LPG Gas Research Articles

Implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Air Quality Monitoring System for Enhancing Indoor Environments

This research investigates the development and implementation of an IoT-based air quality monitoring system designed to improve indoor environmental conditions. The primary objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive system that continuously monitors air quality parameters, including smoke, LPG gas, carbon monoxide (CO), temperature, and humidity. The system integrates real-time data collection from various sensors, which is then processed and transmitted to a cloud platform for secure storage and detailed analysis. The user-friendly interface of the software allows for intuitive monitoring and reporting, while built-in notification and alert features ensure timely responses to significant air quality changes. Testing results demonstrate that the system operates with high reliability, providing accurate data and stable performance. The findings confirm that the system effectively addresses indoor air quality concerns and offers valuable insights for maintaining a healthy and safe environment. This research contributes to the field by showcasing a practical application of IoT technology in environmental monitoring.

Performance and emission characteristics of domestic LPG gas burners with hydrogen integration

Abstract Domestic gas burners are a significant source of indoor air pollution and contribute substantially to household energy consumption. While transitioning to carbon-free fuels, such as hydrogen, presents considerable safety challenges, blending hydrogen with conventional fuels can improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. However, factors like the differences in the Wobbe index, loading height, power input, and fuel blending complicate understanding the aerated burner performance. This is particularly relevant for large establishments like restaurants and canteens, where hydrogen blending can have a notable impact. This study evaluates four burner designs—commercial (A), straight holes (B), slots (C), and swirl (D)—across thermal inputs (0.8–1.6 kW), with a focus on the swirl burner using hydrogen blends (0%, 34%, and 52% by volume) and varying loading heights (5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm). Straight hole (B) and swirl (D) burners were 3D-printed using stainless steel metal powder, while the slot (C) burner was machined. Key performance metrics such as flame behavior, thermal efficiency, pressure drop, and CO emissions were analyzed. Improving primary aeration by reducing flow resistance and enhancing secondary aeration through swirl action resulted in better flame-load interaction and minimized heat loss. The slot burner (C) achieved a thermal efficiency of 63.5%, while the swirl burner (D) reached 65% efficiency at a 10 mm height. The swirl burner maintained high efficiency with up to 52% hydrogen by volume across a wide range of operational conditions, with some exceptions. Additionally, the use of hydrogen eliminated soot emissions. Optimal performance occurred at a 10 mm loading height, with stable efficiency and lower emissions across various power inputs and hydrogen blends. The complex interactions between primary aeration, secondary mixing, and flame-load dynamics during hydrogen blending require thorough evaluation before incorporating hydrogen into aerated LPG burners.

Design and Development of LPG Monitoring and Leakage Detection System

This study focuses the design and developed of an LPG Monitoring and Leakage Detection System, with the goal of enhancing safety in areas where LPG is utilized by identifying gas leaks and monitoring gas levels in real time. The project employs an Arduino-based sensor system to automate the detection of gas leaks, emphasizing functionality, durability, and safety. The proposed system is assessed for its effectiveness in providing early warnings to avert potential accidents, fires, or health hazards linked to LPG leaks. The system was tested by 30 participants who regularly used LPG for cooking and possessed basic electronics knowledge, enabling them to evaluate the project's materials, functionality, and operation. The results indicated that the system is highly effective in detecting LPG and other combustible gases, which can pose significant safety risks. The device includes a display that indicates the amount of gas detected and the concentration percentage, offering real-time data on gas levels. In the event of a gas leak, the system activates a buzzer to alert users immediately, thereby minimizing the risk of accidents

Analisis Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Penjualan dan Pengendalian Internal pada PT Dwi Ola

The sales accounting information system and internal control are crucial components in ensuring the operational effectiveness and accuracy of financial statements in the company. This study focuses on PT Dwi Ola, which relies on LPG gas sales, to analyze the implementation of cash and credit sales accounting information systems as well as existing internal controls. The results of the study show that although the accounting information system at PT Dwi Ola already includes transaction recording and sales reports, there are still weaknesses in system integration that result in inconsistencies between physical stock and system records. In addition, internal controls are not optimal, with a lack of separation of duties and a robust authorization system, potentially increasing the risk of fraud. This study recommends the importance of separation of functions, improvement of internal control systems, and increased supervision to improve efficiency and accuracy in the sales process and recording of transactions in the company.

