LTE Networks Research Articles

Energy Efficiency Enhancement in LTE-A Network Using SP-ZF with Channel Estimation and Power Allocation Algorithm

Energy Efficiency Enhancement in LTE-A Network Using SP-ZF with Channel Estimation and Power Allocation Algorithm

Development of SDR-based Network Positioning Technology. LTE Reference Signals Reception and Processing Procedures

Introduction. The search for technical solutions to improve the positioning accuracy of devices using the infrastructure of base stations of existing and planned cellular radio networks is an important area of research and development in the last decade. Interest in network positioning is due to the unreliable reception of signals from global navigation satellite systems in dense urban areas. The instrument for experimental approbation of technical solutions is the software and hardware of the SDR software defined radio technology. This work is a continuation of the research on the use of SDR technology for network positioning tasks in terms of issues related to the reception and processing of reference signals of the LTE standard. Materials and methods. The paper presents an experimentally tested sequence of procedures for receiving and processing LTE reference signals in order to collect primary differential-range measurements for software implementation on a mock-up of a user device built using SDR software defined radio technology. Results. The software implementation of the presented procedures underlies the SDR layout of the user device for receiving and processing reference signals of the LTE standard. Discussion and conclusions. Approbation of the operation of the SDR testbed of the user device in laboratory conditions with SDR testbeds of base stations, as well as in the field with base stations of functioning LTE networks, makes it possible to search for technical solutions to improve the accuracy of positioning.

LSTM-based throughput prediction for LTE networks

Throughput prediction is crucial for reducing latency in time-critical services. We study the attention-based LSTM model for predicting future throughput. First, we collected the TCP logs and throughputs in LTE networks and transformed them using CUBIC and BBR trace log data. Then, we use the sliding window method to create input data for the prediction model. Finally, we trained the LSTM model with an attention mechanism. In the experiment, the proposed method shows lower normalized RMSEs than the other method.

Watching your call: Breaking VoLTE Privacy in LTE/5G Networks

Voice over LTE (VoLTE) and Voice over NR (VoNR), are two similar technologies that have been widely deployed by operators to provide a better calling experience in LTE and 5G networks, respectively. The VoLTE/NR protocols rely on the security features of the underlying LTE/5G network to protect users' privacy such that nobody can monitor calls and learn details about call times, duration, and direction. In this paper, we introduce a new privacy attack which enables adversaries to analyse encrypted LTE/5G traffic and recover any VoLTE/NR call details. We achieve this by implementing a novel mobile-relay adversary which is able to remain undetected by using an improved physical layer parameter guessing procedure. This adversary facilitates the recovery of encrypted configuration messages exchanged between victim devices and the mobile network. We further propose an identity mapping method which enables our mobile-relay adversary to link a victim's network identifiers to the phone number efficiently, requiring a single VoLTE protocol message. We evaluate the real-world performance of our attacks using four modern commercial off-the-shelf phones and two representative, commercial network carriers. We collect over 60 hours of traffic between the phones and the mobile networks and execute 160 VoLTE calls, which we use to successfully identify patterns in the physical layer parameter allocation and in VoLTE traffic, respectively. Our real-world experiments show that our mobile-relay works as expected in all test cases, and the VoLTE activity logs recovered describe the actual communication with 100% accuracy. Finally, we show that we can link network identifiers such as International Mobile Subscriber Identities (IMSI), Subscriber Concealed Identifiers (SUCI) and/or Globally Unique Temporary Identifiers (GUTI) to phone numbers while remaining undetected by the victim.

Short-Term Multivariate KPI Forecasting in Rural Fixed Wireless LTE Networks

Time series forecasting has gained significant traction in LTE networks as a way to enable dynamic resource allocation, upgrade planning, and anomaly detection. This letter investigates short-term key performance indicator (KPI) forecasting for rural fixed wireless LTE networks. We show that rural fixed wireless LTE KPIs have shorter temporal dependencies compared to urban mobile networks. Second, we identify that the inclusion of environmental exogenous features yields minimal accuracy improvements. Finally, we find that sequence-to-sequence-based (Seq2Seq) models outperform simpler recurrent neural network (RNN) models, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU), and random forest (RF).

Predictive Quality of Service in Cellular Networks: Challenges, Framework, and Application in Vehicular Communications

Predictive quality of service will allow next-generation cellular networks to improve the management of the existing services and support more demanding use cases. In this article, we discuss the main challenges on the way to practical realizations of predictive quality of service, from fundamental considerations related to prediction horizons and handling uncertainty to practical aspects on data collection and implications of the architectural choice. We also present a general methodology for predictive quality of service that addresses some of the main challenges and may be used to realize predictive quality of service at scale. As a case study, we apply the framework to a vehicular communications setting using a data-set acquired from a deployed private LTE network.

