Lucidum Mycelia Research Articles

Biotransformation of mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the purification of mogroside III E by macroporous resins

Biotransformation of mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the purification of mogroside III E by macroporous resins

Effect of bioreactor-grown biomass from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium on growth performance and physiological response of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) for sustainable aquaculture

Mushroom mycelial biomass is an alternative to unsustainable use of cash crops as feed in aquaculture systems. Lately, fish-feed mixtures enhanced with heterotrophic 1-m2-bioreactor-grown biomass from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum (MGL) were fed to red hybrid tilapia Oreochromis sp. (tilapia). MGL biomass had high protein (32.2%), carbohydrate (48.4%) and fibre (13.8%) content compared with other common fish-feed sources (fishmeal, soybean meal, rice bran and corn). Four experimental diets containing 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 g/kg of MGL biomass respectively were randomly allocated to eight, 70-L tanks at 15 fish per tank with duplicate treatments. All diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (~ 19 kJ/g), and the fish were fed twice per day at 3% of their body weight ratio during the feeding trial, which lasted for 42 days. The utilization of 15 g/kg of MGL in the feeding trial resulted in 100% survival rate (SR), longer body length (> 1.7 cm) and higher (35 g) body weight gain (BWG) among tilapia compared with control (30 g) after 6 weeks. Surprisingly, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of tilapia fed with 15 g/kg (1.13) treatment was significantly lower compared with control (1.98), indicating better quality feed. The specific growth rate (SGR) of tilapia at 15 g/kg MGL (2.14) indicated a significantly greater growth compared with control (1.28). Internally, the condition factor (CF: 1.85), hepatosomatic index (HSI: 2.47) and visceral somatic index (VSI: 11.06) yielded the most significant organosomatic indices for treated tilapia compared with control, resulting in superior yield and fish health. Blood analysis of MGL-treated tilapia showed that haemoglobin (HGB: 6.43 g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV: 35%), red blood cells (RBC: 2.47 × 106 mm3) and white blood cells (WBC: 1.64.3 × 105 mm3) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 5 g/kg. These findings warranted that high MGL biomass diets could enhance tilapia survival and growth performance and thus may be used as a feed supplement.

Influence of Humidity on the Acoustic Properties of Mushroom Mycelium Films Used as Sensitive Layers for Acoustic Humidity Sensors.

The influence of humidity on the density, shear elastic module, viscosity, and thickness of the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma lucidum mycelium films was studied. These data were obtained by comparing the theoretical and experimental frequency dependencies of the complex electrical impedance of bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator loaded by mycelium film using the least-squares method. This procedure was performed for the BAW resonator with pointed films for the relative humidity range of 17%–56% at the room temperature. As a result, the changes of the density, shear elastic module, viscosity, and thickness of the films under study, due to the water vapor adsorption, were determined. It has been established that the properties of mycelium films are restored after removing from the water vapor. So, these results show the possibility of using investigated mycelium films as sensitive layers for acoustic humidity sensors.

Fine-Tuning of Physicochemical Properties and Growth Dynamics of Mycelium-Based Materials.

Plastic pollution is becoming one of the most critical global problems nowadays. On the other hand, polymers are very versatile materials, and their products cannot be eliminated totally, but alternatives must be found. A very promising candidate is fungal mycelium. It is a self-growing, natural material, made of well-organized natural polymers, whose morphology, hydrodynamic, and mechanical properties can be tuned by changing the substrate of growth. In this work, we show that even small modifications in the composition of a standard fungal growth medium, potato dextrose broth (PDB), can induce significant differences in the morphology, chemical, and hydrodynamic properties of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. The growth rate of mycelium is also influenced by the substrate of growth. Mycelium materials grown in PDB enriched with d-glucose are highly porous, thicker, and more apt to adsorb moisture with respect to mycelium materials grown in PDB with a small quantity of lignin. The latter, on the other hand, grow very fast, following a concentric pattern, and are denser and less hydrophilic. All mycelia are, however, hydrophobic, with water contact angles around 120°. Mycelia have interesting properties, tunable at the nanoscale, and are thus suitable for many applications: the methods used in this work can be applied to different strains and conditions and allow for choosing the best mycelium-based material for any use.

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Raman Spectra of Ganoderic Acid T

Ganoderic acid T (GAT) has many pharmacological functions such as antitumor and antimycobacterial activity. However, to the best of our knowledge, no commercial high-purity GAT is available and the experimental and theoretical study of the Raman spectrum of GAT has never been reported up to date. Therefore, in this work, we extracted GAT and purified from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia, measured its Raman spectrum and analyzed it based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculation at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The research on the molecular, structural, and spectral properties may provide deeper insights into the functions and better applications of GAT.