Construction of Biogas Digester and Produce Biogas from Cow Dung and Chicken Droppings as an Alternative Source of Heat to the Existing LPG Gas

The study analyzed the compositions of cow dung and chicken droppings, revealing that cow dung has a higher proximate composition, containing more organic waste, leading to increased biogas output. Anaerobes break down raw materials through hydrolysis, acidification, and methanization processes. The densities of both materials were found to be different, with cow dung having a larger density than chicken droppings. This results in varying chances of becoming soluble in the digester's contents during fermentation periods. The calorific values of the two raw materials were 7.8 mj/kg for cow dung and 7.9 mj/kg for goat dung. Both materials have a high rate of biogas production and a decent calorific value. The pH values of the slurry for cow dung and chicken droppings were 7.8 and 7.9, respectively. For fermentation and regular gas generation, a pH of 7 to 8.5 is ideal. The modest pH variations between the two substrates might be explained by the type of organic feeds given to animals as ruminants. Gas production was usually started from the 5th day. The pH of the slurry was adjusted to the required value (5-8) by adding 1 N sodium bicarbonate solution. The daily production over 30 days' retention period for the slurry with different pH levels showed that biogas gas production was higher during initial days and decreasing gradually as the day passed. The maximum gas yield was obtained for pH 7 on the 16th day and 8th and 19th in 10 and 20% of cow dung and chicken droppings, followed by 33, 22, and 33, 38 ml for pH 5 on the 25th, 23rd, and 16th, 13th days in 10 and 20% of cow dung and chicken droppings, and 14, 22, and 15, 26.1 cm3 for pH 8 on the 20th, 23rd, and 11th, 18th days in 10 and 20% of cow dung and chicken droppings, respectively

SIMULATION OF TRACTOR ENGINE OPERATION IN GAS-DIESEL MODE

In modern conditions of fuel use in agriculture, it is necessary to diversify sources and use alternatives to the traditional use of petroleum products. However, there is a pressing issue that is actively being studied regarding the change in power when using a dual-fuel engine power supply system, since there is data on a slight decrease in this indicator, it was also established that the main parameters are preserved, the duty cycle and a significant increase in engine life. The purpose of the study is to simulate the main parameters of the engine in gas-diesel mode. A mathematical model of the duty cycle of the PowerTech 6068HF250 gas-diesel engine of the John Deere 7930 tractor has been created, which makes it possible to establish the operational and technological parameters of its operation. To determine the operating and technological parameters of the tractor engine in gas-diesel mode, for example, determining the LPG gas consumption and the ignition dose of liquid fuel and setting other control points, the thermal calculation of the engine according to the Grynivetsky -Mazing method using the Mathcad environment is informative and relevant. The obtained data were purposefully processed in the Microsoft Excel environment. This method allows to significantly improve the analysis of the operation of diesel engines in gas-diesel mode. When using the mathematical model of the operation of the PowerTech 6068HF250 diesel engine in the Mathcad 14 environment, it was found that the nominal power in the diesel cycle was 3.13% less than the declared engine power by the manufacturer. The obtained data allow us to state the conformity of the model we built. During the next simulation of the engine operation in the gas-diesel cycle, an increase in engine power was detected. An increase in engine power when using a mixture of fuels was also noted. This makes it possible to reduce the dose of consumed gas (LPG) fuel to such an amount that the power was equal to the nominal, which can be observed in the diagrams.