5G Standalone Deployments Are on the Rise [Mobile Radio

One of the key decisions facing mobile operators worldwide is whether to launch 5G services in nonstandalone or standalone (SA) mode. The key difference is that the former relies upon existing 4G LTE network assets, such as an LTE evolved packet core, while the latter requires the deployment of a 5G core. Besides enabling new features, such as network slicing, 5G SA provides the full range of 5G capabilities in both public and private network deployment. This choice is not simply a matter of the availability of technology but also of spectrum, and we focus on the latter in the first reports of this “Mobile Radio” column.

Long Term Evolution Network Planning Using The Backhaul Microwave Link in The Village Wangunharja Lembang District

Wangunharja village has an area of 832 ha and a population of 8256. In this village, 4G LTE network coverage still does not reach the entire region. Therefore, LTE network planning is needed to expand coverage in the area. This study was carried out by analyzing and planning LTE networks use microwave backhaul in Wangunharja Village. The first step is to check the quality of the signal along the main line of the village. Then, plan for capacity and LTE network coverage to determine the number of sites needed. Next, microwave backhaul planning is carried out with work frequency based on the distance of the backhaul link. Based on the LTE network planning the calculations show that two sites are required to cover the Wangunharja Village area. Furthermore, planning simulations are carried out using simulation software, and the values of the three parameters measured have met the operator's KPI standards. With a microwave link distance of 2.87 km, the operating frequency of the microwave antenna operates at 11 GHz.The results of microwave link calculations and simulations for the value of the received power level are -18.95 dBm, with a gain antenna of 45.8 dBi obtained fading margin of 49.04 dBm so that the availability value or level of availability in one year is 99.999%.

Analysis on The Effect of Channel Bandwidth Occupying in LTE Frequency Band on Throughput

The maximum channel capacity of a 4G LTE network will be directly correlated to the channel bandwidth that occupies a certain radio frequency on that network. The number of Resource Blocks (RB), subcarriers, and Resource Elements (RE) as channel resources available to serve users concurrently will depend on the bandwidth channel sizes. Mobile service providers in Indonesia provide scalable channel bandwidth LTE 4G networks on a variety of frequency bands, including adjacent and non-adjacent bands. In this study, it was examined how to channel bandwidth, which changes at 10MHz, 15MHz, and 20MHz, affects throughput to give user equipment the best possible performance (UE). This study makes use of actual measurement data from installed and active eNodeB or cells obtained via the drive test approach. According to the test, each channel's maximum throughput varies, however, there is no linear relationship found between channel bandwidth expansion and throughput. The 20MHz channel bandwidth, which is located in the 2300MHz frequency band, has a maximum throughput value of 64666.80 kbps.

Accurate Base Station Placement in 4G LTE Networks Using Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm Optimization

Cellular mobile communication network planning and optimization involve a complex engineering process that deals with network fundamentals, radio resource elements, and critical decision variables. The continuous evolution of radio access technologies provides new challenges that necessitate efficient radio planning and optimization. Therefore, the planning and optimization algorithms should be highly efficient, advanced, and robust. An important component of 4G LTE network planning is the proper placement of evolved node base stations (eNodeBs) and the configuration of their antenna elements. This contribution proposes a multiobjective genetic algorithm that integrates network coverage, capacity, and power consumption for optimal eNodeB placement in an operational 4G LTE network. The multi-objective-based genetic algorithm optimization has been achieved using the optimization toolbox in MATLAB. By leveraging the proposed method, the effect of different population sizes on the cost of placing the eNodeBs and the percentage coverage of the eNodeBs in a given cell is determined. As a result, the optimal selection technique that minimizes the total network cost without compromising the desired coverage and capacity benchmarks is achieved. The proposed automatic eNodeB antenna placement method can be explored to optimize 4G LTE cellular network planning in related wireless propagation environments.

