Lucknow District Research Articles

Effect of socio demographic profile on knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding breastfeeding of Lucknow district

Background: Breastfeeding is the ideal source of nutrition for first six month of life which is globally recognised. There are various advantages of optimal breastfeeding but still breastfeeding rates in Uttar Pradesh is only 56%. This might be attributed to various social, cultural and economical factors. Since there is limited local data on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of women toward breastfeeding. hence, we planned this study to assess knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of mothers regarding breastfeeding and influence of sociodemographic profile on them.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 200 mothers coming to the rural and urban areas of a district with infants between 0-6 months. The data was collected using a predesigned questionnaire based on KAP about breastfeeding. The data was analyzed using (SPSS) version 21.0.Results: Our study shows that regarding knowledge of breastfeeding, in rural group 42% considered colustrum as first breast milk. In contrast in urban group, 63% were aware that it was first breast milk (p=0.003). Regarding practices, 56% of rural women had started breastfeeding within one hour while only 38% of urban women did the same (p=0.011). Regarding attitude, 77% women of urban area agreed regarding goodness of colostrum for health followed by 48% of rural women (p≤0.001). Most of the women agreed to the belief that a baby should burp after feeding (94% rural and 91% urban).Conclusions: The Gap between KAP regarding breastfeeding exists in rural and urban setups. So, proper stratgies should be planned depending on socio-demographic profile.

Menstrual health and related problems in adolescent girls of Lucknow district: a cross sectional study

Background: Menstruation and related problems are difficult issues for adolescent girls and are a common reason for consulting healthcare providers. The objective of the study was to study the age of menarche, menstrual pattern, menstrual related health problems and health seeking behaviour for it.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in urban as well as rural schools of Lucknow district from August 2014 to September 2015. Multistage random sampling was used to select the requisite number of girls. A total of 600 girls of age group 10-19 years were interviewed and analysed using appropriate statistical methodsResults: The mean age of menarche of the total population was 13.2±1 years. During menstruation, urban girls had significantly excessive passage of clots (26.5%) and faced more discomfort in their routine activities (78.8%) when compared to their rural counterpart (25.2% and 73.4% respectively), whereas the relation was inverse with regard to school absenteeism that was significantly higher in rural girls (44.0%) than urban girls (32.3%). The usual age of menarche as well as the pattern of pre-menstrual symptoms varied significantly between the girls of rural and urban areas.Conclusions: With few exceptions, menstrual health related problems have an unequal distribution in girls of rural and urban origin. Hence effective management of menstrual problems will lose its chase unless health education targeting all the three groups viz.; adolescent girls, concerned parents and teachers have to be uniformly strengthened.

HPTLC Analysis of the Antioxidant and Possible Antidiabetic Chlorogenic Acid in the in situ and in vitro Populations of the Low-calorie Sweetener Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni

Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni (Asteraceae), a native to South America and now well adapted and cultivated in different parts of India. Steviosides and extracts prepared from the leaves have been used widely all over the world as sweetening-agents, taste-modifiers and sugar-substitutes. Presently a study has been undertaken to analyze chlorogenic acid in the in situ and in vitro S. rebaudiana populations. Nodal explants were raised in Murashige and Skoog media supplemented 6-benzyladenine (BA; 8.5 mM) and indole- 3-butryic acid (IBA; 9.2 mM) to achieve the best shoot-yield. Chromatographic separation was performed on silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates with toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:5:1) as mobile phase. Densitometric measurement was performed in the ultraviolet region at λ=330 nm. In vitro raised S. rebaudiana from Jalandhar district was found to contain the maximum CGA (0.077%) content and in situ grown samples from the same district showed the minimun CGA content (0.021%) whereas in situ grown plant sample collected from Lucknow district possessed 0.010% of CGA. The present investigation not only quantifies the amount of CGA present in S. rebaudiana, it also presents a simple, validated and reproducible protocol to analyze CGA in plant samples using HPTLC.