Gas Level Detection and Automatic Gas Booking System

In general, LPG gas is used in our homes most of the time, and using it has become a basic need for everyone. It is dangerous to breathe in areas where there is a chance of losing our lives because gas leaks have been observed in the past and continue to this day, causing multiple accidents. If the gas leak's level rises, it may explode. Gas leaks must be found and prevented, if necessary, in order to prevent such losses. The only way to detect gas leaks is to continuously monitor the atmosphere, which is only possible artificially. How In an effort to reduce the conditions that lead to gas leaks, our It's also critical to keep an eye on the pressure inside the large gas containers holding dangerous gasses to prevent them from bursting and causing an unexpected gas leak. The system is an Internet of Things application running in the cloud that processes sensor data and makes appropriate decisions. This problem has a number of suggested remedies, but none of them have shown to be effective. The goal of this IOT project is to detect leaks and notify individuals, hence reducing the number of gas leak events. The gas sensor MQ2 finds the gas leak coming from the cylinder. The MQ-2 can detect alcohol, smoke, propane, H2, LPG, CH4, and CO. It is connected to the Node MCU (ESP8266), which is configured to deliver the message straight to the user's smartphone via the cloud. For short work suggests a system for detecting leaks in buildings and homes

Thermal Efficiency of Water Tube Boiler Reviewed from the Effect of Air Fuel Ratio and Water Level Control on Superheated Steam Production

The Cross Section Double Drum Water Tube Boiler is a closed vessel designed to produce steam. This boiler has two main components: the combustion chamber, which serves as the place for fuel combustion, and the steam drum, where the phase change occurs, turning water into steam. The Cross Section Double Drum Water Tube is characterized by tubes arranged transversely to the drum with a 65° incline, aiming to expand the heat transfer area. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the air-to-fuel ratio (17, 19, 21, 23, 25) and water level (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%) on thermal efficiency. The fuel used in this study is LPG gas. From the results obtained, the optimal air-to-fuel ratio was found to be 23 with a water level of 50%, achieving a thermal efficiency of 72.39% at a temperature of 205°C and a pressure of 9.3 bar. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that the air-to-fuel ratio and water level significantly affect the boiler's efficiency.

Comparative analysis of methods of hydrogen transportation by sea transport based on the criterion of specific loading capacity

The paper examines vessel designs and existing vessels for the transportation of hydrogen in its various aggregate states and chemically bound forms. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal method of transporting hydrogen by sea in terms of specific carrying capacity. The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between the size of the transported commercial batch of hydrogen (taking into account its form) and the technical and operational characteristics of the vessel for its transportation in relation to each of the possible methods of storing hydrogen on board. The approach used made it possible to determine the optimal options in terms of specific carrying capacity for the marine transportation of hydrogen on ships with a displacement of 25…80 thousand tons. It was determined that LPG gas carriers and chemical tankers for transporting ammonia and methanol, respectively, are optimal in terms of specific carrying capacity in the displacement range under consideration. Conceptual designs of vessels for transporting hydrogen in “pure” form (compressed or liquefied) have shown insignificant results. An intermediate position is occupied by the method of transporting hydrogen using liquid organic carriers.

Recovery of solid waste as refuse derived fuel (RDF) to develop urban waste management through community empowerment

Abstract Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is a solid waste processing technology that converts waste into fuel using its calorific value. Solid waste can be processed into RDF as briquettes in a smaller-scale society. Kalisalak Village, located in Batang District, Batang Regency, has the potential to utilize dry leaf waste into bio briquettes as a substitute for LPG gas for cooking. More than 80% of the Batang Regency area is agricultural land, so there is a lot of organic solid waste, especially dry leaves. This study aims to develop the potential of RDF as an alternative waste processing method to produce high-value products through community empowerment. The activity stages consist of field surveys, product prototype making, outreach and training for the community, and monitoring. The RDF process adopts a thermal method in processing waste due to its efficiency in recovering waste into renewable energy in a relatively short time. Dried leaf waste will go through a bio-drying process to reduce the water content by increasing its calorific value, thus producing waste with a lower water content. The bio-drying process is carried out using simple tools easily obtained by the local community. The resulting RDF bio briquette product can be sold and used as charcoal fuel.

