Engine Lubricating Oil Research Articles

Analysis and optimization of abnormal noise in lubricating oil circuit of diesel engine

Engine abnormal noise is one of the common engine faults, which will affect the comfort, power and safety of the automobile at the same time. In order to study the abnormal noise existing in the test process of diesel engine lubricating oil circuit system, 1D numerical simulation analysis of its flow field is carried out by using simulation software GT-power to verify the boundary conditions of the model and analyze the fluctuation of pressure at different speeds and temperatures. Through numerical analysis, it is found that there is almost no pressure fluctuation in the lubrication system before the pressure limiting valve is opened, but after the pressure limiting valve is opened, pressure fluctuation occurs in the pipeline, and the pressure fluctuation is different at different positions. Finally, the lubrication pipeline is simulated and analyzed by Pumplinx software, and the pressure fluctuation in the lubrication pipeline of diesel engine is reduced by optimizing the diameter of the oil pipeline and increasing the cavity structure.

Tribological performance of used engine oil treated with cement and celite adsorbents by solvent extraction-adsorption method

Purpose As lubricating oils are used, their performance deteriorates and they become contaminated. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the lubrication performance of reclaimed 5 W-30 a fully synthetic used engine oil (UEO) with wear tests after refining it from a solvent-based extraction method using solvent (1-PrOH) and adsorbent materials such as cement, celite and deep eutectic solvent (DES). Design/methodology/approach The treated oil mixtures were prepared by blending engine oils with various adsorbent materials at 5% (w/w) in organic 1-PrOH solvent at a UEO: solvent ratio of 1:2 (w/w). The measurement of kinematic viscosity, density, the total acid number (TAN) and elemental analysis of oil samples was done by the ASTM standards D445/D446, D4052, D974 and D6595, respectively. Adsorbents and treated oil samples characterized by SEM-EDX, FTIR and UV analysis, respectively. Meanwhile, lubricating performance in tribological applications was evaluated through the wear test device using a rotating steel alloy 1.2379 cylinder and a stationary 1.2738 pin under 20, 40 and 80 kg load conditions. Worn surface analysis was done with SEM and 2.5D images. Findings It was found that when using the combination of cement and celite as an adsorbent in the reclamation of used engine oil demonstrated better lubricant properties. The properties of used engine oil were improved in the manner of kinematic viscosity of 32.55 from 68.49 mm2/s, VI (Viscosity index) value of 154 from 130, TAN of 3.18 from 4.35 (mgKOH/g) and Fe content of 11 from 32 mg/L. The anti-wear properties of used engine oil improved by at least 32% when 5% cement and 5% celite adsorbent materials were used together. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on findings from a fully synthetic 5 W-30 A5 multi-grade engine lubrication oil collected after driving approximately 12.000 km. Practical implications The results are significant, as they suggest practical regeneration of used engine oil is achievable. Additionally, blending fresh oil with reclaimed used engine oil in a 1:1 ratio reduced wear loss by over 10% compared to fresh oil. Social implications Reusing used engine oils can reduce their environmental impact and bring economic benefits. Originality/value This study showed that the properties of UEO can be enhanced using the solvent extraction-adsorption method. Furthermore, the study provided valuable insights into the metal concentrations in engine oil samples and their impact on lubrication performance. The order of the number of the grooves quantity and the possibility of the observed scuffing region trend relative to the samples was UEO > 5W-30 fresh oil > Treated oil sample with the adsorbent cement and celite together. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-06-2024-0209/

Dehydration of turbine engine lubricant oil using cellulose hydrogel

Contamination of oils by water is a recurring problem in the industry and can damage engines and equipment. Oil dehydration systems with hydrogels have shown promise for the removal of free, soluble, and emulsified water. This work evaluates, in an unprecedented way, the dehydration of turbine lubricating oil using a cellulose hydrogel. The synthesis of the hydrogel was confirmed by the formation of specific functional groups. The hydrogel was characterized through high-resolution SEM, EDS, FTIR, BET, TGA, DVS and swelling degree. The oil was evaluated regarding its composition and physicochemical properties. The performance of the hydrogel in the treatment of water-in-oil emulsion was analyzed in batch and continuous flow systems. A fixed bed apparatus was specially designed and sized according to the industry's specifications to simulate on-site application. The batch treatment was evaluated using orbital and full tumbling inversion mixing systems, both reaching removal efficiency of around 47 %. Mixing by full tumbling allowed greater stability of the emulsion and control of the water concentration, but it required a longer time to enable adequate water uptake by the hydrogel. The efficiency of the hydrogel in the continuous flow system was affected by retention time and inlet water concentration. With a retention time of 12 min, it was possible to treat 1 L of oil, reducing the water concentration from 412 ppm to 197 ppm and the turbidity from Haze 6 to Haze 1. Thus, the cellulose hydrogel was efficient in dehydrating turbine lubricating oil, opening up the possibility of expanding its use to industrial facilities.

