Production Of Lubricants Research Articles

Effect of CeO2 morphology and Ru impregnation method on CH4 selectivity reduction in polyethylene waste conversion to liquid fuels and lubricants

Hydrogenolysis of polyolefins offers a sustainable pathway by giving plastic waste a second life as valuable resources, transforming it into fuels and lubricants. Supported Ru catalysts have shown potential for depolymerizing polyolefins under mild conditions; however, depolymerization via terminal C-C bond cleavage can lead to the excessive formation of CH4. This study investigated the effects of CeO2 morphology and Ru impregnation method on the suppression of CH4 formation and increasing liquid and wax proportions (C5-C41) in the production of liquid fuels and lubricants through polyethylene hydrogenolysis. Controlling the morphology of CeO2 and impregnating Ru via electrostatic adsorption can enhance the formation of oxygen vacancies and strengthen the interaction between Ru and CeO2. The presence of defects in CeO2 also correlated with smaller particle size of Ru and a higher hydrogen reservoir site, which effectively suppress CH4 formation.

Digitally enhanced lubricant evaluation and improvement framework through developing digital characteristics (DC) for hot forging of aluminium alloys

The manufacturing sector is experiencing a never-before-seen surge in data generation, acquisition, and analytics. The promising potential of fundamental research following a data-driven approach may enable a more comprehensive understanding of forming operations and efficient optimisation of component quality. However, as a crucial component of metal forming operations, the investigation and insights from a data-centric perspective of hot forging processes is still absent. In the present study, the digital characteristics (DC) of the hot forging process was generated based on voluminous metadata extracted from experimentally verified FE simulations and localised sensors. Inherent and distinctive manufacturing nature throughout the life cycle of a hot-forged product have been revealed, spanning over the design, manufacturing, and application stages. The tribological DC was then extracted and analysed, and the data-guided interactive friction modelling was established to enable a digitally enhanced evaluation and improvement scheme of the lubricant product applied during the hot forging process. Significant potential has been demonstrated in implementing data-centric innovation techniques into traditional manufacturing paradigms to improve efficiency and process effectiveness.

Transformation of D-xylose into furfuryl alcohol via an efficient chemobiological approach in a benign deep eutectic solvent lactic acid:betaine-water reaction system

Biobased furfuryl alcohol (FOL) was a common building block for the production of resins, lubricants, plasticizers, organic compounds and value-added intermediates. For the effectual efficient production of FOL, a combination of chemocatalytic and biocatalytic approach was built for the transformation of D-xylose to FOL in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) lactic acid:betaine-H2O (LA:Bet-H2O) system. The furfural (FAL) yield of LA:Bet-H2O (10:90, vol/vol) for 30 min at 180 °C reached 81.6 % using D-xylose (150 g/L) as substrate in a high-pressure reactor. Using glucose as co-substrate, E. coli HMFOMUT whole cell could transform the formed FAL (125 mM) into FOL (96.8 % yield) in a conical flask at 37 °C and pH 7.0 in this LA:Bet-H2O (5:95, vol/vol) medium. In 50 mL LA:Bet-H2O, HMFOMUT cells effectually convert D-xylose-derived FAL to FOL, and 0.75 g of D-xylose formed FOL (0.384 g, 78.2 % yield) and furoic acid (FA) (0.019 g, 3.4 % yield). In the present study, a one-pot tandem method was used to effectually catalyze the synthesis of FOL from D-xylose using an effectual combination of chemocatalysis with LA:Bet and biocatalysis with E. coli HMFOMUT in a reactor. It affords a new idea for the effectual use of biomass resources to synthesize high value-added compounds, and also renders a mild, green, environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy for the manufacturing of bio-based platform derivatives.