EVALUATING THE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM AT LAMPUNG CITY MALL USING FAULT TREE ANALYSIS

This study evaluates the fire incident that occurred in the kitchenware storage area on the ground floor of Lampung City Mall, caused by an LPG gas cylinder. The studys objective is to identify the root causes of the fire, assess the adequacy of active fire protection systems, compare them to the applicable regulations and standards, and evaluate the communication hazard in Lampung City Mall. Recommendations for improving safety communication are provided. The findings indicate that the active fire protection system meets 88% of the required standards, which falls under the GOOD category, meaning all elements are functioning properly and in accordance with regulations. As for evacuation safety, the system meets 85% of the requirements, which also falls under the GOOD category. However, the study concludes that there are still several fire safety symbols that urge to be added in order to improve the safety communication at Lampung City Mall.

Optimization of Transportation Distribution Costs Using Improved Vogel's Approximation Method (IVAM) (Case Study: PT. Sinar Putra Pertam)

Distribution is the process of distributing goods from source to destination. The main problem with distribution is the inefficiencies in distribution costs. The distribution problem can be solved by transportation methods. The transportation method is carried out in two stages, namely finding the initial solution then looking for the optimal solution. This study uses Improved Vogel's Approximation Method (IVAM) initial solution method and Modified Distribution Method (MODI) as the optimal solution method in distributing 3 Kg LPG gas PT. Sinar Putra Pertam. This study aims to find out how IVAM and MODI work in getting optimal solutions, and compare the results of these calculations with the calculation of 3 Kg LPG gas distribution costs from the company. In this study, there were 2 sources of LPG gas filling which were distributed using a fleet of colt trucks to 15 destinations. The distribution cost is calculated based on fleet fuel consumption. The results of the initial solution calculation show IVAM requires three iterations to get a solution. While the calculation results of the MODI optimization test require one iteration to achieve the optimal solution. The distribution cost using IVAM and MODI is the same amounting to IDR 6,816,230.00 so that it is smaller than the conventional calculation results from the company, which is IDR 9,307,000.00. Based on these results, the transportation method used in this study can save 26.76% of the total distribution cost.

Problems of functioning Polish LPG gas market in the context of the ongoing aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine

Rynek LPG w Polsce jest jednym z największych w Unii Europejskiej. Jest to również najbardziej rozwijający się rynek paliw płynnych w kraju, co jest efektem zarówno atrakcyjnych cen tego paliwa dla odbiorców detalicznych, jak i rosnącej bazy zastosowań tego surowca w innych dziedzinach gospodarki. Bezpieczeństwo dostaw LPG na polski rynek zostało jednak zmienione przez agresję Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę, która rozpoczęła się w lutym 2022 r. Artykuł przygląda się temu problemowi, próbując ocenić, czy działania podejmowane przez rząd w tym zakresie wystarczająco zabezpieczyły polski rynek LPG przed ewentualnym wstrzymaniem importu LPG z Federacji Rosyjskiej. Główną hipotezą pracy w tej sprawie jest twierdzenie, że działania polskich władz w tym zakresie od marca 2022 r. do października 2023 r. pozostają niewystarczające, co w przypadku nagłego wstrzymania handlu tym surowcem pochodzącym z Federacji Rosyjskiej może skutkować znacznym zaburzeniem rynku ze szkodą dla gospodarki i konsumentów. Artykuł składa się z trzech części. Pierwsza z nich informuje o rozwoju rynku LPG w Polsce przed 24 lutego 2022 r. Druga część artykułu charakteryzuje podejście polskich władz do dywersyfikacji kierunków dostaw tego paliwa w okresie luty 2022 r. – październik 2023 r. Trzecia część odnosi się do możliwego scenariusza ograniczenia dostaw tego paliwa z Federacji Rosyjskiej w wyniku objęcia go sankcjami UE lub jednostronnej decyzji Kremla w tej sprawie. W tym przypadku analizy teoretyczne i praktyczne oparte na literaturze, oficjalnych komunikatach rządowych, danych statystycznych i doniesieniach medialnych były pomocne w uzyskaniu odpowiedzi na pytanie postawione w tytule pracy o bezpiecznym funkcjonowaniu polskiego rynku gazu płynnego (LPG).

