Lubricating Oil Research Articles

Effective separation of water-in-oil emulsions using an under-medium superlyophilic membrane with hierarchical pores

Separating water-in-oil emulsions is important in terms of environmental protection and resource recovery. To address the challenges posed by the water–oil interface, superwetting materials have been designed to accomplish separation through filtration and adsorption. Superhydrophobic membranes prevent the permeation of water droplets owing to extreme repellence and their size-sieving abilities. However, their use in remediating water-contaminated oil is limited by high oil viscosities. Meanwhile, in-air superhydrophilic sorbents are rarely employed for the separation of water-in-oil emulsions due to the thermodynamic and kinetic limitations of water adsorption in oil. Herein, the integration of an under-medium superlyophilic membrane with the hierarchical porous structure of wood is presented for filtration-driven selective adsorption of water from surfactant-stabilized (10 g/L) water-in-oil emulsions. Compared to filtration through a natural wood membrane or direct adsorption using an under-oil superhydrophilic wood membrane, the under-medium superlyophilic wood membrane demonstrated high separation efficiencies of > 99.95% even when applied to the regeneration of high-viscosity lubricating (6.3 mPa s) and edible (50.5 mPa s) oils, exhibiting viscosity-dependent fluxes and excellent stability. Moreover, the cost of purifying 200 mL of lubricating oil using the modified wood membrane was much lower than the oil’s market price and required a low energy consumption of ca. 1.72 kWh. Environmental implicationThe ever-growing use of petroleum and industrial/domestic oil products has led to excessive (estimated at a million tons per year) output of waste oils. Because direct discharge of waste oils into the environment causes serious pollution problems, separating water-in-oil emulsions is important in terms of environmental protection and resource recovery. Here filtration-driven water adsorption has been demonstrated to be a feasible method for the remediation of water-contaminated waste oils, even those that are highly viscous.

Optimized Mask-RCNN model for particle chain segmentation based on improved online ferrograph sensor

AbstractFerrograph-based wear debris analysis (WDA) provides significant information for wear fault analysis of mechanical equipment. After decades of offline application, this conventional technology is being driven by the online ferrograph sensor for real-time wear state monitoring. However, online ferrography has been greatly limited by the low imaging quality and segmentation accuracy of particle chains when analyzing degraded lubricant oils in practical applications. To address this issue, an integrated optimization method is developed that focuses on two aspects: the structural re-design of the online ferrograph sensor and the intelligent segmentation of particle chains. For enhancing the imaging quality of wear particles, the magnetic pole of the online ferrograph sensor is optimized to enable the imaging system directly observe wear particles without penetrating oils. Furthermore, a light source simulation model is established based on the light intensity distribution theory, and the LED installation parameters are determined for particle illumination uniformity in the online ferrograph sensor. On this basis, a Mask-RCNN-based segmentation model of particle chains is constructed by specifically establishing the region of interest (ROI) generation layer and the ROI align layer for the irregular particle morphology. With these measures, a new online ferrograph sensor is designed to enhance the image acquisition and information extraction of wear particles. For verification, the developed sensor is tested to collect particle images from different degraded oils, and the images are further handled with the Mask-RCNN-based model for particle feature extraction. Experimental results reveal that the optimized online ferrography can capture clear particle images even in highly-degraded lubricant oils, and the illumination uniformity reaches 90% in its imaging field. Most importantly, the statistical accuracy of wear particles has been improved from 67.2% to 94.1%.

Ultra−fast and stable dispersion of graphene oxide in lubricant oil toward excellent tribological property

Graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite lubricants have been verified with excellent anti−wear and anti−friction properties. However, the rapid transfer of hydrophilic GO nanosheets into hydrophobic lubricants still faces great challenges. In this work, a series of nanocomposite lubricants were successfully fabricated by a simple phase transfer process without complex chemical modification. With the assistance of ethanol and oleylamine, the GO nanosheets initially dispersed in the water phase could be quickly transferred to the mineral oil within 20 s after hand-shaking the immiscible two−phase system. Moreover, the phase−transferred GO nanosheets were greatly stable in the mineral oil for at least seven days. The tribological properties of the GO nanocomposite lubricants had been studied by a macroscopic ball−on−disk friction test. The tribological behavior of the obtained nanocomposite lubricants showed that when 0.1 mg/mL GO was dispersed into mineral oil, the minimum average friction coefficient was 0.140, which was 72% lower than that of mineral oil. The universality of the phase transfer process was verified by the reduced GO nanosheets. This physical phase transfer method must be simple, effective, and environment−friendly to prepare nanocomposite lubricants.