Impact of Extended Intervals on Diesel Engine Performance with 15W-40 DH1 Lubricant Oil

Engine lubricant oil is crucial for minimizing friction between moving components within an engine, directly influencing the engine's reliability and lifespan. Determining the appropriate oil replacement intervals is essential, as extending these intervals necessitates more rigorous monitoring of both oil quality and engine condition. This study investigated the performance of SAKAI 15W-40 DH1 engine oil in the SAKAI Vibrating Roller SV526 over varying operational periods: 125 hours, 250 hours, 375 hours, and 500 hours. The research involved analyzing oil samples for viscosity, metal additives, total base number (TBN), and contaminants using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, key engine performance indicators, including fuel consumption, valve clearance, and compression pressure, were measured. The findings revealed a gradual decrease in oil viscosity from 13.48 cSt to 11.56 cSt, approaching the minimum acceptable threshold of 11.45 cSt. Concurrently, the Fe content in the oil increased to 11 ppm, indicating wear, while the valve clearance in cylinder number three expanded to 0.48 mm, and compression pressure dropped from 31 kg/cm² to 28 kg/cm². Despite these changes, the oil remained within the standard operational limits, and the engine continued to perform adequately. However, based on the observed trends, extending the oil replacement interval to 500 hours cannot be conclusively recommended, as the oil's condition and engine performance may begin to decline beyond this point.

Research on the prediction algorithm of aero engine lubricating oil consumption based on multi-feature information fusion

Research on the prediction algorithm of aero engine lubricating oil consumption based on multi-feature information fusion

Evaluating Household Hazardous Waste Generation, Composition, and Health Risks in an Urban Municipality

This study aimed to assess the generation rate and composition of household hazardous waste (HHW) in Nakhon Si Thammarat Municipality, Thailand. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on HHW generation and disposal practices from households in the municipality. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead) and PCBs contamination. The potential health risks from ingestion exposure associated with heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination in the soil were evaluated. The result revealed that in 2023, the HHW generation rate was 11.95 kg/household/year, with the highest percentages occurring of electronic waste (17.40%), fluorescent lamps (16.98%), spray cans (12.38%), cleaning products (11.30%), and engine oil and lubricant oil products (9.87%). The majority of residents (92.90%) disposed of hazardous waste and general waste together in public waste containers. However, the health risk assessment indicated that the levels of heavy metals and PCBs in the soil were within the safe acceptable range for residents, with a total lifetime cancer risk from ingestion exposure of less than 1E-06 for both adults and children. The findings highlight the need for improved waste separation practices and the implementation of effective hazardous waste management strategies to minimize potential health risks and environmental impacts. This study serves as a basis for developing targeted interventions and policies to enhance household hazardous waste management in the municipalities and similar urban areas in Thailand. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2024-05-03-011 Full Text: PDF

Impact of tribofilm on the anti-wear and friction-reduction properties of interfaces

Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is widely used in internal combustion engine lubricating oil, which forms tribofilm and effectively blocks the direct contact of the material interface. Tribofilm plays an important role in wear resistance and lubrication performance. This study analyses ZDDP additive lubricant performance and the tribofilm distribution under different concentrations and loads. Tribofilm formation and wear mechanism is characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), and the lubrication performance is further explained by the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). This study explored the anti-wear and friction-reducing properties of ZDDP tribofilm respectively, revealing that ZDDP tribofilm distribution plays a pivotal role in reducing wear, the wear amount can be reduced by 50%, but has a slight effect on friction-reducing, only 5.7%. In addition, the concentrations and loads significantly affect the growth of the tribofilm, and change the wear and lubrication characteristics. The tribofilm acts as a significant barrier, effectively protecting the surface from wear. However, excessive pressure may lead to the failure of the tribofilm, resulting in the loss of protection and subsequent severe wear of the surface. Furthermore, the mechanisms of lubrication are explained, wherein the tribofilm serves as micro-texture, reducing direct contact between asperities and thereby lowering the friction coefficient.