Pengawasan Pendistribusian Gas Lpg 3 Kg Oleh Dinas Perdagangan, Koperasi, Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kota Padang Panjang

Lack of supervision carried out by the Padang Panjang City SME Cooperative Trade Service has resulted in several distribution problems such as the scarcity of 3 kg LPG gas, the selling price of 3 kg LPG gas exceeding the HET and the existence of bases that sell 3 kg LPG gas outside the Padang City area. Long. This research aims to find out what causes the scarcity of 3 kg LPG gas in Padang Panjang City, to analyze how supervision has been carried out by the SME Cooperative Trade Service and what are the inhibiting factors in the implementation of supervision using the supervision theory according to Maskan This research uses descriptive qualitative research with data collection methods used, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this research indicate that the supervision of the distribution of 3 kg LPG gas carried out by the SME Cooperative Trade Service has not been carried out well and the factors causing the scarcity of 3 kg LPG gas in Padang Panjang City are the lack of 3 kg LPG gas quota, and the presence of unscrupulous bases who sell the gas out. Padang Panjang City area. The main inhibiting factor in this supervision is the lack of human resources in the Padang Panjang City SME Cooperative Service.

Design and Optimization of LPG Safety Cap using Finite Element Method

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and optimization of LPG safety caps, aimed at enhancing safety, reducing material consumption, and optimizing performance. The project employs SolidWorks simulation tools to conduct research and concept design phases. The primary objective is to ensure product safety while minimizing costs through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The final product undergoes rigorous evaluation for performance and consumer safety. Three main goals guide this investigation: to scrutinize existing LPG safety cap designs, minimize material usage, and simulate the optimal design for enhanced safety. Analysis of the current design reveals vulnerabilities, including theft of LPG gas from sealed cylinders and escalating HDPE prices. Proposed designs simplify the current model and economize material consumption, successfully addressing the second objective. Through simulation, an optimal design (Design 8) emerges with superior characteristics compared to the existing model. Design 8 demonstrates a reduced total weight, higher safety factor, and lower maximum von Mises stress value. Notably, it exhibits enhanced safety and resilience, mitigating failure risks under stress conditions. The findings highlight the potential for creating stronger and safer designs while minimizing material requirements. In conclusion, Design 8 emerges as a superior alternative to the current design, boasting advantages in weight reduction, stress tolerance, safety factor, and optimization potential. This study underscores the significance of utilizing advanced computational methods to refine engineering designs for improved safety and efficiency in LPG safety caps.

Fabrication of modified Sb2O3 nanospheres for the removal of hazardous malachite green organic pollutant and selective NO2 gas sensor

Sb2O3 and Ni modified Sb2O3 (Ni–Sb2O3) nanospheres were synthesized using low cost co-precipitation method and characterised using various instrumental methods such as X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD pattern reveals cubic crystal lattice. The average size of Sb2O3 and Ni–Sb2O3 nanoparticles was calculated to be around 41 nm and 29 nm, respectively. The HR-TEM investigation of the Sb2O3 nanomaterial reveals homogeneous spherical balls with a fine dispersion. The random-shaped nanoparticles with porous surfaces and voids were revealed by SEM. EDS examination confirms the elemental composition of Sb (41.79 %) and O (58.21 %) in Sb2O3 and Sb (36.80 %), O (58.95 %), and Ni (4.25 %) in Ni–Sb2O3. Sb2O3 and Ni– Sb2O3 exhibit band gaps of 3.67 eV and 3.51 eV, respectively, according to UV–Vis analysis. The IR peaks 445.47, 642.18, and 745.18 in Sb2O3 and 438.72, 645.07, and 756.92 in Ni– Sb2O3 support the Sb–O bonding in the synthesized nanomaterials. The synthesized nanomaterials have been used for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) dye and sensing NO2, SO2, CO2, petroleum vapour and LPG gases. The MG dye was degraded 97.67 % in 120 min using Ni–Sb2O3 at optimized conditions (catalyst dose: 0.1 g/L to 0.3 g/L, pH: 7 and MG dye: 10 ppm). The gas sensing study showed that Ni–Sb2O3 sensor has greater sensitivity and selectivity for NO2 gas.