Onion-like carbon nanoparticles as additives in lubricant oil deform inelastically during the wear testing for improved lubrication performances

Nano-carbon has been extensively investigated as an additive to lubricant oil for improved performance. It is still far from a final verdict as to how the physicochemical features of the carbon nanomaterials affect their lubrication efficacy. Here we report the use of onion-like carbon (OLC) particles with the size of 5–10 nm as additives to lubricant oil, and their role in regulating the lubrication is elucidated through characterizing the wear-induced changes to their physiochemistry. Multiple loads are chosen for the wear testing using the four-ball friction tester. Stable dispersion of the OLC particles in lubricant oil was attained by pre-coating the particles with oleic acid molecules. Results showed that the oil with the treated OLC particles of 0.125 wt% reduced the wear scar by 30 % in diameter and the wear volume by 77 %. It was surprisingly noted that incorporation of the OLC nanoparticles particularly alleviated the heavy loading wear by remarkably reducing the friction coefficient. Raman spectroscopy characterization suggested intact chemistry of the particles after the wear testing. However, curvature changes of the particles were seen as revealed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy after the wear testing, indicating inelastic deformation of the particles triggered by the wear-squeezing.

A novel degradation model and reliability evaluation methodology based on two-phase feature extraction: An application to marine lubricating oil pump

The Wiener-process-based Degradation Approach with Two-phase Algorithm (W-DATA) is introduced as a multi-dimensional framework explicitly designed for modeling mechanical system reliability. This approach leverages an enhanced Empirical Mode Decomposition, known as P-EMD, for degradation feature extraction, and utilizes Approximate Entropy (ApEn) for quantifying feature complexities. W-DATA seamlessly integrates these components into a time-resolved degradation model. To enhance its robustness, the proposed reliability model synergizes with a Box-Cox transformed Wiener model, allowing for improved adaptability to non-Gaussian data landscapes. The paper outlines a strategy for establishing a reliable threshold for this data-driven degradation model based on non-Gaussian data, a critical aspect for reliability modeling using the Wiener process. This strategy addresses the challenge of Wiener process verification through normality and independent testing of data increments. The integrative methodology is recommended for application in machinery reliability analytics and has undergone rigorous validation through a 770 h real-world test on a marine lubricating oil pump reducer. The results affirm its efficacy and feasibility in accurately estimating mechanical system reliability.

Spray evaporation of R1234ze(E)/POE-68 refrigerant-oil mixture on enhanced tube bundles

Lubricating oil is used in compressors of vapor compression-based refrigeration systems. The oil that escapes from the compressors inevitably circulates in the heat exchangers, affecting their thermal performances. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the impact of lubricating oil on the heat transfer performance of spray evaporator tube bundles used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The research includes valuable data on the heat transfer coefficient of tube bundles when subjected to refrigerant and lubricant mixtures of R134a (HFC) and R1234ze(E) (HFO) with synthetic polyolester (POE) lubricant. The investigation delves into the influence of three crucial factors: heat flux, oil circulation ratio (OCR), and saturation temperature. The saturation temperature was examined across a range of −6.7 to 10 °C (20–50 °F), while the heat flux was varied from 6 kW/m2 to 17 kW/m2. OCR was controlled at 1.2 %. The effects of oil on spray evaporation of R1234ze(E)/POE mixture on enhanced tube bundle was studied by varying tube surface structure and bundle layout, that is, square and triangular configurations.The bundle heat transfer coefficient decreased by at least 10 % when lubricant was present in the mixture but, in some cases, varied by 50 % or more compared to the performances with refrigerant only (i.e., no lubricant). The data suggested that the oil penalized the heat transfer coefficient of the bottom tube rows of the bundle, which in many conditions, starved and experienced a partial-dry out state. Externally enhanced boiling-type tubes were more sensitive to the presence of oil than externally enhanced condenser-type tubes.