Isolation and Characterization of Three Antihypertension Peptides from the Mycelia of Ganoderma Lucidum (Agaricomycetes).

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been widely used in Asia to treat hypertension, but the active substances responsible for its antihypertensive effects remain unclear. Using the well-established angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) as a target, we identified three ACE inhibitory peptides (ACEIPs), Gln-Leu-Val-Pro (QLVP), Gln-Asp-Val-Leu (QDVL), and Gln-Leu-Asp-Leu (QLDL), which account for the antihypertensive activity of G. lucidum. Notably, QLVP worked in a mixed-type manner against ACE with an IC50 value of 127.9 μmol/L. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that the potent charge energy of QLVP, which interacted with Gln242 and Lys472 of ACE via a hydrogen bond and a salt bridge, potentially contributed to ACE inhibitory activity. Moreover, QLVP markedly activated angiotensin I-mediated phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and partly reduced mRNA and protein expression of the vasoconstrictor factor endothelin-1. This is the first report of the antihypertensive activity of small ACEIPs originating from G. lucidum mycelia, paving the way for the possible application of these peptides as potent drug candidates for treating hypertension.

Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Fermentation Process for Large-Scale Production.

The objective of this study was to increase the intracellular polysaccharide yield of Ganoderma lucidum. The accordingly optimized fermentation medium by central composite design method contains glucose 40gL-1, yeast powder 12gL-1, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3gL-1, initial pH5.5, and inoculum size 10mL100mL-1. Under this condition, the predicted value of intracellular polysaccharide yield was 2.03gL-1. Shake flask experiments confirmed that the average intracellular polysaccharide yield was 1.98gL-1 similar to the predicted value. The yields of intracellular polysaccharides in the 5-L and 50-L fermentors were 2.59gL-1 and 2.65gL-1, respectively. The molecular weight distribution of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides obtained was determined by HPSEC-MALLS-RI. The results showed that the weight-average molecular weight of component 1 in the intracellular crude polysaccharide was 4.695 × 106Da and the mass fraction was 58%. The weight-average molecular weight of component 2 in the extracellular polysaccharide was 5.554 × 104Da. The mass fraction was 94.9%. The liquid submerged fermentation process of G. lucidum mycelium obtained from this study has effectively increased the yield of intracellular polysaccharides. Its intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides have good immunological activity. Conceivably, the optimized process can be applied for the large-scale production.

Biotransformation of mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the purification of mogroside III E by macroporous resins

Mogrosides are the major triterpenoidal saponins found in swingle, the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii, which have recently been widely used throughout the world as natural food sweeteners. Among this class of compounds, mogroside III E (MG III E) exhibits the most intense sweetness, and it was also found to effectively regulate blood glucose levels. However, the relative abundance of naturally occurring MG III E is low compared to other mogrosides. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to enrich MG III E through biotransformation of fruit extracts and to develop a reliable method for its purification. We used HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for metabolite analysis and identified MG III E as a major metabolite of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. This organism converts the most abundant mogroside, mogroside V, to MG III E via a deglycosylation reaction; high levels of β-glucosidase activities were also detected. In addition, we established an efficient purification method for MG III E using HP-20 macroporous resin. Optimization of the method was accomplished by kinetic model fitting, dynamic adsorption studies, and desorption experiments. The purity of MG III E was increased from 11.71% to 54.19%, with a 70%–76% recovery rate, and the scaled-up purification process allowed us to harvest 17.38 g of MG III E with 55.14% purity and a 74.71% of recovery rate. Therefore, our low cost, time-saving, easy to scale-up procedure for isolating MG III E could be applicable in industrial processes.

Engineering Aspects of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Biomass Submerged Cultivation in Bioreactors: A Review.

The Ganoderma lucidum wood-degrading basidiomycete, with its large complex of pharmacological effects, is the most outstanding and influential medicinal mushroom in Far East traditional medicine. In the past 2 decades, the fundamentals of submerged cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia in bioreactors has been established. Development of comprehensive submerged cultivations in stirred tank and air lift bioreactors are the most promising technologies. This article provides an engineering overview of the achievements in submerged technology of G. lucidum biomass production in bioreactors.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Cytotoxicity of Ethanol Extracts from Rhynchosia nulubilis Cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium.