Comparative Study of QoS on Video Meeting Tool Application in 4G LTE Network using Wireshark

Video meeting is a broadband internet-based service for long-distance communication, both visual and audio, in one room or in different rooms at the same time. Network testing using wireshark software connects to the Telkomsel operator's 4G LTE network. QoS parameters can display network quality such as throughput, packet loss, delay and jitter. The research experiment test used two conditions with different variables in the five types of video meeting tools being compared; zoho meeting, cisco webex meeting, google meet, zoom meeting and microsoft teams. First-condition uses random variables that do not consider the value of the number of participants and camera & microphone conditions to each client. Second-condition uses a fixed variable that the number of each client is 5 participants for each application (camera & microphone is on). The first-condition results showed that only Zoom Meeting which had a QoS value classified as Poor (index 1), especially the jitter value, compared to other applications. This application has an average jitter of 151,871 ms, that compared to TIPHON standard of 125 ms to 255 ms. The second-condition obtained Very Good QoS on throughput, packet loss and delay variables in all applications. Their variable jitter in each application is Zoho Meeting (0.101 ms), Cisco Webex meeting (0.074 ms), Google Meet (0.179 ms), Zoom meeting (0.021 ms), and Microsoft Teams (0.015 ms) which only in the standard 0 ms to/ d 75 ms. However, all applications according to the TIPHON standards are still in the Good category (index 3). The overall index average of all applications shows Good QoS.Keywords: video meeting, wireshark, quality of service, 4G LTE.

Design and Build 4G Open Radio Access Network at SmartLab Politeknik Negeri Jakarta

The transition of RAN (Radio Access Network) development from the conventional model to Open RAN is motivated by the fact that Open RAN presents new services by reducing CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) and has the ability to integrate all cellular technologies in one server. One of cellular technology that can be developed using Open RAN is 4G LTE networks. The 4G LTE network produces internet with high data rate and low latency system. Various use case implementations can be carried out, for example to support learning on campus. In this study, the development of Open RAN 4G is implemented as a use case to build the Jakarta State Polytechnic SmartLab which produces its own cellular network. The importance of this research is to be able to ascertain the performance of the Open RAN 4G network using a Centralized RAN scenario. The method used in this research consists of knowing the problem, determining the tools used, determining the implementation scenario, configuring, and testing network performance. Parameters measured to test network performance are uplink downlink speed, RSRP value, and SINR value. Based on the scenarios that have been executed, the results show that the Open RAN 4G network has a maximum downlink speed performance of 13.6 Mbps, a maximum uplink speed of 7.22 Mbps, a maximum SINR of 22 dB, an RSRP of -200 dBm, and a maximum range that can be reached is 5 meters.

Quality of Service (QoS) by Utility Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in LTE Network

Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informujące swoich czytelników o najnowszych osiągnięciach naukowych i nowoczesnych rozwiązaniach technicznych w Polsce i na świecie, popularyzuje problemy techniczne oraz poszerza wiedzę i kulturę techniczną.

Dynamic LB mechanism using chimp optimisation algorithm in LTE networks

Dynamic LB mechanism using chimp optimisation algorithm in LTE networks

Dynamic LB Mechanism using Chimp Optimization Algorithm in LTE Networks

Dynamic LB Mechanism using Chimp Optimization Algorithm in LTE Networks

Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Rural Fixed Wireless LTE Networks

Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Rural Fixed Wireless LTE Networks

Energy-Efficiency for 5G Networks with MIMO System

As the global telecommunications industry advances towards the deployment of 5G networks, the imperative of energy efficiency becomes paramount for sustainable and economical operation. This paper delves into the pivotal role of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology as a key enabler for 5G networks. MIMO, characterized by an abundance of antennas at base stations, holds the promise of substantial gains in both spectral and energy efficiency compared to current LTE networks. The focus of this paper is to review and elucidate techniques aimed at further enhancing the energy efficiency gains provided by MIMO systems. The discussion encompasses an overview of MIMO technology, emphasizing the necessity for realistic power consumption models tailored to these systems. Additionally, the paper critically evaluates existing energy-efficiency maximization techniques for MIMO systems, identifying current limitations in the state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, the exploration extends to the realm of "hybrid" MIMO systems, investigating their collaboration with other emerging 5G technologies such as millimetre-wave and heterogeneous networks. While the coexistence of these technologies presents new opportunities for energy efficiency, it also introduces intricate design constraints. A thorough analysis of the current state-of-the-art energy-efficiency maximization for hybrid MIMO systems reveals critical research gaps, the addressing of which holds immense potential for aiding network operators in planning and deploying energy-efficient 5G networks. This paper contributes to the discourse on sustainable 5G evolution, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities in achieving enhanced energy efficiency through the strategic integration of MIMO technology.