Biophysical impact of lubricating base oil aerosols on natural pulmonary surfactant film

Lubricating base oils have been extensively employed for producing various industrial and consumer products. Therefore, their environmental and health impacts should be carefully evaluated. Although there have been many reports on pulmonary cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses of inhaled lubricating base oils, their potential influences on pulmonary surfactant (PS) films that play an essential role in maintaining respiratory mechanics and pulmonary immunity remains largely unknown. Here a systematic study on the interactions between an animal-derived natural PS and aerosols of water and representative mineral and vegetable base oils is performed using a novel biophysical assessing technique called constrained drop surfactometry capable of providing in vitro simulations of normal tidal breathing and physiologically relevant temperature and humidity in the lung. It was found that the mineral oil aerosols can impose strong inhibitions to the biophysical property of PS film, while the airborne vegetable oils and water show negligible adverse effects within the studied concentration range. The inhibitory effect is originated from the strong hydrophobicity of mineral oil, which makes it able to disrupt the interfacial molecular ordering of both phospholipid and protein compositions and consequently suppress the formation of condensed phase and multilayer scaffolds in a PS film. Environmental ImplicationUnderstanding the biophysical influence of airborne lubricating base oils on pulmonary surfactant (PS) films can provide new insights into the environmental impacts and health concerns of various industrial lubricant products. Here a comparative study on interactions between an animal-derived natural PS film and the aerosols of water and representative mineral and vegetable base oils under the true physiological conditions was conducted in situ using constrained drop surfactometry. We show that the most frequently used mineral base oil can cause strong inhibitions to the PS film by disrupting the molecular ordering of saturated phospholipids and surfactant-associated proteins at the interface.

Evaluating The Pertamina’s Waste Bank Program Using Social Return on Investment in Koja District, North Jakarta

The findings of this study are expected to serve as an objective benchmark for determining the level of social acceptance of PT Pertamina Lubricants Production Unit Jakarta (PUJ). Moreover, this study report presents the results of calculating the impact value and SROI of the program. This program aims to improve the welfare of society and the environment in Tugu Selatan Village, Koja District, North Jakarta, through the Berkah Waste Bank program. Based on the results of the SROI study, the Berkah Waste Bank program has proven to produce more significant benefits than the costs invested in activities such as planning for the development of the Berkah Waste Bank, environmental awareness training, distribution of assistance for facilities and infrastructure, mentoring and monitoring & evaluation (Monev) of the Waste Bank socialization program, management of drum and Non-B3 waste, training and development of social media and E-Commerce, initiation of waste programs oil change, garbage pick-up service, renovation of the Garbage Bank Shelter, inauguration of the Oil Exchange Garbage Workshop, program to strengthen marketing and administration of the Garbage Bank. These programs have proven to help increase communities’ capacity to manage inorganic and organic waste from industrial and household waste. Through a series of activities such as training, mentorship, and assistance, these programs aim to increase community awareness and participation in waste management and empower them by improving skills to support the local economy.

Calculating the Effectiveness of Corporate Social Innovation (CSI) using the Social Return on Investment (SROI) Method: The Fisherman Community Empowerment Program

PT Pertamina Lubricants is a subsidiary of the Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company Pertamina. The company has three production facilities located in Jakarta, Cilacap, and Gresik. PT Pertamina Lubricants Production Unit Cilacap is committed to implementing environmental and social responsibility well through Corporate Social Innovation. The programs are closely related to implementing sustainable development, which focuses on environmental issues and includes two other aspects: economic and community empowerment (People, Profit, and Planet). One of the programs specifically targets fishermen groups, called Pertamina Sahabat Nelayan (Pertamina Friends of Fishermen), an empowerment program by PTPL in Cilacap, using the Return On Investment (SROI) method. SROI is a method used by companies to measure the return on business investment for a program or social activity organized using a financial quantification (monetization) calculation approach. Data collection was obtained through in-depth interviews with members of fishermen groups in Tambakreja Village, the local government, beneficiary communities, and other stakeholders. The SROI calculations show that the Pertamina Friends of Fishermen program has created excellent value. With Pertamina’s investment, Pertamina Lubricants Production Unit Cilacap’s program has positively impacted society. This is indicated by the SROI ratio in the program’s first year, which resulted in an SROI ratio of 1:3.59.