Adolescent Violence through Technology in India

Introduction: The shift from the physical to virtual communication has been emerged as a vital platform to interact through technology. Apart from the positive influences, it is also affecting the adolescents in negative manner which leads to various health hazards. All governments are committed to the ambitious sustainable development agenda and its goals, in particular SDG target 16.2 to end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children. Despite the alarming situation and commitment, there is apathy towards coining the specific laws against cybercrime amongst adolescents. Methodology: A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey method was used for data collection from the adolescents who are using mobile phones since last one year and presented in outdoor pediatric department. The study was also conducted in two schools from urban and rural locations at Lucknow district during study period. Results: In the studied population of 900 students, the maximum students 606(67.3%) were from 16-18 years of age and simple mobile users were more 505(56.1%) in number when compared. the prevalence of bullied students were females 269(29.8%) and males 381(42.3%). Maximum bullied students were of age 16-18 years. As per the mode of assault sending inappropriate SMS 378 (58.1%) on mobile was outrageous than any other method. The assault was shared mainly with friends. Conclusion: Our results reflect that the prevalence of violence amongst adolescents have reached up to a point of saturation where it is mandatory to correct their attitude to avoid any unwanted happening. Apart from the surveillance of the mobile use this is our prime duty to monitor the activities of teens on internet and develop safe cyber space.

Distribution of rheumatological diseases in rural and urban areas: An adapted COPCORD Stage I Phase III survey of Lucknow district in north India.

To study the distribution of various rheumatological diseases in rural and urban areas of Lucknow, India. A study using adapted a Community Oriented Program for the Control of Rheumatic Diseases scheme was carried out in a cluster of rural (n=5118) and urban (n=5053) communities through a door-to-door survey. Trained community volunteers completed the questionnaires. Patients with musculoskeletal pain (MSK pain) were clinically evaluated by a physician. X-ray examinations and blood investigations were also done. Diagnosis was made according to International Classification of Diseases-9 classification system. Among persons reporting MSK pain in rural areas, high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) knee (35%) was observed followed by fibromyalgia (32.1%), backache (28.4%), non-specific pain (NSP) (20.7%) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (1.2%). In urban area, OA knee (36.3%) and backache (36.6%) were found highly prevalent, followed by fibromyalgia (11.1%), NSP (10.9%) and neck pain (7.4%). In urban areas among MSK pain patients, prevalence of RA was only 1.6%. Age-adjusted analysis among urban people showed backache complaints begin early (>20years) than rural people. Significantly higher numbers of Knee OA complaints emerged among urban people than rural in the age group 21-60years. Projected population prevalence of knee OA was 44.9 and 106.07/1000 in rural and urban areas, respectively. Further projected population prevalences of fibromyalgia, backache, RA and NSP in rural and urban areas are 41.2 and 32.4, 36.5 and 106.6, 1.56 and 4.74, 26.0 and 32.0 per 1000, respectively. OA knee, fibromyalgia, backache and NSP are predominant health problems of both areas. Female preponderance was observed in all rheumatological diseases in both the areas.

Study of acute diarrhoea among preschool children from below poverty line families of Lucknow district, North India

Background: Acute diarrheal illness remains one of the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality especially among children under five in developing countries. Many of the risk factors for contracting diarrheal illnesses are associated with poverty, such as lacking access to safe water and sanitation, poor hygiene practices and unsafe human waste disposal. Objective of the study was to know the prevalence of acute diarrhoea and find out certain associated risk factors among preschool children from below poverty line family of Lucknow district.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted using multistage sampling in rural and urban areas of Lucknow district from August, 2012 to July, 2013. Total 352 children aged 12-47 months from Below Poverty Line families were enrolled in this study. Mothers were interviewed after taking informed consent on pretested predesigned questionnaire.Results: A total of 352 children were participated in this study, of which 75 were suffering from acute diarrhea, thus giving a two-week prevalence of 21.3%. The main risk factors for acute diarrheal illness were found to be Unimproved/no toilet facility, unsafe disposal of children stool, having piped water supply, storage of drinking water at household level, not received complimentary feeding within specified period and no vitamin A supplementation.Conclusions: Approximately one-fifth of the children included in the study reported diarrheal disease. Building toilets and providing safe drinking water at the household level, interventions through effective health education of the community regarding appropriate complimentary feeding and immunization practices may reduce the burden of diarrhoea among these children.

