Low Energy Density Research Articles

Safety parameters of diode laser therapy for the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety parameters of diode laser (DL) therapy on treating recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU). We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Studies from PubMed, Embase, WOS, Cochrane, Google Scholar, CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP were searched by hand. The search terms encompassed both Medical Subject Headings terms (Stomatitis, aphthous; Lasers, semiconductor) and their corresponding text words. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4. 16 studies were included in this review with no high-risk studies and no significant publication bias. In this review, we found DL therapy was more effective than medication or placebo in reducing Visual Analog Scale (MD = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.40 to 4.17, P < 0.0001), shrinking ulcer size (MD = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.15 to 4.09, P = 0.0005) and accelerating healing time (MD = -3.72, 95% CI: -4.86 to -2.59, P < 0.00001). Moreover, subgroup analyses demonstrated that DL therapy effectively alleviated immediate pain in patients (MD = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.53 to 4.23, P < 0.0001), and a single exposure significantly shortened the healing time of RAU (MD = -4.20, 95% CI: -5.76 to -2.64, P < 0.00001). DL therapy is an effective treatment for RAU without any adverse effects. A single session (or two) with low-energy density irradiation significantly alleviates RAU symptoms. Consequently, there is no need to pursue longer durations and higher parameters of DL therapy, which also aligns with the economic interests of patients. RAU is typically painful and can impair quality of life. Suitable DL therapy represents a promising strategy.

Low energy density, high nutrient adequacy and high nutrient density are each associated with higher diet costs in Chinese adults from Henan Province

ObjectivesFood price is a determining factor in food choice which affect diet quality accordingly. However, the association between food price and diet quality has not been thoroughly discussed among Chinese adults. This study aimed to analyze the association of daily energy-adjusted dietary costs (CNY/2000 kcal) and diet quality among Chinese adults.MethodsA total of 680 Chinese adults aged above 25 years from Henan province were investigated in 2020. Three indices were adopted for evaluating diet quality: the nutrient-rich foods 9.2 (NRF 9.2) index for evaluating nutrient density, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for evaluating nutrient adequacy, energy density (ED) based on solid foods only for evaluating energy density. The daily energy-adjusted diet cost was calculated by dividing the estimated daily diet costs (CNY/day) by the energy intake per day (kcal/day) and multiplying the result by 2000.ResultsSubjects who closely adhered to the NRF9.2, MAR, and ED paid ¥8.92, ¥13.17, and ¥14.34 more for daily food consumption, respectively, than those who weakly adhered to these dietary patterns did. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis adjusted covariance revealed that an increase in ¥1 of the energy-adjusted diet cost per day was associated with changes of 0.494 units (P < 0.001), 0.003 units (P < 0.001), and − 0.018 units (P < 0.001) in the NRF9.2, MAR, and ED, respectively.ConclusionHigher energy-adjusted diet cost was associated with higher quality diets. This might be important for public health policies to develop strategies to promote healthy diets by regulating food supply and its costs.

A High-Capacity Manganese-Metal Battery with Dual-Storage Mechanism.

As a promising post lithium-ion-battery candidate, manganese metal battery (MMB) is receiving growing research interests because of its high volumetric capacity, low cost, high safety and high energy-to-price ratio. However, the low energy density, mainly constrained by scarce choices and unsatisfying capacity of cathodes, strictly bottlenecks the development of MMBs. In this work, a new class of cathodes based on novel dual-storage mechanism (DSM) are reported. Working principles of DSM are revealed and deeply understood via ex-situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Besides, a proof-of-concept DSM-based Cu1.8S cathode, which shows the highest specific capacity of 220 mAh g-1 and 97.1% higher energy density than previously reported cathodes in storing Mn2+ ions, is presented. The key determinants on DSM and design strategies for next-generation cathodes are revealed via theoretical calculations. This work provides a new class of high-capacity cathode materials for MMBs, which is expected to draw inspirations to further enhance the energy density of MMBs.