FUS3: Orchestrating soybean plant development and boosting stress tolerance through metabolic pathway regulation

Soybean research has gained immense attention due to its extensive use in food, feedstock, and various industrial applications, such as the production of lubricants and engine oils. In oil crops, the process of seed development and storage substances accumulation is intricate and regulated by multiple transcription factors (TFs). In this study, FUSCA3 (GmFUS3) was characterized for its roles in plant development, lipid metabolism, and stress regulation. Expressing GmFUS3 in atfus3 plants restored normal characteristics observed in wild-type plants, including cotyledon morphology, seed shape, leaf structure, and flower development. Additionally, its expression led to a significant increase of 25% triacylglycerols (TAG) and 33% in protein levels. Transcriptomic analysis further supported the involvement of GmFUS3 in various phases of plant development, lipid biosynthesis, lipid trafficking, and flavonoid biosynthesis. To assess the impact of stress on GmFUS3 expression, soybean plants were subjected to different stress conditions, and the its expression was assessed. Transcriptomic data revealed significant alterations in the expression levels of approximately 80 genes linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and 40 genes associated with both abiotic and biotic stresses. Additionally, GmFUS3 was found to regulate abscisic acid synthesis and interact with nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1, which is responsible for plant cellular processes, development, and stress response. Overall, this research sheds light on the multifaceted functions of GmFUS3 and its potential applications in enhancing crop productivity and stress tolerance.

Hydrophilized MoS2 as Lubricant Additive

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been used in a variety of lubrication products due to its highly tunable surface chemistry. However, the performance of MoS2-derived tribofilms falls short when compared to other commercially available antiwear additives. The primary objective of this study is to improve the tribological performance of MoS2 as an additive for lithium-based greases. This was achieved by functionalizing the particle with hydrophilic molecules, such as urea. Experimental results indicate that the urea-functionalized MoS2 (U-MoS2) leads to a notable decrease in the coefficient of friction of 22% and a substantial reduction in the wear rate of 85% compared to its unmodified state. These results are correlated with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation of U-MoS2 to theorize two mechanisms that explain the improved performance. Urea has the capability to reside both on the surface of MoS2 and within its interlayer spacing. Weakened van der Waals forces due to interlayer expansion and the hydrophilicity of the functionalized U-MoS2 surface are catalysts for both friction reduction and the longevity of tribofilms on hydrophilic steel surfaces. These findings offer valuable insights into the development of a novel class of lubricant additives using functionalized hydrophilic molecules.

Моделирование и оценка интенсивности старения моторного масла в судовых тронковых дизелях при их наддуве

A computational and experimental model of the aging of lubricating oil in different directions is presented, taking into account the influence on the intensity of its degradation of the degree of forcing (thermal load) and the technical condition of diesel, the quality (motor group) of the lubricant product and the sulfur content in the fuel. The novelty in assessing the aging of the lubricant in a tank diesel engine when forcing it by supercharging consists in the formation of a thermal load on the oil film, which determines the aging rate of the engine oil on the cylinder sleeve of the engine. It is reported how the density of the heat flux acting on the surface of the oil film swept by the piston is experimentally fixed and averaged over the height of the sleeve and the angle of rotation of the crankshaft during the engine operating cycle. The influence of the factors under consideration on the specific rate of aging of lubricating oil per unit area of the sleeve surface in contact with gases in the direction of additive activation, decrease in alkalinity, increase in acidity, tar formation and accumulation of insoluble products has been identified. The lines of equal values of the hypersurfaces of the response functions for the specific intensity of the alkalinity response and the formation of insoluble products of tar formation and acidity growth are illustrated. The requirements for engine oil have been formed according to the level of alloying with multifunctional additives, depending on the degree of boost (average effective pressure) of supercharged marine tank diesels. As a result of the analysis of the aging rate of engine oil in modern marine diesel engines with medium and high boost, the expediency of using unified type oils in them has been confirmed M-10(14)G2CS and M-14(16)DCL20 with multifunctional additives MASK and PMS for the combustion of distillate fuels and their mixtures with fuel oils with a sulfur content of up to 0.5%.