To assess the effectiveness of various communication strategies for improving childhood pneumonia case management: study protocol of a community based behavioral open labeled trial in rural Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

BackgroundCommunity Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide including India. Many of these deaths can be averted by creating awareness in community about early symptoms of CAP and by ensuring availability of round the clock, quality health care.The objective was to assess the effectiveness of an innovative package of orienting doctors and community health workers about community perceptions on CAP barriers to qualified health care seeking, plus infrastructural strengthening by (i) providing “Pneumonia Drug Kit” (PDK) (ii) establishing “Pneumonia Management Corner” (PMC) at additional primary health center (PHCs) and (iii) “Pneumonia Management Unit” (PMU) at Community health center (CHCs) along with one of 4 different behavior change communication interventions:Organizing Childhood Pneumonia Awareness Sessions (PAS) for caregivers of children < 5 years of age during a routine immunization day at PHCs and CHCs by Auxillary Nurse Midwives (ANM)Organizing PAS on Village Health and Nutrition Day only once a month in villages by Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)Combination of both Interventions 1 & 2Usual Careas measured by number of clinical pneumonia cases-treated by ANM/doctors with PDK or treated at either PMC or PMU.MethodsProspective community based open labeled behavioral trial (2 by 2 factorial design) conducted in 8 rural blocks of Lucknow district. Community survey will be done by multistage cluster sampling to collect information on changes in types of health care providers’ service utilization for ARI/CAP pre and post intervention.DiscussionCAP is one of the leading killers of childhood deaths worldwide. Studies have reported that recognition of pneumonia and its danger signs is poor among caregivers. The proposed study will assess effectiveness of various communication strategies for improving childhood pneumonia case management interventions at mother/community level, health worker and health center level. The project will generate demand and improve supply of quality of care of CAP and thus result in reduced mortality in Lucknow district. Since the work will be done in partnership with government, it can be scaled up.Trial registrationThis study has been registered retrospectively in the AEARCT Registry and the registration number is: AEARCTR-0003137.

Role of Television in Making Polio-Free India

This study aimed to find a popular medium of mass communication that played the most significant role in polio eradication. The research paper was based on the concept of health communication, which is an integral part of development communication. Mass media, especially television, is the most powerful and effective medium of mass communication and a very important tool for shaping the Indian society. It can inform, educate, and motivate people to perform any desired behavior. This study explored that awareness level of people on health issues was very high. Most of the respondents claimed, they had been watching advertisements pertaining to social issues on television. It was also revealed that the level of participation of people in polio eradication was very high, i.e., 96 percent respondents reported that they went to the polio booth after watching the polio advertisement on television which was advocated by celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Jaya Bachchan, Sachin Tendulkar, Aishwarya Rai and many more. Thus, this study also showed that TV as a mass medium for health communication was a very effective tool and it could also be argued that television had played a significant role in making polio-free India. While planning the present research, it was felt that an attempt should be made to provide a complete picture of the role of communication in semi-urban society of Lucknow district with specific reference to polio eradication.

Assessment of Groundwater Potential Using Water Balance Approach in Sarojininagar Block of Lucknow District

Assessment of Groundwater Potential Using Water Balance Approach in Sarojininagar Block of Lucknow District