Application of 5G network slicing technology

In the context of the 5G communication architecture, wireless sensing networks are taken into consideration to guarantee the transmission efficiency of the detected data transmitted by the system. Environmental sensors come in a wide variety of forms. Wireless sensing networks are frequently constrained by the issue of inadequate network bandwidth and can comprise a wide range of sensing device types as well as data pertaining to picture or pattern transmission, among other things. The issue of constrained network bandwidth can be resolved by utilizing 5G communications for data delivery. In addition to using 5G transmission, the NB-IoT approach is far more efficient in the context of a 5G network than it was in the initial LTE network. As a result, great transmission efficiency and data integrity are benefits of employing 5G for data transfer. In this study, the suggested method employs MATLAB software to simulate the creation of 5G signals under different parameter settings representing a range of scenarios, in addition to analyzing the evolution of 5G technology. The 5G network architecture is currently being developed globally. The study's transmission speed test data indicates that 5G has a higher transmission efficiency than previous generations.

Phased Array System Toolbox Pack Overview for New Course «5G Smart Antennas Technologies»

In the field of smart antenna technologies, approaches based on simulation modeling in special Matlab software, including the Phased Array System Toolbox extension package, deserve special attention. This package provides the implementation of algorithms and methods for modeling antenna arrays (AA) and beamforming (BF) systems in various applications, including radio communication, radar and radio navigation systems. Using the capabilities of this extension package, you can analyze the performance of active and passive AAs of various geometric configurations, including complex AAs formed from composite arrays of elements. The simulation models built with this expansion package allow the formation and processing of signals using models and methods of beamforming, when working on transmission and reception. For LTE and 5G NR mobile networks, satellite systems and WLANs, the PAST extension package allows modeling multipath AAs, including those operating in the adaptive BF mode. The extension package includes models of digital and hybrid BF algorithms that operate as part of massive MIMO spatial signal processing systems in the mmWave. Simulation capabilities in the extension package include, but are not limited to, reproducing fading conditions in a multipath radio channel and evaluating their impact on communication systems with an AP; algorithms and methods for determining signal direction of arrival (DOA). In this paper, we review the coordinate systems used in the PAST extension package. Subject of study. The article is devoted to an overview of the PAST extension package for use in the new 5G Smart Antenna Technologies training course. Method. The study of the possibilities of the PAST extension package is carried out by the simulation. Main results. The result of this work is an overview of the coordinate systems in basic software tools of the PAST extension package for use in the new course "5G Smart Antenna Technologies". Practical significance. This review introduces the capabilities of the PAST extension package and is the foundation of methodological support in the implementation of algorithms and methods for modeling antenna arrays and beamforming systems within the framework of the new training course “5G Smart Antenna Technologies”.

SOFT FREQUENCY REUSE FOR MILIGATION OF INTERCELLULER INTEREFERENCE

Background. The appearance of femtocells in LTE networks has provided indoor coverage and overcome large data flows for operators. However, strong interference occurs in neighbouring femtocell users due to the limited available spectrum in cellular networks that transmit data in the same radio range. In densely deployed environments, interference issues in single-channel femtocells cause significant performance degradation. In this study, we mitigate inter-cell interference in femtocell networks by combining femtocells as a result of common interference and soft frequency reuse in downlink and uplink by moving and exchanging interfering physical blocks.
 Objective. The purpose of the paper is to improve the efficiency of ensuring the quality of services in wireless networks by reducing any interference due to the distribution of traffic, which is able to provide uninterrupted connection to the user.
 Methods. Enabling conditions for inter-cell interference mitigation in LTE-based femtocell networks with soft frequency reuse.
 Results. Interference is a key issue in the deployment of LTE femtocells. Closely located femtocells interfere with each other if they transmit on the same frequency. Therefore, crossing femtocells and enabling them to allocate resources and reuse soft frequencies effectively reduces interference and prevents the loss of network resources. The scheme is triggered whenever the user's femto equipment experiences strong interference from neighbouring femtocells. By assigning a separate set of physical resource blocks to users at the edge of the cell, our scheme significantly reduces interference, which automatically increases cell throughput. The simulation results show the advantages of applying our scheme, in particular, the interference of the user's femto-equipment is reduced by 14% and the throughput is improved by 25%. That is, we observe a significant improvement in the performance of femtocells.
 Conclusions. A femtocell crossing scheme with soft frequency reuse is presented to reduce interference between femtocells of LTE networks, which allows effectively ensuring the quality of service transmission in wireless networks by reducing interference and increasing performance through traffic distribution.