Lucidum Mushroom Research Articles

Evaluating the Efficacy of an Extract for UV Defense and Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Transitioning from Biomass to Bioprotection

This study evaluated natural extracts from plant biomass for UV protection and oxidative stress reduction. Conducted in Bucharest, Romania, it focused on medicinal mushrooms and pomegranate bark. The biotechnological process involved a two-phase extraction: hot water processing of Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, and Tremella mushrooms, followed by ethanol extraction with pomegranate bark and green tea. The spectrophotometric analysis identified phenolics and flavonoids. The ethanol extract showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity, particularly in DPPH radical scavenging. UVB exposure tests demonstrated its protective effect, comparable to vitamin B3, delaying oxidative stress onset by 30 min. This research underscores the potential of using natural biomass extracts in skincare, promoting environmental sustainability and economic viability by converting agricultural waste into valuable bioactive compounds.

RESEARCH OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM EXTRACTS’ ANTIOXIDATIVE AND MEMBRANE STABILLIZING PROPERTIES IN VITRO CONDITION

The using of bioactive compounds received from natural raw as nutriceutics is aknowledged as well as strengthening, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic agents and in order to reduce the risk of emergence of various diseases. Ganoderma Lucidum or Reishi mushroom is known on east during centuries and has been used in different aims. Modern researches of Reishi mushroom show its high antioxidative potential. Our experiments have shown that extracts made from micelium and fruiting body of ganoderma reduce the intensity of lipoperoxidation in membranes and increase the resistance in vitro conditions.Micelium extract inhibited the level of products of lipoperoxidation up to 37,6% at concentration 10 mkg, 21,1% at 20 mkg, 14,9% at 50 mkg. At influence the same concentrations of ascorbic acid means of level of lipid peroxidation amount 74,3%, 60,4% and 36,4% - respectively, for vitamin E - Е-70,2%, 65,3%, 53,5% and 38%respectively. Antioxidative effect of fruit body’s extract significantly have shown at 10-50 mkg – level of LPO decreased on 80% from origin level, the increasing of concentration from 50 to 100 mkg leaded to practically total inhibition of formation LPO products. At concentrations lower than 10 mkg antioxidative effect of the testing agents didn’t differ significantly. The experiments revealed that the mycelium extracts' antioxidant properties exceed the well-known antioxidant agents such as vitamins E and C, while the extract of the fruit body has a substantially similar effect of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherolResults of study have shown that extracts of ganoderma possess pronounced property to stabilize the structure of cell membrane. Severity of membrane stabilizing effect of extracts depended on concentration. In concentration 0-200 mkg in samples incubated in the presence of mycelium and fruit body extracts the hemolysis decreased on 19,8% and 25% at 10 mkg, on 27% and 37% at 20 mkg, on 55% and 57,2% at 50 mkg, on 63% and 68% at 100 mkg, on 69% and 65% at 200 mkg respectively, whereas at the introducing in samples the ascorbic acid in analogical concentrations the hemolysis have descended on 10%, 14,5%, 25%, 40% and 44%, and at the cariing in α-tocopherol the hemolysis lowered on 5%, 22%, 32%, 40%, 45% and 50% respectively.The researches of total polyphenols and flavonoids in extracts showed, that in extracts abscent compounds, which are related to flavonoids, whereas have found the existence of another polyphenolic compounds.

Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles via Ganoderma Lucidum Extract: Structural and Functional Analysis in Polymer Composites.

Metallic nanoparticles are of growing interest due to their broad applications. This study presents the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (ZnNPs) using Ganoderma Lucidum mushroom extract, characterized by DLS, SEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy analyses. The synthesis parameters, including extract/salt ratio and mixing time, significantly influenced nanoparticle yield, size, and polydispersity, with longer mixing times leading to larger, more varied particles. Specifically, the sizes of ZnNPs synthesized at a 1:1 extract/ZnCl2 ratio after 3 h and 24 h were 90.0 nm and 243.3 nm, with PDI values of 48.69% and 51.91%, respectively. At a 1:2 ratio, the sizes were 242.3 nm at 3 h (PDI: 43.19%) and a mixture of 1.5 nm, 117.4 nm, and 647.9 nm at 24 h (PDI: 2.72%, 10.97%, and 12.43%). Polymer films incorporating PVA, chitosan, and ZnNPs were analyzed for their morphological, spectroscopic, and mechanical properties. Chitosan reduced tensile strength and elongation due to its brittleness, while ZnNPs further increased film brittleness and structural degradation. A comparison of the tensile strength of films A and C revealed that the addition of chitosan to the PVA film resulted in an approximately 10.71% decrease in tensile strength. Similarly, the analysis of films B1 and B2 showed that the tensile strength of the B2 film decreased by 10.53%. Swelling tests showed that ZnNPs initially enhanced swelling, but excessive amounts led to reduced capacity due to aggregation. This pioneering study demonstrates the potential of Ganoderma Lucidum extract in nanoparticle synthesis and provides foundational insights for future research, especially in wound dressing applications.

Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Nanogel in a Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis Rat Model: Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidative Activity.

Lingzhi or reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, is a medicinal mushroom quite widely developed as herbal medicine because it has acted as an anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The active mycochemical compounds of G. lucidum mushrooms, such as flavonoids and polysaccharides, can suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevent lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the exact cause is unknown, and RA prevalence continues to increase yearly. In patients with RA, joint damage and inflammation occur. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of G. lucidum nanogels as anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative. The research method was a true experiment using a control group and treatment group that randomly assigned, using 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) 0.1 mL. The rats were divided into six groups; healthy control/HCt (did not receive the treatment), negative control/NCt (induced by CFA), and positive control/PCt (given 0.012 diclofenac sodium). TG1 (given 250 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG2 (given 500 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG3 (given 750 mg G. lucidum nanogels). IgG, eNOS, IL-1β, COX-2, NOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 parameters were measured using ELISA, and the data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS (P < 0.05). The results showed that administering G. lucidum nanogels significantly reduced IgG, NOS, TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increased eNOS levels. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities in suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing eNOS levels prove that the nanogel extract G. lucidum have the potential to be developed as anti-arthritis natural therapeutic.

GC–MS, molecular identification, proximate and mineral content composition of two wild mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus) from Gilgit Baltistan Northern area of Pakistan

For a very long time, diverse civilizations all over the world have recognised that mushrooms, which are the fruiting bodies of fungi, have medicinal characteristics and used to treat different kinds of human diseases. As a result of intensive research, the bioactive components of mushrooms used in Asian traditional medicine have been determined. The present investigation was designed to assess the GC–MS and molecular characterization along with proximate and mineral content properties of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus wild mushrooms. For the molecular identification of ITS metagenomics is used. For the compound identification GC–MS is used. Standard procedures are used to determine the proximate and mineral composition. A maximum dry matter contents present in P. ostreatus (96.21±0.068 %) and G. lucidum has (95.13±0.72 %). High content of moisture present in G. lucidum (4.87 ± 0.057 %) as compared to P. ostreatus. A vital amount of crude fibre in present in G. lucidum. G. lucidum has high amount of crude protein (21.87± 0.044 %), while P. ostreatus has 13.66 ± 0.80. An appreciable amount of nutritionally vital carbohydrate is present in P. ostreatus (65.15±0.946) followed by G. lucidum (34.12 ± 0.451). Higher amount of energy value (315.37±2.173 %) present in P. ostreatus as compared to G. lucidum 195.07±1.631 %, furthermore, high nitrogen free extract (61.1 ± 0.946 %), and a high free fatty (2.44±0.064 %) are present in P. ostreatus. Iron (Fe), and Copper (Cu) were abundant in G. lucidum while Zn and Mn is in lower amount. The P. ostreatus contain maximum amount of Fe followed by Zn, Mn and Cu. The FT-IR spectra of G. lucidum shows alcohol, vinyl/phenyl ester, and alkane methylene and aldehyde groups. Conjugated ketone, aliphatic ether and phenols groups present in P. ostreatus. Seventy bioactive compounds were identified in G. lucidum and P. ostreatus through GC–MS. Theses compounds contain the biological activities like; antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-androgenic. Blast sequence analysis of at NCBI shows 99 % similarities and successfully confirmed with Ganoderma lucidum (OQ117088) and Pleurotus ostreatus (OQ119156).

Assessment of redox homeostasis via genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and NRF-2 in colorectal cancer cell lines after treatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Inonotus hispidus fungal extracts on HT-29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines and to search the DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by these extracts. Accordingly, mushroom extracts were applied to colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro, and the IC50 result was obtained with the MTT test. According to the IC50 result, Ganoderma lucidum extract had the most effective cytotoxicity value among all used mushroom extracts. TAS, TOS, and NRF-2 tests were used to investigate the molecular effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on oxidative stress; the DNA ladder test was performed to assess DNA damage, the Scratch assay method was applied for cell migration analysis, and the colony assay was used to determine the colony formation potential of the cells. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation, colony formation, and NRF-2, induces DNA damage, slows cell migration, and increases oxidative stress. This study shows that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation through damaging cellular DNA and has a cytotoxic effect in colorectal cancer cell lines.

Isolation and characterization of dihydropyran-ring containing meroterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against renal fibrosis-related protein expression

The Ganoderma lucidum mushroom, which has been used as a traditional medicine in China for more than 2000 years, is a source of many interesting natural product. In this study, the five undescribed minor meroterpenoids baoslingzhines F–J (1−5), containing a dihydropyran moiety, were isolated as racemic mixtures from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. These substances were structurally and stereochemically characterized by using spectroscopic and computational methods. Chiral HPLC was employed to separate the (+)- and (−)-antipodes. A survey of the activities against kidney fibrosis showed that both enantiomers of baoslingzhines F–J inhibit expression of renal fibrosis-related proteins, including fibronectin, collagen I and ɑ-SMA in TGF-β1-induced rat kidney proximal tubular cells.

The Coating of Mahogany Leaves Composite Using Clove Leaf Essential Oil as An Anti-Fungal Ganoderma lucidum

This work has been carried out to use clove leaf oil as a composite coating component having anti-fungal properties. The mushroom growth testing was carried out with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing with variations in concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, up to 1% and obtained MIC values of clove oil found at a concentration of 0.4% in inhibiting the growth of white-rot fungi. Ganoderma lucidum mushroom is used as a weathering fungus applied in composites. The results of SSD testing showed that the growth of Ganoderma lucidum fungus began to be inhibited in composites coated with clove oil with a concentration of 0.6%.FTIR testing showed the presence of hydroxyl group (O-H), methylene group (C-H), alkenyl (C=C), and aromatic ring (C=C-C), GC-MS test results showed clove oil containing 67.40% eugenol, 17.42% beta-caryophyllene, 2.91% isopropenyl acetate, 1.56% caryophyllene oxide and 0.91% alpha-copaene. Based on research data, it shows that clove leaf oil can be used as an anti-fungal coating component in composites.

Promotion of Ganoderma Lucidum Activity on Different Spices Extract of Herbal Plant for the Quantitative &amp; Qualitative Growth

Mushroom cultivation, Not only help nutritional , medicinal requirement but also fill recycle agro waste.Reishi form the complex lignocellulosic &amp; ligninolytic compounds are broke down due to presence of decomposing enzymes by secreting enzyme in wood degradation and plants derive derivatives . The plant waste used as substrate for the production of medicinal edible fungi its effect positively increases in mushroom yield. By using Reishi enzymes increase the rate of mycelium growth herbal spices extract taken to shows there activity as promoting agent. Growth rate of Ganoderma with the addition of spices extracts were examined. All the extract shows significant activity for the mycelium growth of Reishi . It shows remarkable effect of lignocellulosic on extract spices examine on cup Plate method showing The zone of Exhibition in triplicates . The spice saunth show higher growth than cinnamon than star anise extract. Show maximum size of zone of exhibition at minimum concentration as compare to normal growth parameter. It is observed that Extract of spices shows could be possible source to obtained new raw substrate to act as good growth promoting nutritive substances or nutritive sprays to increase the qualitative &amp; quantitative growth in Ganoderma Lucidum mushroom. Keyword : Ganoderma Lucidium,reishi,cup plate method, zone of exhibition ,Extraction

Effect of Pd-Sensitization on Poisonous Chlorine Gas Detection Ability of TiO2: Green Synthesis and Low-Temperature Operation.

Ganoderma lucidum mushroom-mediated green synthesis of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) is explored via a low-temperature (≤70 °C) wet chemical method. The role of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract in the reaction is to release the ganoderic acid molecules that tend to bind to the Ti4+ metal ions to form a titanium-ganoderic acid intermediate complex for obtaining TiO2 nanocrystallites (NCs), which is quite novel, considering the recent advances in fabricated gas sensing materials. The X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements etc., are used to characterize the crystal structure, surface morphology, and surface area of as-synthesized TiO2 and Pd-TiO2 sensors, respectively. The chlorine (Cl2) gas sensing properties are investigated from a lower range of 5 ppm to a higher range of 400 ppm. In addition to excellent response–recovery time, good selectivity, constant repeatability, as well as chemical stability, the gas sensor efficiency of the as-synthesized Pd-TiO2 NC sensor is better (136% response at 150 °C operating temperature) than the TiO2 NC sensor (57% at 250 °C operating temperature) measured at 100 ppm (Cl2) gas concentration, suggesting that the green synthesized Pd-TiO2 sensor demonstrates efficient Cl2 gas sensing properties at low operating temperatures over pristine ones.

Synergistic in vitro anticancer actions of decorated selenium nanoparticles with fucoidan/Reishi extract against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract Cancer-fighting needs more effective and targeted drugs, desirably with least side-effects and from natural bases. The assessment and synergistic actions of multiple anticancer drug candidates were investigated. Fucoidan (Fu) was extracted from Sargassum cinereum, which was attained from the Saudi Red-Sea coast. The extract of Ganoderma lucidum or Reishi mushroom (Re) was achieved, intermixed with Fu solution, and they were used for reducing/decorating/capping selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The infrared analysis of produced/synthesized agents emphasized their biochemical structures and interactions. The decorated Fu/Re/SeNPs had negative (−30.6 mV) zeta potential and the SeNPs mean particle size was 6.5 nm. The transmission imaging of SeNPs indicated their spherical profiles and well-dispersion within Fu/Re composite. The anticancer potentiality of Fu/Re and Fu/Re/SeNPs against human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells was investigated using MTT, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining and comet assay. Both composites exhibited potent bioactivities toward adenocarcinoma cells; the reduced cells survival was detected with IC50 of 57.82 and 16.43 µg·mL−1 for Fu/Re and Fu/Re/SeNPs, respectively. The constrained apoptosis was notably observed from treated cells with the composites; substantial molecular damages were also verified via the comet assay, especially in Fu/Re/SeNPs treated cells. The innovative innocuous composite from Fu/Re/SeNPs is highly recommended to deactivate/destruct colorectal adenocarcinoma cells.

Diets with Ganoderma lucidum Mushroom Powder and Zinc-Bacitracin on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Lymphoid Organ Weights and Intestinal Characteristics in Broilers

In order to evaluate the effect of diets with Ganoderma lucidum mushroom powder and zinc-bacitracin on growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights, and intestinal characteristics in broilers, a total of 600 one-day-old unsexed broilers from Cobb 500 MV × Cobb 500 FF genotype was analyzed for 28 days, following a completely randomized design with three dietary treatments, five replicates and 40 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (BD) without additives (T0) and the dietary inclusion of 2.5 g/kg of Ganoderma lucidum (T1) and 350 mg/kg of zinc bacitracin antibiotic (T2). The experimental groups did not change (p>0.05) the performance of the broilers. However, G. lucidum powder increased (p≤0.05) the carcass and breast yields (p≤0.05) and decreased the abdominal fat and liver yields (p≤0.05), although with no notable differences with the antibiotic group for the latter organ (liver) (p>0.05). Both additives (G. lucidum and antibiotic) increased breast meat moisture, protein, and redness; however, these treatments reduced L* (lightness), and the zinc-bacitracin reduced breast yellowness (p≤0.05). Likewise, this medicinal mushroom (G. lucidum) increased the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and the morphometry of the small intestine (p≤0.05), although with no changes for other immune and digestive organs or for the content of cecal lactic acid bacteria (p>0.05). The dietary inclusion with 2.5 g/kg of Ganoderma lucidum powder is recommended to improve breast yield, protein, and colorimetry without affecting performance and cecal traits of fast-growing broilers.

Meroterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms and Their Biological Roles in Insulin Resistance and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I−M (1–5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were identified using spectroscopic and computational methods. Structurally, compound 1 features a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain. Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (–)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer.

High-Resolution QTOF-MRM for Highly Accurate Identification and Quantification of Trace Levels of Triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium.

The accurate quantification of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum mushroom in the mycelium stage is challenging due to their low concentrations, interference from other possible isomers, and the complex matrix. Here, a high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry "multiple reaction monitoring" with target enhancement (HR-QTOF-MRM) method was developed to quantify seven target triterpenoids in G. lucidum. The performance of this method was compared against an optimized QQQ-MRM method. The HR-QTOF-MRM was shown to be capable of distinguishing target triterpenoids from interferent peaks in the presence of matrices. The HR-QTOF-MRM LOD and LLOQ values were found to be one to two times lower than those derived from the QQQ-MRM method. Intraday and interday variabilities of the HR-QTOF-MRM demonstrated better reproducibility than the QQQ-MRM. In addition, excellent recoveries of the analytes ranging from 80 to 117% were achieved. Spiking experiments were carried out to verify and compare the quantitative accuracy of the two methods. The HR-QTOF-MRM method provided better percent accuracy, ranging from 84% to 99% (<3% RSD), compared with the range of 69 to 114% (<4%RSD) given by the QQQ-MRM method. These results demonstrate that the new HR-QTOF-MRM mode is able to improve sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of trace level analysis of triterpenoids in the complex biological samples. The triterpenoid concentrations were in the range of nondetect to 0.06-6.72 mg/g of dried weight in fruiting body and to 0.0009-0.01 mg/g of dried weight in mycelium.

Optimization of the phenolic and antioxidants extraction from Ganoderma Lucidum using ultrasound method

The current study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions from Ganoderma (G) Lucidum mushroom by ultrasound in order to increase the extracted phenolics and antioxidant compounds. The impact of solvent type (water, methanol, and 50:50% combined solution of both), time (5, 10, 15 min ), and ultrasound intensity (100, 200, and 300 w ) on the extraction yield of phenolics and antioxidant compounds from G. lucidum mushroom were investigated. The response surface method(RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions.In the single optimization condition, the maximum total phenolics (36.6989 mg/ g) extraction yield from G. lucidum was achieved in 15 min extraction time, 300 w ultrasound power, and use of methanol solvent. The lowest IC 50 (0.8983 mg/ml ) was observed in the extraction time of 10 min, the ultrasound power of 300 w, and the use of methanol solvent. Multiple optimizations of extraction conditions from G. lucidum to achieve the highest total phenol (36.6989 mg/ g) and the lowest IC 50 (0.9413 mg/ ml) were predicted in 300 w ultrasound power, 15 min, and use methanol solvent. No significant difference was observed between the predicted and experimental results.

Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) has well known history of use with regards to ensuring health effects and longevity in Asian countries. Besides, it has an antioxidative protection system to protect the living organism from the action of free radicals. This study examines the bioactive properties of powder form of G. lucidum as a natural functional agent and the antimicrobial effects of the 5 different commercially sold powder of the G. lucidum mushrooms were investigated against various pathogenic bacteria and molds. For this purpose, the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity of G. lucidum samples were determined. The antimicrobial effects of the 5 different G. lucidum mushrooms against various food-related pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802) and molds (Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 465) were expressed as a diameter (mm) of the inhibition zone. The values of total phenolic content of different G. lucidum samples ranged from 2.35 to 10.46 mg GAE g-1. The scavenging activity of DPPH radicals of G. lucidum samples did not show any significant difference for samples 2, 4, and 5. The same trend was observed between for ABTS+ results of these samples. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidative activity were observed in the sample 1. The extracts of different G. lucidum samples demonstrated statistically significant antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922. Regarding the antifungal activity of G. lucidum samples, there were not found any significant differences when compared different samples. The results demonstrated that G. lucidum can be used as a functional food ingredient to improve the bioactive properties of foods.

In vitro cytotoxicity of Reishi mushroom extract against two human cell lines

Reishi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is commonly used in conventional medicine due to its high medicinal properties. Phytochemical screening of G. lucidum mushroom extract found to be flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, Carbohydrates. The current study was applied to demonstrate the In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanolic extract of G. lucidum mushroom against two human cell lines breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and human embryonic liver cell line WRL-68. The measured inhibitory concentration fifty(IC50) values were observed maximum dose responses (IC50) of WRL68 and MCF-7 at 2.0 µg/ml ethanolic mushroom concentration reported of 210.2% and 185.1% compared to the dose-response (IC50) of antidrug doxorubicin (control) at 2.0µg/ml ethanolic mushroom concentration counted to be 18.68. The highly cytotoxic activity of the extract on cell viability MCF-7 and WRL-68 were generally observed 100% and 97% at extract concentrations of 12.5 µg/ml and 25µg/ml respectively compared to antidrug was determined to be 94% cell viability at 6.25 µg/ml concentration.

Antiangiogenic and Proapoptotic Activities of Atorvastatin and Ganoderma lucidum in Tumor Mouse Model via VEGF and Caspase-3 Pathways.

Background:The statin drug Atorvastatin (AT) used for cholesterol reduction and Ganoderma lucidum (Gl) mushroom extract exhibited satisfactory antitumor activities towards various types of cancer. Objective:The present study was designed to evaluate the apoptotic and antiangiogenic effects of Atorvastatin and/or Ganoderma lucidum against Ehrlich solid tumor inoculated in female mice.Materials and Methods:Atorvastatin (AT) or/and Ganoderma lucidum (Gl) extract were administered to mice bearing tumor alternatively for 28 days after 10 days of tumor cells inoculation. Mice were divided into 5 equal groups as follows: Control (C): Normal mice, Ehrlich (E): mice injected in thigh with EAC cells, (E+AT): mice bearing solid tumor that received an intraperitoneal dose of Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg). Group (4): (E+Gl): mice bearing solid tumor that received an oral dose of Ganoderma lucidum (28 mg/kg) Group (5): (E+AT+Gl): mice bearing solid tumor that received intraperitoneal dose of Atorvastatin and oral dose of Ganoderma lucidum. Results:showed that administration of Atorvastatin and/or Ganoderma lucidum to mice bearing tumor, reduced tumor size, increased MDA level and decreased GSH, SOD and CAT levels in tumor tissues. Histopathological study showed high attenuation in tumor cells associated with antiangiogenesis illustrated by extravasation of blood vessels between tumor cells. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated high reduction of the angiogenic marker Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with remarkable increase of the apoptotic protein markers cytochrome-c and caspase-3. Conclusion:Atorvastatin and Ganoderma lucidum may have anticancer, apoptotic and antiangiogenic activities by reducing tumor growth in Ehrlich solid tumor. Their antitumor effect is exerted through the antiangiogenesis effect in tumor cells which is confirmed by the decrease of the angiogenic marker (VEGF protein) as well as by inducing significant increase in the apoptotic protein markers cytochrome-c and caspase-3. It is noticeable that the antitumor activity is ameliorated by the combination of the two treatments.

Effect of Continuous Cropping Soil on the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Compounds and the Antioxidant Activity of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes).

Continuous monoculture can increase plant morbidity and reduce crop yields. However, the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom possesses unique nutrient acquisition methods and displays an altered response to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effects of continuous cropping on G. lucidum remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of consecutive monoculture soil on the yield, bioactive components, antioxidant properties, nutrient metabolism, and enzyme activity of G. lucidum. The results showed no significant differences in terms of yield between the control check and treatment groups after 2 years. However, the content of polysaccharides and triterpenoids after 2 years of treatment and the content of total phenols and flavonoids after 3 years of treatment significantly increased. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (AOA) of the polysaccharides under consecutive monoculture soil treatments also significantly increased. These differences were caused by changes in nutrient metabolism and the activities of antioxidant and ligninolytic enzymes. Under continuous monoculture soil treatment, the content of reducing sugars, water-soluble sugars, free amino acids, and water-soluble proteins significantly increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase increased with the time of continuous monoculture, while the activities of peroxidase, catalase, and laccase decreased. The increase in ligninolytic enzymes was postulated to mediate the ROS scavenging ability of G. lucidum. In conclusion, continuous cropping soil could increase the levels of bioactive components and AOAs of G. lucidum.

EFFECT OF SPAWN SOURCE AND LOCAL ORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON DURATION OF THE CROP GANODERMA LUCIDUM MUSHROOM AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY

The study was carried out by using local organic wastes to investigates the growth of mycelium Ganoderma lucidum Mushroom, produce the spawn and prepare a substrate and their effect on the duration and Production efficiency. The experimental results of mycelium growth on a different set of local organic waste show that the minimum growth-period was 13.34 days with the substrate B, such that the mycelium was diffused on the substrate in cottony compact. On the other hand, the mycelium growth continues to 21.34 and 21.67 days with the substrate D and C, respectively, with a significant negative variation (P>0.05) and cottony non compact mycelia growth on the substrate parts. The source of the produced spawn was adopted for mycelium growth results. The results of the substrates characteristics during the stages of substrates preparation have been demonstrated that the highest value of pH was achieved by 6.93 with the substrate A. Moreover, the results show that the maximum moisture content of the substrates was obtained with the substrate B about 67.36%, and that the minimum time period for duration of the crop by two time harvested Done during 107.16 days and 107.33 days on substrates B and E respectively. While The difference was significant (P>0.05) with substrates C and D The second harvest ended after 108.66 days and 108.83 days from substrates Spawning respectively. It was not recorded significant with different source spawn. The best bio-efficiency has been achieved an average of 6.55 % with substrate B. the average substrates efficiency that spawned it by spawn- which its source is the Barley grains achieved 3.88 % Significantly superior (P>0.05) on substrates efficiency that spawned it by spawn- which its source is the Palm trunk sawdust.