Utilization of public health care facilities in Lucknow district

Background: Health has been declared a fundamental human right. Governments all over the world are striving to expand and improve their health care services. Though there is scarcity of health care resources in India, yet utilization of the Govt. Health care facilities reveal that their outreach was not only poor but even where they are within the reach of population they remained under utilization. In view of the facts stated above this study was planned to assess the extent of utilization of available health facility, the purpose of visit to health care facility and the reasons for non-utilization of public health care facility.Methods: Sample of 1024 was drawn from rural and urban population of Lucknow district. Cross sectional study was conducted in one-year period using the stratified multistage sampling. Data was analyzed using the stata software version -8 for windows.Results: Most of the respondents in rural (73.66%) and in urban (87.44%) visited the health facility for treatment of illnesses. Majority 55.28% in rural and 67.15% in urban area visited private health facility. The most common reason for non-utilization of public health facility in rural respondents (63.5%) was the long distance to health facility and for urban respondents it was long waiting time (56.46%).Conclusions: Most of the people prefer private health care facilities over public. The two most common reasons were long distance and long waiting time. These issues can be dealt by mobile clinics and strengthening the already existing health centres etc.

Factors affecting health care facility utilization in rural areas of Lucknow district

Background: Population is increasing rapidly so with the limited resources government alone cannot cater the health of whole population. Private health sector is equally important for the improvement of health of the people. In view of these facts the present study was planned to assess the utilization of health care services (both public and private) and to assess the reasons for visiting that particular health facility (public or private).Methods: Study was cross sectional for 1 year period. Total sample size was 1024. In the present study only rural area was taken. By using multistage stratified random sampling 6 villages were selected and sample came out as 516. Data was analyzed by stata software version -12 for windows and chi square test.Results: 50% respondents visited public, 38% private and 10% visited others (charitable, pharmacies etc.). 62% respondents belonged to lower socio economic status preferred public health care facility. The main reason for visiting public health facility was free services and for private was got cure earlier from that heath facility. Majority of people visited any health facility for illness. (344 out of 516) and 50% of them visited for respiratory diseases. For chronic illness majority (60%) preferred public health care facility.Conclusions: Both public and private health care facilities should be made well equipped and affordable so that people can make choices and not forced to choose particular health facility.

Pollen and spores in yellow rain from Lucknow, northern India

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of pollen and spore concentration of yellow drops in the Lucknow environs during the summer of 2014. The yellow spots were procured from the surface of a number of leaves and other objects from three different localities of Lucknow District of Uttar Pradesh. The size and shapes of these spots vary, ranging from linear to circular. Pollen grains recovered in good frequencies chiefly belong to angiosperms, whereas some gymnosperm pollen was also observed in trace frequencies. Other microbiota include fern spores, fungal remains and insect body parts in lower values. The study broadly suggests that palynomorphs recovered from yellow droppings are not fully airborne; rather, they are the types that honey bees gather from crop fields to feed their young. Brassica campestris and Asteroideae are the dominant plant taxa recorded in yellow rain samples. On investigation, it was noticed that yellow drop falling occurred for a few minutes on limited days during the summer of 2014, when the atmosphere experienced optimal temperature conditions with relatively humid environs. The observation also confirms that the yellow spots are nothing but faecal droppings, as suggested by the bee faeces theory which proposed that the origin of yellow rain is a phenomenon of nature. The study, in addition to aiding in understanding yellow rain occurrence, could also be helpful in aerobiological research, especially in examining the allergenicity of various pollen grains/spores in the area of investigation, causing bronchial asthma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis/pollinosis), nasobronchial allergy and other respiratory disorders along with conjunctivitis, contact dermatitis, eczema, food allergies and other health ailments. A multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to quantified data obtained from pollen frequency analyses of different areas of Lucknow, which clearly revealed a significant group variation in vegetation type on the basis of dispersal and deposition of pollen in yellow spots.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE AMONG PARTICIPANTS OF INDIVIDUAL GAMES, TEAM GAMES AND HEALTH CLUBS