Nutrients, phenolics, fatty acids and mineral composition of <i>Telfairia</i> <i>pedata</i> (SIMS) hook seed kernels obtained from Kilimanjaro, Tanzania


 In this study, the nutrients, phenolics, minerals and fatty acids compositions of the seed kernels of <i>Telfairia</i> <i>pedata</i> was determined using standard laboratory procedures. The results from Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated that the studied <i>T.</i> <i>pedata</i> was composed of 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol (9%), pentadecanol (2%), di(2- propylpentyl)phthalic acid (5.8%), myristic acid (1.5%), palmitic acid (14%), linoleic acid (44%) and others. Quantification of fatty acids showed linoleic acid (500 μg/mL), oleic acid (350 μg/mL), 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (403 μg/mL), palmitic acid (410 μg/mL), heneicosanoic acid (462 μg/mL) and others. Proximate analysis indicated moisture (5.06%), total ash (1.22%), crude fat (62%), crude fibre (0.89%), crude protein (23.05%) and total carbohydrate (7.78%). Mineral composition analysis showed the presence of K (320.71 μg/ mL), Na (130.98 μg/mL), Mg (6.45 μg/mL), Ca (8.01 μg/mL), Fe (2.46 μg/mL), Zn (0.62 μg/ mL), Cu (0.69 μg/mL) and Mn (0.2 μg/mL). These results suggest that the seeds of <i>T.</i> <i>pedata</i> could be a good source of supplements to improve cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobials. The seeds could also be a source of proteins, fats, and minerals to alleviate malnutrition especially for children under 5 years. Furthermore, since these seeds are rich in oil, they could be used for production of soaps, paints and lubricants.

Spiral-wound organic solvent membrane modules for dewaxing solvent recovery

The petrochemical industry is typically energy-intensive, involving frequent and intricate separation processes. SINOPEC is a globally recognized lubricant manufacturer and distributor, with a substantial production capacity exceeding 1.7 million tonnes in 2022. The dewaxing solvent recovery process in lubricant production necessitates a multi-stage flash and distillation treatment, resulting in substantial energy consumption and high costs. Utilizing organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes offers a feasible alternative approach to address this issue. A series of thin film composite OSN membranes with varying molecule weight cut-offs were prepared through precise adjustment of the chemical composition and proportion of the organic co-monomers. The application potential of the optimized membranes in the lubricant dewaxing solvent recovery was evaluated using lubricant base oil derived from the actual production line, specifically light deasphalted oil and vacuum cut2. The membrane exhibited a rejection of 99.3 % for light deasphalted oil and 95.6 % for vacuum cut2, with corresponding fluxes of 16.8 and 13.4 LMH under 2 MPa, respectively. Based on this, spiral-wound membrane modules (1.8″ × 12″) were fabricated and their suitability for dewaxing solvent recovery was further validated. The fabrication of spiral-wound membrane modules (8″ × 40″) is in progress, with intentions to conduct a pilot plant trial on the lubricant oil manufacturing line.

