6%@40 µs). Moreover, the Lu6O5F8:10Eu/10Li NSs with a lifetime of 1.65 µs are verified for use in dynamic 3D X‐ray imaging. These findings represent a significant advancement in the development of new NSs for high‐performance dynamic X‐ray imaging.

Electroluminescent white quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on high pressure synthesis of graphitic C3N4 semiconductor

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has shown promising potentials for quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), which might be an effective alternative of the mostly used Cd(Se,S)/Zn(S,Se) emitting layers and can achieve both low toxicity and high stability, meeting the goal of sustainable development. Herein, we for the first report a white electroluminescent QLED device with blue and orange dual-color emissions, which were attributed to the σ*-LP, π*- π, and π*-LP transitions, respectively, from a single-compound g-C3N4 quantum dots (QDs) by synthesizing the precursor at 0.8 Mpa high-pressure N2. By selectively exciting the δ and π bonds with X-ray, the luminescence mechanism was approved with the synchrotron radiation techniques of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and the X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL).The chromaticity coordinate changes from cayan color space with CIE (0.2034, 0.1939) to white color space with CIE (0.3009, 0.2697) as pressure increases from 0.06 to 0.8 Mpa, with the increased overlap of the δ* and π* orbital upon the contraction of crystal lattice. The breakthrough achieved in this work will promisingly promote the development of future white light sources as thin as paper for human home and office lighting by using direct current-driven electroluminescence of QDs, instead of photoluminescence of phosphors.

Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Pure and Eu-Doped Trigonal TbPO4·nH2O Nanocrystals.

In this contribution, we describe the preparation, by means of a precipitation reaction from aqueous solution at 40 °C, and the structural characterization of nanocrystalline powders of trigonal Tb1-xEuxPO4·nH2O (with x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1; n tentatively assigned as 0.67) which crystallize in the two possible P3121 or P3221 enantiomorphic space groups. While the volume of the crystal lattice is not significantly affected by the Tb3+/Eu3+ substitution, the average crystallite size seems to depend on the Eu3+ dopant concentration and ranges from 13 to 30 nm. The desired handedness of the crystals has been induced by using, during the synthesis, one of the two possible enantiomers of tartaric acid (l or d). The analysis of the luminescence excitation and emission spectra, together with the decay kinetics of the 5D4 Tb3+ excited state, suggests the presence of a very efficient Tb3+ → Eu3+ energy transfer process in the Eu3+-doped orthophosphates. Upon excitation of Tb3+ ions at 368 nm, the enantiomorphic powders grown with l- or d-tartaric acid (i.e., l-TbPO4·0.67H2O/d-TbPO4·0.67H2O, l-Tb0.995Eu0.005PO4·0.67H2O/d-Tb0.995Eu0.005PO4·0.67H2O, and l-Tb0.9Eu0.1PO4·0.67H2O/d-Tb0.9Eu0.1PO4·0.67H2O) exhibited mirror circularly polarized luminescence signals in the visible spectral region (in the green and/or in the red).

Controllable growth of Ce3+-doped fluoride nanocrystals (LaF3/KLaF4) in fluorosilicate glass

Controllable growth of nanocrystals (NCs) in optical glasses is essential to impart photonic functions for demanded applications. Here, Ce3+-doped KLaF4 and LaF3 fluoride NCs are controllably precipitated in a fluorosilicate glass via adjusting the duration and temperature of thermal treatment. The presence of phase separation in the precursor glass (PG) is derived from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and serves as the driving factor for the crystallization of fluoride NCs. The phase separation of PG, NCs distribution, microscopic morphology and particle size of NCs precipitated in the nano-glass composites (nano-GCs) are investigated by analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Structural and spectroscopic characterizations confirm the influence of the thermal treatment on the crystalline species in the nano-GCs. The developed nano-GCs exhibit intense X-ray excited luminescence with an excellent linearity with the X-ray dosage and a good thermal stability, making them suitable for radiation detection and medical imaging applications.

Spatial Resolution for X-ray Excited Luminescence Chemical Imaging (XELCI).

Measuring chemical concentrations at the surface of implanted medical devices is important for elucidating the local biochemical environment, especially during implant infection. Although chemical indicator dyes enable chemical measurements in vitro, they are usually ineffective when measuring through tissue because the background obscures the dye signal and scattering dramatically reduces the spatial resolution. X-ray excited luminescent chemical imaging (XELCI) is a recent imaging modality which overcomes these limitations using a focused X-ray beam to excite a small spot of red light on scintillator-coated medical implants with well-defined location (because X-rays are minimally scattered) and low background. A spectrochemical indicator film placed over the scintillator layer, e.g., a polymer film containing pH-indicator dyes, absorbs some of the luminescence according to the local chemical environment, and this absorption is then detected by measuring the light intensity/spectrum passing through the tissue. A focused X-ray beam is used to scan point-by-point with a spatial resolution mainly limited by the X-ray beam width with minimum increase from X-ray absorption and scattering in the tissue. X-ray resolution, implant surface specificity, and chemical sensitivity are the three key features of XELCI. Here, we study spatial resolution using optically absorptive targets. For imaging a series of lines, the 20-80% knife-edge resolution was ∼285 (±15) μm with no tissue and 475 ± 18 and 520 ± 34 μm, respectively, through 5 and 10 mm thick tissue. Thus, doubling the tissue depth did not appreciably change the spatial resolution recorded through the tissue. This shows the promise of XELCI for submillimeter chemical imaging through tissue.