Present status, production constraints and future research strategies in oilseed brassica

The oleiferous Brassica species, commonly known as rapeseed-mustard, are one of the economically important agricultural commodities. Rapeseed-mustard comprising eight different species viz., Indian mustard, toria, yellow sarson, brown sarson, gobhi sarson, karan rai, black mustard and taramira, are being cultivated in 53 countries spreading all over the globe. The oil and protein content varies from 37 to 49% and 22-28%, respectively. The seed and oil are used as condiment in the preparation of pickles and for flavouring curries and vegetables. The oil is utilized for human consumption throughout the northern India in cooking and frying purposes. It is also used in the preparation of hair oils and medicines. It is used in soap making, in mixtures with mineral oils for lubrication. Rapeseed oil is used in the manufacture of grease. The oil cake is used as feed and manure. Green stem and leaves var. toria), brown sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. brown sarson), yellow sarson (Brassica campestris L.var. yellow sarson), Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss], black mustard (Brassica nigra) and taramira (Eruca sativa /vesicaria Mill.), which have been grown since about 3,500 BC along with nontraditional species like gobhi sarson (Brassica napusL.)and Ethiopian mustard or karanrai (Brassica carinata A. Braun).

Investigation of Mineral Oil and CuO Mixed Synthetic Oil in Compression Ignition Engines: A Comparison of Physicochemical Attributes

Mineral oil resources are depleting rapidly, and the slower conventional oil biodegradation process results in environmental pollution. To resolve this issue, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (1% wt) were introduced into a base oil to improve the lubricating capability of castor oil. In addition, 1% wt. sodium dodecyl sulfate was also blended with the base oil in order to attain the maximum dispersion stability of CuO nanoparticles in the castor oil. Afterward, thermophysical property, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) testing of the lubricant oil sample were performed before and after 100 h of engine operations at 75% throttle and 2200 rpm for each lubricant sample in order to check the capability of the novel oil with mineral oil. Compared with the natural mineral oil, the behavior of the CuO-based lubricant has essentially the same physical features, as measured according to ASTM standard methods. The physicochemical properties like (KV)40 °C, (KV)100 °C, FP, ash, and TBN decrease more in the case of the synthetic oil by 1.15, 1.11, 0.46, 1.1, and 1.2% than in the conventional oil, respectively. FTIR testing shows that the maximum peaks lie in the region of 500 to 1750 cm−1, which shows the presence of C=O, C-N, and C-Br to a maximum extent in the lubricant oil sample. AAS testing shows that the synthetic oil has 21.64, 3.23, 21.44, and 1.23% higher chromium, iron, aluminum, and zinc content. However, the copper and calcium content in the synthetic oil is 14.72 and 17.68%, respectively. It can be concluded that novel bio-lubricants can be utilized as an alternative to those applications that are powered by naturally produced mineral oil after adding suitable additives that further enhance their performance.

Design of Lubricating Oil Circulation Refrigeration System for Cigarette Machine

In order to solve the problems of high lubricating oil temperature, fast aging of seals and serious wear of parts during high-speed operation of equipment, a lubricating oil circulation refrigeration system for cigarette machine was designed. The system uses PLC as the main controller, and controls the motor speed through Profibus bus mode to realize the circulating refrigeration of lubricating oil. Through the test with ZJ112 unit as the object,we found that the system runs well and the failure rate is low. The temperature of each lubricating part of the equipment is significantly reduced and kept below 40 ˚C. At the same time, the maintenance time of the equipment is reduced, and the occurrence of cigarette quality accidents is reduced. This technology can provide support for improving the production adaptability of cigarette units.

Sources and Destinations of Oil Leakage through TPOCR Based on 2D-LIF Observation and Modeling Analysis

The Three-Piece Oil Control Ring (TPOCR) is becoming a viable option for heavy duty gas and hydrogen engines due to the low particle concentration in these engines. Although direct oil leakage from the gap is not likely to happen with the misalignment of the upper and lower rail gaps, there exist other less-apparent oil leaking mechanisms through the TPOCR. This work is targeted at understanding the oil leakage’s source and destination through the rail and liner interfaces across the whole cycle. The 2D Laser Induced Fluorescence technique was applied on an optical engine to study the oil transport behavior. Combined with a TPOCR model for dynamics and lubrication, the mechanisms that cause rail twist and oil scraping by the upper rail were analyzed. It was found that the symmetrical rail can scrape the oil up in the up-strokes. The scraped oil first accumulates in the clearance between the upper rail and groove, as well as at the upper corner of the rail Outer Diameter before being transferred to both the third land and liner when the piston changes direction at Top Dead Center. Rails with an asymmetrical profile can reduce or enhance these effects depending the orientation of the rails. This study provides findings that could help design the engine to better control Lubricate Oil Consumption and properly lubricate the Top Dead Center’s dry region at the same time.

Investigation of oil emission mechanisms in a marine medium-speed dual-fuel engine

Pilot-ignition Otto marine engines are known for greatly reduced emissions of air pollutants (sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxide, particulates) compared to marine diesel engines. However, lubricating oil emissions still are about one order of magnitude higher than in land-based systems. To identify reduction potentials, a better understanding of oil emission mechanisms has to be gained. For this purpose, mass spectrometric oil emission measurements and fluorescence lubricating film thickness measurements were performed on a medium-speed marine engine. With the fluorescence measuring system, the varying lubricating oil film on the cylinder wall can be visualised and analysed in sub-crank-angle resolution. By applying the developed calibration method to the measurement data, the oil film thickness can be determined in µm. It is shown that the oil film left by the piston rings on the liner as it moves down is almost halved after ignition compared to during intake stroke. The authors have further been able to detect and time operating point dependent ring rotation and investigations show a connection between ring rotation and cylinder liner temperature distribution. Aligning ring gaps allow blow-by to happen. This and other high intensity events such as engine knock, load shedding or the transition from diesel-mode to gas-mode, heavily disturb the oil layer and cause peaking oil emissions.

Can lubricant oil promote undesired self-ignition of the charge in hydrogen engines?

Hydrogen utilization in internal combustion engines is deemed a viable solution for promoting a rapid transition towards a carbon-free mobility, especially for those hard-to-electrify applications. However, critical aspects still poorly understood remain and need to be investigated in order to accelerate the development of such a promising technology. Some of these might originate from the undesired but unavoidable participation of lubricant oil to the combustion process. The present work aims at ascertaining if the lubricant oil chemical characteristics can be at the basis of the onset of certain uncontrolled self-ignition modes of the charge. Considering a lubricant oil droplet suspended in a H2/air environment, an analytical model was developed to derive essential information about mixture composition and thermodynamic conditions that might establish where oil contamination occurs. The results were used to initialize zero-dimensional numerical simulations performed in the OpenSMOKE++ framework with the aim of highlighting charge reactivity variations induced by the presence of oil vapour in the vicinity of an oil droplet. A reduced chemical model, developed for this very purpose in a previous recent work, was employed in the simulations for emulating the reactivity properties of the H2/oil/air mixture.

Test bench development and implementation for experimental determination of mechanical losses in single cylinder internal combustion engines

As mechanical efficiency has great relevance in the alternative engine performance, the authors research in the development of testing facilities to characterize the sources of engine mechanical losses. The present paper deals with the realization of a hardware platform to conduct experimental studies in small combustion engines to experimentally characterize the mechanical losses of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine by means of the indicated diagram and motoring methods. The system was completed by means of an electrical motor-generator coupled to a single-cylinder air-cooled spark ignition engine, a self-developed electronic hardware control, and a PC-based instrumentation and data acquisition system. Specifications of load-motoring-starting system, including the description of the proprietary electronic load regulation system, are detailed. Also, the instrumentation system of in-cylinder and intake pressures; Temperatures of intake air, exhaust gases, lubricant oil, and engine block; effective torque and crankshaft position are described, including the signal acquisition system. The methodologies for indicated diagram and motoring method are described, mentioning the required measurements to apply each method and the engine load-temperature considerations when an engine is tested in fired or motored conditions. The platform was used to study the mechanical losses of the engine under motored and fired conditions under a wide range of rotational speeds and throttle openings, allowing to draw conclusions about the operating features of the developed test bench in itself, and also about the mechanical losses of the engine tested. Initially, samples of cylinder pressure, torque, intake pressure as function of crank angle and indicate diagram were obtained, showing similar waveforms present in related literature. Then, variations of the aforementioned temperatures against rotation speed and throttle opening and results for the mechanical losses determined by indicated diagram and motoring methods are shown. Finally, two empirical correlations are proposed to estimate the mechanical losses. In the future the hardware platform will be utilized to investigate in-cylinder engine parameters, detailed thermal and mechanical engine performance

Влияние регенерации слоистого модификатора трения на триботехнические свойства смазочных композиций

The paper examines an influence of the regeneration efficiency of the developed anti-wear additive on tribological properties of the lubricating composition, including a lubricating oil and the additive. The anti-wear additive was a layered friction modifier – molybdenum diselenide MoSe2, mixed in the volume of a composition of unsaturated fatty acids – stearic acid and oleic acid. Lubricating oil M-16G2TSS was chosen as the base lubricant, with respect to which the tribological properties of other lubricants submitted for testing are compared. For all cycles of tests, a volume of no more than 25 cm3 of lubricant was used to avoid high thermal inertia when the test samples moved on the friction machine. Experiments of the regeneration of the additive were carried out on a rotary mixing unit of the author's design, and the solution has a long storage period of 8 640 hours (about 12 calendar months). The possibility of restoring the uniform distribution of molybdenum diselenide throughout the volume of the additive in a suspended state has been revealed. This lubricant composition, after restoration of the structure by stirring, can be used in the production of a lubricant composition based on M-16G2TSS oil. Using a reciprocating friction unit of a friction machine, simulating the cylinder-piston group of a marine diesel engine, the resulting lubricant composition was compared with other lubricants based on molybdenum diselenide, the additive solutions of which have different storage periods before being added to the lubricating oil, as well as with the base lubricating oil. The assessment of the tribological properties of lubricants based on M-16G2TSS oil by determining the weight wear and further using this value to estimate the resource of the friction unit has been made. Rotational regeneration has shown satisfactory effectiveness in partially restoring of the tribological properties of a lubricant composition with the participation of an additive, but is not enough effective compared to rotational pulsation mixing of the additive in order to create perspective lubricant compositions.

Operational stability influenced by lubricant oil charge in the CO2 automotive air conditioning system

In a vapor compression refrigeration system, the oil enhances the efficiency of the compressor but impairs the performance of the heat exchanger. This paper focuses on the experimental study of the influence of oil quantity on the operational stability of CO2 air conditioning system. The operational stability of the system under different oil charge quantity and operating conditions is studied. The experimental results indicate that when the oil circulation rate increases to a certain value, the adjustment of electronic expansion valve (EXV) opening or the compressor speed will cause system fluctuation and the outlet of evaporator gets close to no superheat. The critical oil circulation rate of the experimental system is about 9.2 %. The analysis of the fluctuation shows that it becomes more severe with the increasing of the refrigerant mass flow rate. When the mass flow rate increases from 210 kg∙h − 1 to 250 kg∙h − 1 at 7000 r min−1 of compressor speed, the fluctuation frequency increases from 0.072 Hz to 0.095 Hz. The occurrence of unstable phenomena has remarkable impact on system performance, the maximum difference of this system in instantaneous cooling capacity and COP during the fluctuation period is respectively 0.5 kW and 0.13.

A greener sample preparation procedure using reverse-phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for multielement determination of inorganic species in petroleum-derived samples

This study describe the development and first application of reverse-phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) sample preparation for the determination of Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in petroleum-derived samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES). Some factors inherent to RP-DLLME were optimized using multivariate statistical analysis through the 24 full factorial design followed by the Doehlert matrix. The established RP-DLLME procedure employs 5.0 g of samples, 1600 µL of the 3.75% (v/v) HNO3:isopropyl alcohol [3:1 (v/v)] extractive solution, 10 min of thermostatic bath at 80 °C, 60 s of vortexing, 3 min of sonication at 55 °C, and 15 min of centrifugation at 3500 rpm. The resulting aqueous phase volume was adjusted up to 15 mL with ultrapure water, and ICP OES carried out the measurements. Relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 3.5%, linear correlation coefficients better than 0.9985, and limit of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.57 ng g−1 (Mn) to 107.6 ng g−1 (K) were obtained for the determination of the analytes. Accuracy of the RP-DLLME using ICP OES was evaluated by analysis of the V21 + K metallo-organic standard, and recovery percentages within the 89.4–98.3% interval with RSD less than 6.4% were obtained. The accuracy and precision were also evaluated through a recovery test, and the results were in the range of 87.1–95.7% with RSD less than 4.9% for all analytes. Therefore, the RP-DLLME-ICP OES methodology was successfully applied to gasoline, diesel oil, JET-A1 (jet fuel), Avgas (aviation gasoline), lubricant oil, and vaseline samples, and the contents were obtained for almost all analytes. Although there are no regulatory resolutions for all petroleum-derived samples, the content of the analytes determined in JET-A1 and Avgas samples complied with ANP Resolution No. 856/2021 and 901/2022 legislation, respectively. Furthermore, the relative simplicity of the RP-DLLME combined with the accurate and precise measurements carried out by ICP OES can be a viable alternative in routine analysis.

SIMULATION OF OPTIMAL MIX OF SIO2-TIO2-AL2O3 NANO ADDITIVES FOR THE MINIMAL WEAR AND COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF LUBRICANT USING FUZZY LOGIC

Nano-particles of oxides of various metals are typically added with the base lubricants for enhancing the tribological properties, especially the wear and coefficient of friction of the lubricants. However, it is required to determine the optimum proportion of mix of the nano-additives in order to obtain the desirable characteristics gained through the addition of various oxides of metals mixed with the lubricants. This paper deals with the application of fuzzy logic to simulate the various proportions of a mix of three nano-additives of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 with the corresponding predicted values of tribological characteristics of wear and coefficient of friction. The limited number of outcomes obtained from a full factorial design of experiments carried out with these three nano-additives at three different levels of mixing, are used as inputs to the fuzzy logic simulation. This approach facilitates simulating as many combinations of nano-additives as possible with the base lubricant oil along with the predicted output of characteristics of interest, which otherwise will be cumbersome to carry out the experiments for all the combinations of mix of additives.

Physicochemical properties of soot in diesel engine lubricating oil: characterizations and impact on frictional characteristics

The study investigates the effects of the physicochemical properties of engine sump soot on the frictional characteristics of its contaminated engine oils. Moreover, the relationship between soot physicochemical properties and its frictional characteristics was also discussed. The results showed that the properties of the two kinds of lubricating oil (A, B) used in diesel engines affect the properties of engine sump soot (Soot-A, Soot-B), i.e. Soot-A showing smaller aggregate size, larger primary particle diameter, more disordered nanostructure, and higher functional content than those of Soot-B. For both soot particles, as the amount of soot particles added to the formula oil went up from 1 wt.% to 2 wt.%, the wear scar diameter (WSD) and friction coefficient of the wear spot increased. For both soot particles, the main wear form of the steel ball wear area was abrasive wear (more than 90%), accompanied by a small amount of plastic deformation and pitting (less than 2%). With the same amount of soot in lubricating oil, soot with a higher degree of graphitization, low oxygen content and low reactivity may cause smaller WSD and lighter wear. Moreover, a larger soot accumulation would result in deeper plow marks and pits in the abrasion areas.

Characteristics of ash formed by different lubricant additives and its effect on DPF performance

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is an important technology to reduce diesel exhaust particles. The ash formed by the combustion of lubricant oil will be deposited in the DPF, which will affect the filtration efficiency of DPF. In this paper, the ash generated in the burner by combustion of two lubricant additives mixed with diesel fuel were obtained by the burner test of ash rapid loading. The microscopic morphology of ash was studied by scanning electron microscopy and the fractal dimension was calculated based on fractal theory. Chemical composition analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The filtration efficiency of DPF was tested with EEPS 3090 when loaded with different ash fractions. The results show that the average fractal dimension of Mg-based ash (1.5791) is higher than that of Ca ash (1.5420), indicating a more detailed surface structure at the microscopic level. This suggests that Mg-based ash is more likely to plug, sinter and even form bridging phenomenon in the DPF inlet channel. The filtration efficiency of DPF increases and then decreases with the loading of ash. The capture efficiency of large particles of 40–200 nm is increasing with the loading of Ca-based ash. However, due to the higher fractal dimension, the loading of Mg-based ash can significantly improve the capture efficiency of small particles of about 10 nm. This work is beneficial to explain the influence of ash on the efficiency of DPF in filtering particles of different sizes.

The effect of oil raw material composition in the synthesis of bio‐sorbents based on inverse vulcanization on the ability to remediate hydrocarbon‐contaminated water. A novel method for decontaminating water/fuel emulsions

AbstractSolid crosslinked biopolymers made by inverse vulcanization of soybean (PSB) or sunflower (PSF) oil with sulfur are characterized and tested to decontaminate water from hydrocarbons (HC): gasoline, diesel, two lubricant oils, and water/gasoline emulsion. The physicochemical structure of the biopolymers is studied by FTIR spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, contact angle measurement, and mechanical testing. Also, the morphological structure is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the polymer decontamination capability and reusability are tested gravimetrically. Both biopolymers are formed by CS bonds, and their elastic behavior dominates. However, PSF is more hydrophilic, has a larger amount of free sulfur and a less compact structure, and also sorbs ca. 60% more HC than PSB. The results indicate that the unsaturated feedstock has a strong effect on the polymer structure and the capacity to remediate contaminated water or solids. Also, both materials can be reused to remediate water for more than five consecutive cycles. In addition, inverse vulcanization of oils and sulfur is an ecological way of obtaining environmentally‐improved materials with great potential and applications, providing a complete atomic economy and high performance to remediate water from water/HCs dispersed and, more importantly, from water/gasoline emulsions.