РЕКУПЕРАЦИЯ НЕФТЕСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОТХОДОВ КАК ФАКТОР СНИЖЕНИЯ УГРОЗ ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ

The relevance of the study is predetermined by the unresolved problems of disposal of oil-containing waste in the Yaroslavl region. The purpose of the study was to analyze the system for preventing technospheric hazards caused by the formation of industrial waste and their negative impact on the environment. The object of the study was industrial waste, highly hazardous to the environment, characteristic of a number of enterprises in the region: acid tar. The subject of the study was the process of optimizing the composition of a bitumen binder based on acid tar in terms of the content of galvanic sludge, captax and sulfur for subsequent use in a modified form as a secondary oil-containing raw material for the production of bitumen emulsions, pastes, and lubricants. Such raw materials, technologically brought to a low-hazard level, can be successfully and effectively used in various production operations of construction, reconstruction, operation, and repair of facilities. The optimization process was carried out using statistical research methods using, during modeling, the obtained dependence of the withdrawal properties on the factors of a second-degree polynomial with two unknowns. Calculations were performed using an Excel spreadsheet package with built-in mathematical local calculation programs. The research results in the technological part have been patented and implemented in the practical activities of enterprises in the region. The value of scientific and practical developments lies in reducing the volume of formation and storage of hazardous oil-containing acid tar waste and, as a consequence, preventing and reducing the level of technospheric danger and potential man-made emergency situations.

Influence of biocides on the operational properties of lubricant compositions

O organization of the production of lubricants, the creation of motor oils for various brands of locomotive, stationary, industrial, large-load self-loading ship diesels used in Republic, researched of highly effective additives and additive packages, is possible with the development of new lubricant compositions. For this purpose, investigation of multifunctional additives and additive packages in base oils according to the latest requirements has the great importance. Additives included in additive compositions in optimal concentration meet the requirements for a number of quality indicators of oils. The component added to these compositions – the biocide – may have a negative effect on the mentioned operating properties. Therefore, the main physico-chemical and operating properties of new bio-sustainable lubricants should be checked and the options recommended for application should be scientifically and practically justified. It is known, that the basic operational properties of lubricating oils are their oxidation, corrosion, corrosion and washing properties. As a result of the research conducted in the field of creating bio-sustainable additive compositions for various purpose lubricants on the basis of multifunctional additives and additive packages, it was determined that using organic compounds of different composition (α-phenyl-β-nitroethene biocide in the amount of 0.25 %) as a biocide can increase their service life possible. The specified properties of bio-sustainable oil samples created by adding biocide are determined by the relevant GOST. Our goal is to study the effect of biocide added to the oil composition.

Chemical modification of waste cooking oil for the bio lubricant production through epoxidation process

Chemical modification of waste cooking oil for the bio lubricant production through epoxidation process

Lubricants

The article indicates that lubricating materials include lubricating oils and lubricants. The majority of lubricating materials are lubricating oils, of which only 8 % are lubricants. Lubricants are divided into solid, gaseous and grease (semisolid). Of the lubricants, greases are the most widely used. In the production of lubricants as a liquid base various mineral, vegetable and synthetic oils were used. Lubricants are preferred over oils. In some cases plastic lubricants can replace lubricating oils. Analysis of scientific, technical and patent literature showed the main directions in the development of lubricants. These include: widely used “Lithium” lubticants, nanosized particles and graphene as additives to lubricants, high-alkaline calcium lubricants, and others. Research and development work related to lubricants is also underway at the Institute of Chemistry of Additives after acad. A.M. Guliyev.

P07-02: Assessing the Utility of the Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection (GARDskin) Assay to Detect Dermal Sensitization Potential in UVCBs and Formulated Lubricant Products

P07-02: Assessing the Utility of the Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection (GARDskin) Assay to Detect Dermal Sensitization Potential in UVCBs and Formulated Lubricant Products

Comparative study of ultrasonic processor to blending kettle for production of lubricants

Due to the high cost of energy needed in traditional (blending kettle) lube oil blending/manufacturing for viscosity change and the need for specialised lubricants in batches of 1 to 10 tons, it has been found to be beneficial to use ultrasound method for lube oil blending and dispersion of additives and viscosity change. This removes the need for heating, using insulated vessels/blending kettles, as well as high powered agitators, thereby giving huge energy savings and reducing dramatically the carbon footprint. 3,000 litres of lube oil can be manufactured in one hour using a 1.5kw tubular ultrasonic processor without heating, agitation or moving parts unlike the traditional blending method otherwise called blending kettle with the same capacity which manufactures 3,000 litres in 7.5 hours with enormous amount of energy and heat involved. Furthermore, using the ultrasonic method eliminates production delays arising from heating and cooling and mixing high quality products hence aids continuous operation.