The purpose of the study was to compare the cardio-respiratory endurance among the participants of individual games, team games and health clubs. The youth of Lucknow district who had either represented university in any individual or team game for two years or participated in health club activities for two years were chosen as subjects for this study. Their age group ranged from 20-25 years. Eight individual games, Eight team games and Eight health clubs were selected for the study. The subjects comprised of 48 sportsmen from each discipline making a total of 144. Six sportsmen from each individual games, team games and health clubs were selected for the study, using random sampling technique. To assess the cardio-respiratory endurance 600yard run/walk test was employed. The elapsing time from the starting signal until the runner completed the 600yard distance was recorded in minutes and seconds. To compare the participants of selected groups in the dimension of cardio-respiratory endurance analysis of variance was used. Scheffe’s post hoc test was applied were ever f-ratio was found significant. Level of significance was kept at 0.05level of confidence. Based on the findings of the study it was concluded that participants of team games have better cardio-respiratory endurance then the participants of the individual games and health clubs. Whereas significant difference was not found between the participants of individual games and health clubs. Article visualizations:

Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding oral cancers amongst secondary school students in Lucknow district

Background: The world at present is heading towards various types of non communicable diseases which are also known as modern epidemics. Oral cancer is the eleventh most common cancer in the world. It accounts for approximately 2.4 percent of all cancers with high incidence rate in developing countries. Globally, it represents an incidence of 3% and 2% of all cancers among men and women respectively. The aim of the study is to assess Knowledge and Practices about oral cancers amongst the students of intermediate college. Methods: Study design was a cross sectional study. Study population was a list of intermediate colleges from Block Kakori was prepared with the help of social workers of the Department of Community Medicine. Two schools from the list were randomly selected by simple random sampling. Study area was at Kakori Block. Study duration was on July 2011- October 2011. Sample size was a total of 180 students were enrolled for the study who were present at the time of data collection. Data was tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analysed giving descriptive information. Results: Tobacco and alcohol are considered most potent causative agents of oral cancer by the majority (91.1% and 74.4%) of the students.51.1% of students considered it a blood disease, 25% of students told that it is infectious. When asked about knowledge regarding signs and symptoms of oral cancer majority (61.7%) of the students told that indigestion or difficulty in swallowing, unusual weight loss/gain (54.4%) and nagging change or hoarseness of voice by 41.1% students. Television emerges as the source of information about cancer for 55.00% students. 11.10% of students admitted to be using tobacco regularly with cigarette/bidi (42.3%) being the most common type of tobacco usage followed by gutka (30.8%). Conclusions: There is very much need of spreading more awareness about cancer and its prevalence. Correlation between oral cancers and tobacco abuse needs to be highlighted. Significant number of students was not having adequate awareness about signs and symptoms of oral cancers.

The Shifting Shape of the Rape Discourse

This article reports findings based on non-participant observation during eight weeks of rape trials in a Fast Track Court (FTC) in Lucknow, established exclusively to hold trials of cases involving ‘crimes against women’. Research methods included an in-depth study of 15 ‘disposed off’ case files, in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with 12 lawyers and focus group discussions (FGDs) with police officials held at 15 police stations in Lucknow district. Around 50 per cent of the rape trials were found to be related to the offence of statutory rape in cases of runaway marriages of minors. Another distinct category of cases that came to trial as rape cases were those involving ‘breaking of or false promise of marriage’. This article problematises and contests the construction of these categories of cases as ‘rape’ and argues that it points to a shift and hijack of the rape discourse by patriarchal familial and legal forces.

A Comparative Study of Palmar Dermatoglyphics in Thakurs and Lodhis of Bakshi Ka Talab Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dermatoglyphic characters vary widely and are unaffected by age, gender and least by environment. Unlike configurations and their distinctiveness with every individual, it also shows bilateral, bisexual and population variations. Palm prints once created are unchangeable throughout life and are unaffected by environmental factors. This paper is based upon the palmar dermatoglyphic. The study reports on bisexual and bilateral palm prints among Lodhis and Thakurs of Rudahi village of Bakshi Ka Talab, Lucknow District. The palmar dermatoglyphic traits have been analyzed among the two populations which are Main line Formula, Endings of main lines D and A, Position of Axial triradius, Angle atd, Main line Index, Hypothenar, Thenar/ Ist Interdigital area, IInd Interdigital area, IIIrd Interdigital area, IVth Interdigital area, and Palmar Ridge Counts. The prints have been obtained by using the duplicating ink method on white paper. On the perusal of Principal Main line Formula among Lodhis and Thakurs, it has been noticed that the frequency is more in Lodhi males than females in formula 11.9.7. On the other hand, the frequency of Thakur males is more than Thakur females in formula 9.7.5. The Ending of Main Line D in position 11 as clearly indicated in Lodhis is higher in both the genders in comparison to Thakurs, while the position 9 indicates highest frequency in Thakur females. The Ending of main line A at position 5’ has higher frequency in Lodhi males. The Main line index value 16 is observed higher in Lodhis in comparison to Thakurs. Higher frequency has been observed in Lodhis than Thakurs in Axial triradius in modal type‘t’. The range of Angle atd is observed to have higher frequency in 36º- 40º among the Lodhis as compared to Thakurs. The palmar ridge counts mean, is found higher in Lodhi females and Thakur males. Thus this paper shows the similarity and dissimilarity among the males and females of Thakurs and Lodhis in Palmar dermatoglyphics.