ANALYSIS OF LUBRICANT OIL DEGRADATION AND SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL FOR CI ENGINE USING BLEND FUELS

Long-term engine running has been the subject of extensive research on the deterioration of engine oil. In contrast, it is not fully clear what effect synthetic and biofuels will have. Modern engines, traditional fuels and lubricants should be used to provide a research basis for characterizing novel fuel-related phenomena in engines. This study makes an effort to characterize how lubricating engine oil behaves over the course of its service life using data on friction and wear. Every 20 hours, oil samples from the engine were obtained to evaluate its chemical makeup. On a reciprocating test rig, friction and wear measurements were taken. Kinematic viscosity, density, and wear metals such as cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) were measured for the lubricant oil analysis. In general, n-pentanol aids in the reduction of engine wear debris, contamination, and lubricating oil oxidation. According to the findings of this study, a D60WCO20Pe15 ternary combination can be used in a diesel engine without any alteration. The sound pressure level (SPL) increased by 7.8 dB at engine speed of 1300 RPM in the case of the DF95WCO5. However, when compared to base line, the average SPL of D60WCO20Pe15 ternary blend was 4.3 dB lower.

Laboratory evaluation of the volatility and composition of ultrafine particles generated from jet engine lubrication oil

Laboratory evaluation of the volatility and composition of ultrafine particles generated from jet engine lubrication oil

Fretting Wear Behaviors of Silicone Rubber under Dry Friction and Different Lubrication Conditions.

The fretting wear behaviors of silicone rubber under dry friction and different lubrication conditions are studied experimentally. Water, engine oil, dimethyl silicone oil (DSO), and dimethyl silicone oil doped with graphene oxide (DSO/GO) are selected as lubricants. Under the liquid lubrication conditions, the silicone rubber samples are always immersed in the same volume of lubricant. The contact model of a 440C steel ball and silicone rubber sample is the sphere-on-flat contact. The reciprocating fretting wear experiments are carried out using the reciprocating friction wear tester. A scanning electron microscope and three-dimensional white-light interference profilometer are used to detect the surface wear morphology and obtain the wear volume, respectively. The influences of normal force, lubrication condition, and displacement amplitude on fretting wear behavior are discussed. The fretting wear performances of silicone rubber under different fretting states and lubrication conditions are compared. The results show that for a small normal force, silicone rubber has the best wear resistance under DSO/GO lubrication. While for a large normal force, silicone rubber has the best wear resistance under engine oil lubrication.

Selecting lubricating oil for two-stroke gasoline engines: a multi-criteria decision-making approach

Selecting lubricating oil for two-stroke gasoline engines: a multi-criteria decision-making approach

TCN-GAWO: Genetic Algorithm Enhanced Weight Optimization for Temporal Convolutional Network

Abstract This article proposes a genetic algorithm (GA)-enhanced weight optimization method for temporal convolutional network (TCN-GAWO). TCN-GAWO combines the evolutionary process of the genetic algorithm with the gradient-based training and can achieve higher predication/fitting accuracy than traditional temporal convolutional network (TCN). Performances of TCN-GAWO are also more stable. In TCN-GAWO, multiple TCNs are generated with random initial weights first, then these TCNs are trained individually for given epochs, next the selection-crossover-mutation procedure is applied among TCNs to get the evolved offspring. Gradient-based training and selection-crossover-mutation are taken in turns until convergence. The TCN with the optimal performance is then selected. Performances of TCN-GAWO are thoroughly evaluated using realistic engineering data, including C-MAPSS dataset provided by NASA and jet engine lubrication oil dataset provided by airlines. Experimental results show that TCN-GAWO outperforms existing methods for both datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness and the wide range applicability of the proposed method in solving time series problems.

Investigation of tribological analysis of safflower oil and 15W40 engine lubrication oil and their blends