Luminescence, XPS and Raman of crystalline quartz affected to high pressure by detonation

The Raman spectra, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and x-ray excited luminescence spectra of crystalline quartz samples subjected to different pressure levels through detonation were compared with the spectra of the original samples. In the samples under study, the luminescence of a self-trapped exciton (STE) was analyzed, which, when excited by x-rays, has a high energy yield (∼20%) in crystalline α-quartz not treated by detonation. The deviations of the luminescence spectrum are small in the pressure range from 9 to 27 GPa relative to untreated samples, which means the presence of crystalline quartz grains. A sharp change in the spectrum occurs for the sample subjected to a pressure of 34 GPa. The STE band practically disappeared and a band appeared at 350 nm. This band appears in thermally stimulated luminescence (in contrast to the STE band, which is not observed at all in thermally stimulated luminescence) and, therefore, can be attributed to some defects arising due to high pressure. This luminescence is not similar to the luminescence of a stishovite single crystal, but analysis of the XPS spectra suggests the formation of non-crystalline stishovite in detonated samples. In the Raman scattering spectra, a single sharp line at 465 cm−1, characteristic of α-quartz, was observed in the samples after detonation pressure for the remaining small crystal grains. This line decreased greatly for the sample subjected to a pressure of 34 GPa. Against the structureless background of exposed samples of ‘poor’ optical quality, other Raman bands did not appear. It can be assumed that there are very broad bands of Raman scattering caused by the amorphization of stishovite under high detonation pressure. Amorphization explains the absence of luminescence, similar to the stishovite crystal.

Microwave melt-quenching technique to synthesize of CuO-doped B2O3–ZnO–Na2O–Sm2O3 scintillating glasses

The new series of CuO-doped samarium sodium zinc borate (SNZB) glasses, with the composition (59.5-x)B2O3:30ZnO:10Na2O:0.5Sm2O3 (x = 0.00–0.10 mol%), were prepared using the microwave melt-quenching technique. These glasses were characterized through XRD, absorption, excitation, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray luminescence (RL) spectral measurements. The optical absorption analysis revealed a significant increase in the visible Cu2+ absorption band at approximately 770 nm with the addition of CuO at concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 0.10 mol%. From the absorption spectra of SNZBCu-0.00, the Judd-Ofelt (J-O) intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) were determined. Under 402 nm excitation, the PL spectra exhibited a bright reddish-orange emission at 600 nm. The decay spectral profiles of the 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 (600 nm) luminescence transition were used to measure experimental lifetimes (τg).

Synchrotron radiation excited luminescence of Eu, Er, and Tm codoped β-Ga2O3 thin film

Ga2O3 thin film with Eu, Er, and Tm codoping was prepared on Si substrate by pulsed laser deposition. The obtained codoping film has a monoclinic Ga2O3 structure identified by X-ray diffraction and Raman measurements. The excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence measurements were performed using synchrotron radiation sources with photon energies both below and above bandgap. Moreover, temperature-dependent PL measurements were carried out from 30 to 300 K to systematically investigate the PL characteristics of codoped Eu3+, Er3+, Tm3+ ions in the Ga2O3 film. Typical luminescent bands originating from Eu3+, Er3+, and Tm3+ dopants were concurrently observed in the PL spectra. The codoping film emits a near purple light when it was excited at 30 K, which gradually shifts to the orange region as the temperature rises to 300 K. This color evolution results from different quenching rates of Eu3+, Er3+, and Tm3+ dopants with the increase of temperature. These findings provide a solid foundation for Si-compatible full-color displays using RE doped Ga2O3.

Biological window excited up-conversion persistent luminescence nanoparticles for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy

Near-infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) have inherent advantages for high-sensitivity bioimaging due to the separation of excitation and emission light. However, the single-wavelength emission of NIR PLNPs for bioimaging limits their use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, a biological window excited up-conversion (UC) PLNPs, Zn3Ga2SnO8:Cr3+,Yb3+,Ho3+ (ZGS), was reported for bioimaging and PDT. ZGS exhibits NIR persistent luminescence (PersL) after red LED excitation and visible UCL under 980 nm excitation. The NIR PersL is designed for in vivo bioimaging; the visible UCL is used to activate photosensitizer (PS) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for PDT. The dual-functional ZGS with UCL and PersL provides an effective method for bioimaging and PDT, which is expected to further promote the application of PLNPs in the integration of efficient diagnosis and treatment.