In this study, in order to verify the use of mycelium as a new functional material, Rhynchosia nulubilis was cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, and the biological activity of the culture extract was evaluated. Measurements of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging activity showed that the ethanol extract from Rhynchosia nulubilis cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium (RNGM) had significantly higher radical scavenging activity compared to the ethanol extract from Rhynchosia nulubilis (RN). The growth inhibition rate of RNGM against HeLa cells was 93.93% at 400 μg/mL in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dimethyl tetrazolium assay. RNGM effectively decreased nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The total polyphenol, total flavonoid, and the β-glucan contents of RNGM were higher than those of RN. These results demonstrated that increased total polyphenols, flavonoids, and β-glucan of Rhynchosia nulubilis during cultivation with the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium could increase the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of cancer cells.

Phenolic Rich Fractions from Mycelium and Fruiting Body of Ganoderma lucidum Inhibit Bacterial Pathogens Mediated by Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Protein Leakage and Modulate Hypoxic Stress in HEK 293 Cell Line.

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) fungus (Family Ganodermataceae) is widely used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan, and many Asian countries on account of its numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, energy enhancing, and immunostimulatory. This broad spectrum of therapeutic effects exhibited by G. lucidum is ascribed to its abundance in several classes of chemical constituents, namely, carbohydrates, flavonoids, minerals, phenolics, proteins, and steroids which possess substantial bioactivities. The aim of the current study was to prepare phenolic rich fractions (PRFs) from aqueous extract of the Indian variety of G. lucidum mycelium and fruiting body. These fractions were assessed for their antioxidant capacity by TPC (total phenolic content), TFC (total flavonoid content), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and ABTS [2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid] assays. Quantification of flavonoids and nucleobases present in the fractions was carried out by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The antibacterial activity of the fractions was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial mechanism of action of the PRFs was established to be generation of reactive oxygen species and leakage of proteins within bacterial cells. Additionally, the protective effect of the PRFs in counteracting hypoxia was observed in HEK 293 cell lines.

The Slt2-MAPK pathway is involved in the mechanism by which target of rapamycin regulates cell wall components in Ganoderma lucidum

The fungal cell wall is very important for cell growth and survival during stress, and the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway plays a major role in regulating cell growth in response to environmental cues. Ganoderma lucidum is an important edible and medicinal fungus, and the function of TOR in this organism remains unclear. As shown in the present study, the TOR pathway regulates cell wall integrity (CWI) in G. lucidum. Inhibition of TOR signaling by RNA interference (RNAi) or rapamycin treatment reduced the growth of G. lucidum mycelia, increased contents of the cell wall components chitin and β-1,3-glucan, and increased cell wall thickness. Furthermore, inhibition of TOR signaling enhanced the relative level of phosphorylated Slt2, a member of the MAPK cascade involved in CWI signaling. Moreover, when treated with rapamycin, significantly lower chitin and β-1,3-glucan contents were observed in Slt2-silenced strains than in WT strains, indicating that TOR regulates the synthesis of these cell wall components through the Slt2-MAPK pathway. These results indicate a potential relationship between TOR signaling and CWI signaling. Additionally, participation of Slt2-MAPK in TOR-mediated regulation of cell wall component production has not previously been reported in a microorganism.

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities and effects on nuclear DNA of ethanolic extract from an Italian mycelial isolate of Ganoderma lucidum

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGanoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (also known as Linghzhi and Reishi) is the most appreciated and revered medicinal mushroom across many Asian countries, but its properties have also attracted interest in Western countries. Indeed, in the West, it is now commercially available as a dietary supplement in preparations mainly made from spores, fruiting bodies and mycelia. It is employed in both nutraceutical and pharmacological formulations either for its immuno-modulating anti-inflammatory properties or as an effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of several chronic diseases as well as in cancer treatment. Aim of the studyThe aim of this investigation was to show the phytochemical composition and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of an ethanolic extract from an Italian mycelial isolate of Ganoderma lucidum and to assess its effects on nuclear DNA. Materials and methodsLC/ESI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry MSMS were used to obtain structural identification of ethanolic G. lucidum extract constituents. Antioxidant activities were determined by the DPPH method, chelating effect on Fe2+ and lipoxygenase inhibition while cytotoxic activities using the MTT assay. Effects on nuclear DNA were evaluated using the DNA nicking assay in a cell-free system and the fast halo assay performed on oxidatively injured human U937 cells; apoptosis induction was investigated using the non-denaturing fast halo assay and DNA laddering detection. ResultsThis extract was rich in several bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic and triterpenic acids. It showed antioxidant activity and protective effects in oxidatively injured DNA in cell-free analyses and antiproliferative, genotoxic, and proapoptotic effects in the cell model. ConclusionsItalian G. lucidum mycelium isolate appears to be a source of various natural compounds that may have applications as chemopreventive agents or functional foods.