Maternal health services utilization and influencing factors: A study in Lucknow district

Maternal health services utilization and influencing factors: A study in Lucknow district

Attitude towards Research Scale (ATRS): A Factor Analytic Study

Quality in higher education can be understood at two levels, At the first level, quality may be conceived in term of four main elements, namely, relevance of the system to the society In which it functions, and three main goals of the higher education system- multiplication of the skill and knowledge, producing excellence in research related areas and making impact on or influencing several system. Objective: To explore the factors underlying a scale to assess attitude towards research. Sample: The preliminary draft of the scale was administered on a sample of 270 individuals who are students of Ph.D. of Lucknow district. The sampling was done by employing purposive sampling. Main outcome of result: The scale developed and used in the present study had 60 items. The principal factoring with 5 factors in attitude scale viz Usefulness of research in professional carrier, Relevance of research in personal and social life, Ethics of Research, Difficulty of research and Anxiety, General aspects of Research and research process. Conclusion: The need of hour is to gear up efforts for accessibility of attitude formation both in terms of screening as well as, prevention and treatment

A cross sectional study on tobacco and alcohol abuse among medical college students

Background: Alcohol and tobacco consumption is now considered a serious public health problem. Together, both alcohol and tobacco abuse can cause substantial health related morbidity and mortality. This study was done to assess the patter of tobacco and alcohol abuse among medical college students of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The objective of the study was to assess the pattern of tobacco and alcohol abuse among medical college students of Lucknow district.Methods: A questionnaire based cross sectional study was carried out among 116 first year MBBS students of Era’s Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow. The questionnaire was based on outlines of GATS (Global Adult Tobacco Survey) &amp; Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH).Results: 61.29% males and 8.24% females abused both tobacco and alcohol. Of all the tobacco users, 70.97% males and 15.29% females consumed cigarettes. In case of alcohol consumption, 80.65% males and 35.29% of females consumed some form of alcohol. Overall 43% of respondents abused alcohol and tobacco to relieve stress. Attempt to quit alcohol and tobacco was at 44.6% overall.Conclusions: This study has shown that alcohol and tobacco are major substances being abused by young medical graduates, in spite of universal knowledge that they are source of major non communicable diseases.

Capacity Building Of Dalit Women In Lucknow District : A Case Study In BKT Block

Capacity building often refers to assistance that is provided to entities, usually societies in developing countries, which have a need to develop a certain skill or competence, or for general upgrading of performance ability of women. It involves activities which strengthens the abilities, skills and behavior of women and improve them so that they can meet its mission and goals in a sustainable way. It is a creation of an enabling environment with appropriate policy and legal framework, institutional development including community participation (especially women). It is a long term, continuous process of developing Skill and competence. Dalit women in India is heavily dependent on many different variables which enable them to function them independently to equip women to all attribute. This paper is a small exploratory design to analyze and interpret comparative study between Ambedkar and Non Ambedkar Gram of Lucknow District. The sample size will be 500 dalit women of which 250 are for non Ambedkar Gram. A selected of random basis. The analysis is done on the major factor and result supported the hypothesis which is discussed in the full length paper.