In this study, 15W40 engine oil and Safflower oil were blended at 10% (A10), 20% (A20), 50% (A50) ratios. A total of 5 lubrication oil samples were obtained by adding the samples of pure safflower oil (A100) and lubrication oil with no safflower (A0). Viscosity and density tests of A100, A50, A20, A10 and A0 samples were carried out. Wear diameter test was performed on a four-ball testing machine to examine wear and friction properties, and welding load test was performed to examine extreme pressure properties. 
 We also had a study in the safflower oil industry where it can be used as an engine oil additive, especially in internal combustion engines. Since safflower oil is of vegetable origin, its use in engine oils will be environmentally friendly.
 As a result of the examinations, it was determined that as the safflower ratio in the samples increased, the performance increased in terms of viscosity under cold working conditions. When the wear and friction performance was evaluated, it was concluded that there was an improving performance in 15W40 engine oil in A10, A20 and A50 samples in which safflower was used as an additive. When these samples were evaluated in terms of performance, there was little variation between them. For this reason, it is concluded that when Safflower is used as an additive in general, it exhibits positive performance in wear and friction performance. Considering that bio-lubricants are environmentally friendly, it can be said that the A50 sample is the most suitable lubrication oil among the samples, since it contains more vegetable oil than other samples. 
 As a result of this study, it is seen that the use of Safflower oil as an additive in engine oil is a positive result in terms of improving and clean environment.

Study on low temperature starting strategy for high power density diesel engines

During low-temperature starting, the high viscosity and poor fluidity of diesel engine lubricating oil make it difficult to be timely replenished to the friction pair, leading to the problems of starting difficulties and wear during cold starting. To address this issue, this study completed a simulation verification work through a bench test, and carried out a transient simulation of lubricating system oil filling in the range of 1–5 s starting time and −20°C to 80°C lubricating oil temperature to obtain the transient filling characteristics of the lubrication system oil path and the friction characteristics of the bearing. The results show that extending the starting time can effectively reduce the average dry sliding speed of the bearing, thereby reducing the frictional wear of the critical friction pairs during starting; when the oil temperature is between 20°C and 30°C, the average dry sliding speed of the bearing is low and the dry sliding distance is the shortest. The research results of this study are conducive to in-depth analysis of the lubrication oil filling mechanism during cold starting, and to determine a reasonable cold starting strategy from the perspective of lubrication.

Physicochemical properties of soot in diesel engine lubricating oil: characterizations and impact on frictional characteristics

The study investigates the effects of the physicochemical properties of engine sump soot on the frictional characteristics of its contaminated engine oils. Moreover, the relationship between soot physicochemical properties and its frictional characteristics was also discussed. The results showed that the properties of the two kinds of lubricating oil (A, B) used in diesel engines affect the properties of engine sump soot (Soot-A, Soot-B), i.e. Soot-A showing smaller aggregate size, larger primary particle diameter, more disordered nanostructure, and higher functional content than those of Soot-B. For both soot particles, as the amount of soot particles added to the formula oil went up from 1 wt.% to 2 wt.%, the wear scar diameter (WSD) and friction coefficient of the wear spot increased. For both soot particles, the main wear form of the steel ball wear area was abrasive wear (more than 90%), accompanied by a small amount of plastic deformation and pitting (less than 2%). With the same amount of soot in lubricating oil, soot with a higher degree of graphitization, low oxygen content and low reactivity may cause smaller WSD and lighter wear. Moreover, a larger soot accumulation would result in deeper plow marks and pits in the abrasion areas.

A Review on Oil-Soluble Polyisobutylene-Based Dispersant for Colloidal Stabilization

Oil soluble polymeric-based dispersants have been extensively used in engine oil lubrication formulation due to their inherent properties, such as modifiable viscosity, compatibility, and effectiveness. However, the underlying mechanism of how the dispersant stabilizes soot particles in engine oil is still not fully understood, and discovering this mechanism is crucial for engine oil formulation technology. This review discusses the interactions between colloidal particles induced by two PIBSA-derived dispersants, namely PIBSI and PIBSAE. The effectiveness of these dispersants in stabilizing colloidal particles in oil systems depends on the chemical functional groups present on the main chain. The spectrum of colloidal interactions, ranging from Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek (DLVO) to non-DLVO theory, is predominantly influenced by the equilibrium between dispersant concentration and the overall system viscosity. This phenomenon can eventually reverse colloidal stabilization and result in more serious issues, such as engine wear and tear.