LPG Gas Leak Detection System and LPG Fire Classification Based on Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence with Telegram Bot as a Monitoring Tool

LPG gas leaks pose a serious threat in industrial kitchens as they can cause costly fires, both in terms of material and safety. To improve safety, an accurate detection system is required. This research focuses on developing an LPG gas leak detection system and LPG fire classification with Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence technology. Supported by Telegram Bot as an emergency notification monitoring tool, this system uses MQ-2 sensors to detect LPG gas leaks and ESP32-Cam to classify LPG fires along with Pretrained-model technology such as Cascade Fire Detection on OpenCV Cloud Server. As the output of this system, the use of PWM control and automation oversees regulating the Exhaust Fan according to the detected leakage. FreeRTOS is also used for system task efficiency, and Port Forwarding with Ngrok Local Server allows public access to the ESP32-Cam. System testing was conducted by Black-Box testing, then evaluating the performance of the MQ-2 sensor against 400 ppm and 1500 ppm thresholds for LPG testing distances in open kitchens and closed kitchens, as well as analyzing system response and delay via HTTP protocol. The results demonstrated the system's success in detecting gas leaks, classifying LPG fires and facilitating emergency communication.

Comparative Study of Stove Emissions: Traditional Stoves Vs Fan-Driven Modified Stoves and LPG vs Natural Gas Stove Emissions

This study investigates the emissions from traditional stoves, fan-driven modified stoves, LPG stoves, and natural gas stoves. Various Parameters like PM, CO, SOx and NOx were quantified using isokinetic Assembly for Particulate Matter and Portable Gas Analyzer (PG-350) for the flue gases/ emission testing. Coal used as fuel for the Traditional and Fan-modified stove. LPG and Natural gas stoves managed and different locations. The results indicate that fan-driven modified stoves are relatively more efficient and cleaner than traditional stoves. Natural gas was found to be a clean fuel with the highest combustion efficiency. The Study comparing types of stoves evaluate the potential of fan-modified stoves and Natural gas to reduce the health risks associated with indoor air pollution and lessen the environmental impact of the fuel consumption.

Impact of shifts in cropping pattern on socioeconomic conditions of farmer

The present study;s impact of shifts in cropping patterns on the socioeconomic conditions of farmers conducted in the Pune district of Maharashtra state. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. 68.67 per-cent of farmers buy new livestock, 68.00 per-cent of farmers dig new wells/bores, and 62.00 per-cent of farmers improve their existing land. On the home front, 84.00 per-cent started using LPG gas, while 82.00 per-cent of respondents had access to drinking water, As improving living conditions,80.00 per-cent started more spending on food and nutrition for the family,8.67 per-cent of farmers purchased ‘smart T. V.’ and 85.53 per-cent farmers purchase ‘android phones’, as farmers changing living conditions, 70.67 per-cent repaid their old loans,48.67 per-cent had increased savings/deposits and 43.33 per-cent of invested their money in other enterprises. The research based on empirical data of crops and area under them during years 2012 -21 from 15 villages, Data collection and analysis is major challenge faced during research. By overcoming this problem this research helps to understand how socioeconomic characteristics of farmer help him to change its cropping pattern and help him to improve live-hood conditions.8u

Automatically Detect the LPG Gas Level and to Prevent the Gas Leakage and Accident Using Embedded System

Automatically Detect the LPG Gas Level and to Prevent the Gas Leakage and Accident Using Embedded System