Immunomodulatory and Antitumoral Properties of Ganoderma lucidum and Agaricus brasiliensis (Agaricomycetes) Medicinal Mushrooms.

Medicinal mushrooms are used in popular medicine largely as health promoters, mainly because of their antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi or reishi) and Agaricus brasiliensis are mushrooms that have long been used for medicinal purposes. This study evaluated their immunomodulatory and antitumor effects on mice fed a diet supplemented with G. lucidum and A. brasiliensis mycelia obtained from solid-state fermentation. For 14 weeks the mice were fed chow containing 50% A. brasiliensis and G. lucidum mycelia, using ground wheat as an excipient. The consumption of the supplemented diet inhibited Sarcoma 180 tumor growth and caused important changes in the immune system. The pattern of immune response shifted, increasing CD4+ and CD8+ and decreasing CD19+ cell populations. The restoration of a proper balance between cellular and humoral immunity is an essential process for restraining tumor growth. These results suggest that polysaccharides, such as β-glucans and other mushroom metabolites, possibly promote the T-cell dominance that is imperative to restrain tumor growth.

Analysis of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Solvent Fractions from Rhynchosia nulubilis Cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium

In this study, the crude ethanol Rhynchosia nulubilis cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium (RNGM) extract was solvent fractionated with organic solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. The anticancer activities, anti-inflammatory activity total polyphenols, total flavonoids, isoflavones, and β-glucan of the solvent fractions of RNGM were studied. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity of 76.60% at 800 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed higher antioxidant activity in 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ferric reducing ability of plasma assays compared to the other fractions. In addition, this study confirmed that the ethyl acetate fraction strongly inhibited nitric oxide production. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest amount of total polyphenol and total flavonoid (65.33 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 18.50 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively). The ethyl acetate fraction (13.02%) showed the highest amount of total β-glucan, followed by the water (6.32%), chloroform (1.43%), and n-hexane fraction (0.85%). Therefore, it is suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction of Rhynchosia nulubilis cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium may be potential natural sources for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.

Effects of Cultivating Conditions on the Water Soluble Polysaccharides Content of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium in Submerged Flask Culture

The carcinostatic substance in Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst (Polyporaceae) is a water soluble polysaccharides (WSP) which might be useful in immunotherapy. Attempt to produce effective substances from cultured mycelia is important to carry out since solid cultivation is a time consuming and quality fluctuating. The effects of cultivating conditions on the water soluble polysaccharides content of G. Lucidum mycelium were investigated in submerged flask cultures. Culture from fruiting bodies was maintained on potato dextrose-agar slope. Slopes were inoculated and incubated at 30°C for 7 days, and stored at 4°C. The flask experiments were performed in 100 ml erlenmeyer flasks containing 20 ml of the sterilized media. Actively growing mycelia (1 piece, 5 mm X 5 mm) from a newly prepared slant culture (about 7 days incubation at 30°C) were inoculated into the flask. The pH was measured and adjusted to the desired value by addition of either 4 M HCl or 2.5 M NaOH. Incubation temperature were 20, 25, and 30°C. At the end of inoculation period (14 days) mycelium consisting of individual pellets was harvested and wash for the analysis. WSP content was analysed using phenol-sulfuric acid method. The optimal initial pH for metabolite production would depend on the culture medium. Generally, high values of pH, such as 9, negatively affect both cell growth and WSP production. The optimum temperature range for the high G. lucidum mycelium and WSP production were found to be 25 – 30 °C at pH values 5 – 7 in both of media.

The effects of freeze-dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelia on a recurrent oral ulceration rat model