Temperature-Dependent Density and Viscosity Prediction for Hydrocarbons: Machine Learning and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Machine learning-based predictive models allow rapid and reliable prediction of material properties and facilitate innovative materials design. Base oils used in the formulation of lubricant products are complex hydrocarbons of varying sizes and structure. This study developed Gaussian process regression-based models to accurately predict the temperature-dependent density and dynamic viscosity of 305 complex hydrocarbons. In our approach, strongly correlated/collinear predictors were trimmed, important predictors were selected by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regularization and prior domain knowledge, hyperparameters were systematically optimized by Bayesian optimization, and the models were interpreted. The approach provided versatile and quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models with relatively simple predictors for determining the dynamic viscosity and density of complex hydrocarbons at any temperature. In addition, we developed molecular dynamics simulation-based descriptors and evaluated the feasibility and versatility of dynamic descriptors from simulations for predicting the material properties. It was found that the models developed using a comparably smaller pool of dynamic descriptors performed similarly in predicting density and viscosity to models based on many more static descriptors. The best models were shown to predict density and dynamic viscosity with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 99.6% and 97.7%, respectively, for all data sets, including a test data set of 45 molecules. Finally, partial dependency plots (PDPs), individual conditional expectation (ICE) plots, local interpretable model-agnostic explanation (LIME) values, and trimmed model R2 values were used to identify the most important static and dynamic predictors of the density and viscosity.

MMP Net: A feedforward neural network model with sequential inputs for representing continuous multistage manufacturing processes without intermediate outputs

Machine learning models that are used for the prediction and control of production can improve quality and yield. However, developing models that are highly accurate and reflective of real-world processes is challenging. We propose a feedforward neural network model specifically designed for continuous Multistage Manufacturing Processes (MMPs) without intermediate outputs. This model, which is termed “MMP Net,” can accurately represent the control mechanism of continuous MMPs. Whereas existing studies on learning MMPs assume an intermediate output data, the MMP Net does not require such an unrealistic assumption. We use the MMP Net to develop prediction models for the lubricant base oil production process of a world-leading lubricant manufacturer. Evaluation results show that the MMP Net is superior to other deep neural network and machine learning models. Consequently, the MMP Net was actually implemented in a real factory in 2022 and is expected to save 900,000 dollars per year for each production line. We believe that our work can serve as a basis to develop customized machine learning solutions for improving continuous MMPs.

Evaluation of optimal time blending process on medripal 412 And Prima XP SAE 20W – 50 samples with homogenity test

Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 is a multigrade lubricant used for gasoline and Medripal 412 engine lubricants used for marine industry engines which are non-carcinogenic and environmentally friendly. The main factor in testing lubricants is the Blending process, which is the process of mixing base oil with additives. In the blending process, an inhomogeneous lubricant was found which caused the lubricant test not to comply with specifications. This experiment aims to determine the optimal time of the blending process with the KAN homogeneity test method. Homogeneity testing can be seen from the viscosity value of the lubricant. So the optimum time for the blending process is needed for the continuity of the production process of this lubricant. Medripal 412 products have an optimum blending time of 30 minutes with a viscosity value at 100 C ranging from 14.79 mm2 / s based on the SNI 7069.1 Th. 2012, the product specification value of Medripal 412 is 12.5 - <16.3 mm2 / s and the Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 product has an optimum blending time of 45 minutes with a viscosity value at 100oC of 20.28 mm2 / s based on the SNI 7069.1 Th. 2012, the value of the Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 product specification is 5.6 - <21.9 mm2 / s. This shows that the lubricant is by the standard quality standards set by the company and the government so that the lubricant product is still suitable for use.