Analysis of Sound Emission Using Ternary Blend Fuel in Compression Ignition Engine

Alternative fuel is considered to be suitable oils in diesel engines, which are well known for their ability to diminish lubricant oil debris and noise emissions. A minute research has been done to examine the long-term effects of using blend fuel. In this study, two blend fuels: diesel and waste cooking oil (DF95WCO5), and diesel, waste cooking oil and n-pentanol (DF65WCO20Pe15) were chosen and compared with diesel fuel (DF) to investigate the impact of these blends on noise emission in diesel engine. In order to evaluate the kinematic viscosity and density and determine the effect on sound pressure levels, lubrication oil samples were taken throughout the test at intervals of 20 hours. A literature review was done for the current work's analysis of the literature on the noise emissions from diesel-waste cooking and n-pentanol fuel blends. When the engine was fueled with DF65WCO20Pe15 blend, the engine lubricating oil analysis revealed an extreme wear issue, decreased viscosity, and increased density values. The conclusion is that single cylinder diesel engines can use binary blend DF95WCO5 and ternary blend DF65WCO20Pe15 without any adjustments. DF65WCO20Pe15, in contrast to the reference fuel, achieved some superior outcomes.

Experimental investigation of the effects of boron oil additive in internal combustion engine

Using additives to engine oils increases engine performance, extending engine maintenance life, boosting the competitiveness of mineral-based oils technically and economically. In this study, the effects of liquid boron oil additive added to mineral-based 10 W-40 engine lubricating oil used in a single-cylinder diesel engine were investigated. 15 % of the engine oil volume was added to the engine as an additive. Experimental studies were carried out at three different engine speeds (i.e., 1500, 1750, and 2000 rpm). The engine, on which no changes were made, was first run with mineral lubricating oil, and then the experiments were repeated with mineral lubricating oil with 15 % boron additive. In the studies, engine torques, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions (HC, CO, CO2, and NOx) were evaluated. In addition, the effects of operating the engine for 100 h without adding any additives and with oil additives containing 15 % boron were also investigated. It was found that engine torque and EGT increased while BSFC, CO2, HC, and NOx decreased in boron-added mineral lubricating oil for all revolutions. In addition, there was a general decrease in CO emissions. In-cylinder SEM images and oil analyses, which were operated with a 15 % boron additive to the engine oil, showed that the boron additive positively affected the engine.

Experimental Study on Dissolution Stability and Dispersion and their Influence on Tribological Properties for Reducing Friction and Prolonging Life of Armored Vehicle Engine Lubricating Oil Additives

A lubricating oil additive for armored vehicle engine was synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion and physical blending with polyisobutylene and poly alpha olefin as polymer matrix, nanoBN and nanoALN as antifriction materials and polyisobutylene succinimide as surfactant. Polymer-based lubricating oil additive, hydroxyl magnesium silicate powder additive, commercial anti-wear repairing agent Goldway and commercial anti-wear protective agent Chief were dispersed into 10W-40 armored vehicle engine special lubricating oil according to a certain mass fraction. The dissolution stability of different lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil was investigated by standing test. The effects of ultrasonic time and temperature on the dispersion of different kinds of lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil are investigated by using ultrasonic disperser and particle size analyzer. The MDW-5G multifunctional end-face friction and wear tester is used to simulate the actual working process of cylinder liner-piston ring in armored vehicles during driving, and tribological tests were carried out under conventional working conditions to evaluate the tribological properties of different lubricating oil additives. Scanning electron microscope was used to measure and analyze the wear surface morphology and friction interface elements after tribological test, and the lubrication mechanism of lubricating oil additives is revealed. The results show that the polymer-based lubricating oil additive has good dissolution stability and dispersion in lubricating oil. Compared with pure lubricating oil, the average friction coefficient of lubricating oil containing 3wt% polymer-based additives is 0.085, and the friction coefficient decreases by 38.8%. During the friction process, polymer-based lubricating oil additives form a self-repairing oil film to cover the surface of the sample through a series of complex physical and chemical reactions, which reduces the friction and wear between the grinding pairs and improves the lubricating performance of lubricating oil.

Oil biodegradation studies with an immobilized bacterial consortium in plant biomass for the construction of bench-scale bioreactor

Increasing exploration of natural sources and the development of new oil-derived technologies have caused environmental contamination. Thus, among the bioremediation strategies, biostimulation and bioaugmentation techniques have been the most used in the current literature. This study aimed to build a bench-scale bioreactor to promote degradation used ship engine lubricating oil using an immobilized bacterial consortium in Salvinia sp. (SS). For this purpose, bacterial strains were isolated from the hydrocarbon-contaminated moist soil in the marginal at Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, followed by isolation, identification of microorganisms, and biodegradation tests. Then these microorganisms were immobilized in SS biomass. The bacterial consortium underwent biodegradation tests and bioreactor biodegradation on a bench scale. According to the results, the consortium of Bacteria like Bacillus could biodegrade 52.9% of the lubricating oil and 0.027 d − 1 degradation rate.