BackgroundConventional scientific studies had supported the use of polysaccharides and β-glucans from a number of fungi, including Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of recurrent oral ulceration (ROU). Our aim of the present study was to evaluate whether freeze-dried powder from G. lucidum mycelia (FDPGLM) prevents ROU in rats.MethodsA Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model with ROU was established by autoantigen injection. The ROU rats were treated with three different dosages of FDPGLM and prednisone acetate (PA), and their effects were evaluated according to the clinical therapeutic evaluation indices of ROU.ResultsHigh-dose FDPGLM induced significantly prolonged total intervals and a reduction in the number of ulcers and ulcer areas, thereby indicating that the treatment was effective in preventing ROU. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that high-dose FDPGLM significantly enhanced the serum transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels, whereas reduced those of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-17 (IL-17). Flow cytometry (FCM) showed that the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ (forkhead box P3) regulatory T cells (Tregs) significantly increased by 1.5-fold in the high-dose FDPGLM group compared to that in the rat model group (P < 0.01). The application of middle- and high-dose FDPGLM also resulted in the upregulation of Foxp3 and downregulation of retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t(RORγt) mRNA.ConclusionHigh-dose FDPGLM possibly plays a role in ROU by promoting CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg and inhibiting T helper cell 17 differentiation. This study also shows that FDPGLM may be potentially used as a complementary and alternative medicine treatment scheme for ROU.

The solid-state fermentation of Artemisia capillaris leaves with Ganoderma lucidum enhances the anti-inflammatory effects in a model of atopic dermatitis

Artemisia capillaris, which belongs to the Asteraceae family and the genus Artemisia, has been reported to exert inhibitory effects on diabetes, cancer and inflammation. In this study, in order to enhance the bioactivity potential of the leaves of Artemisia by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, we prepared aqueous samples of Artemisia capillaris (Ac) leaves, Ganoderma lucidum (Gl) and aqueous fractions produced by the solid fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum on Artemisia capillaris leaves (afAc/Gl). Thereafter, we evaluated whether these samples have potential to attenuate inflammation-related symptoms in an amimal model of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced atopic dermatitis. We found that afAc/Gl exhibited enhanced anti-inflamamatory activity following the solid fermentation process when compared with Ac or Gl on ear thickness, ear epidermal thickness and eosinophil infiltration in the skin tissues. The expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthases (NOSs) was measured by immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed that afAc/Gl decreased endothelial NOS and inducible NOS expression compared with the DNFB group, while neuronal NOS expression was not altered. By comparing NO production, we found that as opposed to Ac, afAc/Gl has potential to inhibit atopic dermatitis-related symptoms during the inflammatory event. As regards matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression patterns, afAc/Gl exerted potent inhibitory activity on the mRNA expression of MMP-2, -7, -9, -12, -14 and -19. Taken together, these results suggest that the solid state fermentation of Ac by Gl is an effective strategy to obtaining useful ingredients which are converted into valuable compounds during an atopic inflammatory insult.

Effect of medicinal mushrooms on blood cells under conditions of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the third most common non-infectious disease leading to early disability and high mortality. Moreover, the number of patients is growing every year. The main symptom of DM is hyperglycemia. Increased levels of blood glucose activate polyol, hexosamine, and protein kinase metabolic pathways cause the intensification of non-enzymatic glycosylation and nitration of macromolecules. This, in turn, leads to the development of oxidative and nitrative stresses and secondary complications, such as different kinds of micro- and macroangiopathies. Metabolic disorders caused by insulin deficiency in diabetes significantly impede the functioning of a homeostasis system, which change the physical, biochemical, morphological, and functional properties of blood cells. As a result, the oxygen-transport function of red blood cells (RBCs), rheological properties of the blood, and functions of immunocompetent cells as well as the process of apoptosis are primarily affected. Modern pharmacotherapy focuses on the search for new preparations that aim to decrease blood glucose levels. Undesirable side effects and adverse reactions caused by synthetic medicines led to the search and investigation of new preparations of natural origin. Medicinal mushrooms play an important role among such new preparations. They are a source of a large number of high- and low-molecular compounds with pronounced biological effects. Our investigations show pronounced hypoglycemic and anti-anemic action of submerged cultivated mycelium powder of medicinal mushrooms Agaricus brasiliensis (A. brasiliensis) and Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) on streptozotocin-induced DM in rats. Also, we showed that mycelium powders have membrane protective properties as evidenced by the redistribution of RBC populations towards the growth of full functional cell numbers. Normalization of parameters of leukocyte formula and suppression of apoptosis of white blood cells in diabetic rats treated with A. brasiliensis and G. lucidum mycelia indicates pronounced positive effects of these strains of mushrooms. Thus, the use of medicinal mushrooms for treatment of DM and in prevention development of its secondary complications might be a new effective approach of this disease’s cure. This article is aimed at summarizing and analyzing the literature data and basic achievements concerning DM type 1 treatment using medicinal mushrooms and showing the results obtained in our research.

Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity against Human Cancer Cell Lines of Extract from Atractylodes rhizoma fermented with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium

Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity against Human Cancer Cell Lines of Extract from Atractylodes rhizoma fermented with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium