Abstract
Ganoderma fungi as popular raw materials of numerous functional foods have been extensively investigated. In this study, five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers beyond well-known triterpenoids and polysaccharides, dayaolingzhiols I−M (1–5), were characterized from Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were identified using spectroscopic and computational methods. Structurally, compound 1 features a novel dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one motif in the side chain. Ethnoknowledge-derived biological evaluation found that (+)-5 could activate Akt and AMPK phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated C2C12 cells, and (+)-5 could activate glucose uptake dose dependently in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, we found that (+)-1 (+)-4, and (–)-4 could significantly inhibit cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, of which (+)-4 showed significant inhibitory effects against cell migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. These findings revealed the meroterpenoidal composition of G. lucidum and its roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and triple-negative breast cancer.
Highlights
Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as an impaired biological response to insulin stimulation of target tissues mainly including the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
Ganoderma lucidum Meroterpenoids might act as the underlying mechanism of metabolic syndromes (Guo, 2014)
The results showed that incubation with (+)-1, (–)-4, and (–)-5 caused an increase in the phosphorylation of AMPK in IR C2C12 cells after insulin stimulation
Summary
Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as an impaired biological response to insulin stimulation of target tissues mainly including the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the subgroups of breast cancer which has an incidence of 15–20% and many characteristics such as invasive, resistant, and rapid growth rate (Chen et al, 2021; Chowdhury et al, 2021). Phenol and terpene moieties are considered biologically active, and Ganoderma meroterpenoids possess both groups (Lu et al, 2007; Tan et al, 2018). This study afforded five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers, dayaolingzhiol I−M (1–5), with biological activities toward insulin resistance and metastasis of TNBC. We describe their isolation, structure characterization, and biological evaluation
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