Expanding Known Performance Capabilities of Geared Turbofan Engine When Powered by LNG and Methanol

As aviation demand rises, fossil jet fuel consumption follows, thus increasing focus on sustainable aviation fuels to reduce aircraft greenhouse gas emissions. While advanced technologies and optimized operations play a role, alternative fuels, especially non-drop-in options like Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and methanol, offer promising potential for significant emission reductions if used in current aero-engines. LNG, a candidate near-term replacement of fossil jet fuel and methanol, even though a less conventional option in aviation, present advantages. Both fuels showcase the ability to generate the same thrust output by also achieving lower post-combustion temperatures, thereby enhancing component life and reducing emissions. Inversely, requesting equal post-combustion temperature as the baseline kerosene operation of the engine can produce greater thrust output, a much needed result for such fuels with low volumetric energy density, which causes greater take-off thrust demand mainly due to their larger tank requirements. This study uses advanced 0-D engine models coupled with detailed chemistry 1-D burner models and mission analysis tools to assess the aforementioned trends of LNG and methanol used to power a current geared turbofan engine. The aim of this work is to provide insights into the advantages, the limitations and the overall viability of the fuels in question as less polluting aviation fuels, addressing both environmental impact and operational feasibility in future aviation applications. According to findings of this article, when compared with Jet-A, LNG can reduce post-combustion temperature by an average of 1% or increase net-thrust by 3% while lowering CO2, NOx and CO emissions by 20%, 46% and 39%, respectively. Adversely, methanol is capable of lessening post-combustion temperature by 3% or enhancing thrust output by 10% while also reducing CO2, NOx and CO emissions by an average of 6%, 60% and 38%, respectively.

Giant Capacitive Energy‐Storage in BaTiO3‐Based Fine‐Grained Relaxors via Local Polarization Enhancement

AbstractPb‐free dielectric energy storage capacitors are core components in advanced pulse‐power electronic systems and devices. However, the relatively low energy density (Wrec) for the industrial pillar BaTiO3 (BT)‐based capacitors remains a significant obstacle for their cutting‐edge applications, due to their low intrinsic polarization and breakdown strength (EB). Herein, through chemical composition and local structure design, a giant Wrec of 15.1 J cm−3 along with a high efficiency (η) of 85% is demonstrated in a BT‐based relaxor bulk ceramic. This is achieved by introducing rare A‐site polarization enhancement substitution (Bi0.5Na0.5)2+ ions in combination with B‐site fastest relaxation alternative (Zn1/3Nb2/3)4+ ions to enhance local polarization and refine grain structure. Atomic‐level local structure analysis has revealed that the diversified atomic polar displacement vectors, characterized by largely extended magnitude and heterogeneous directions, assemble into highly polarizable clusters at several unit‐cells scale. Consequently, it exerts a large polarization difference (ΔP) of 49 µC cm−2 and a high EB of 90 kV mm−1. Moreover, a giant power density (677 MW cm−3), high discharge energy density (3.9 J cm−3), and excellent stability are achieved. This study overcomes the current Wrec bottleneck of ≈10 J cm−3 in BT‐based bulk ceramics, presenting an approach to optimize the energy storage performance of Pb‐free relaxors.

Review: Overview of Organic Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors

Organic materials have emerged as promising candidates for cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, offering unique properties and advantages over traditional inorganic counterparts. This review investigates the use of organic compounds as cathode materials in energy storage devices, focusing on their application in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The review covers various types of organic materials, organosulfur compounds, organic free radical compounds, organic carbonyl compounds, conducting polymers, and imine compounds. The advantages, challenges, and ongoing developments in this area are examined and the potential of organic cathode materials to achieve higher energy density, improved cycling stability, and environmental sustainability is highlighted. The comprehensive analysis of organic cathode materials provides insights into their electrochemical performance, electrode reaction mechanisms, and design strategies such as molecular structure modification, hybridization with inorganic components, porous architectures, conductive additives, electrolyte optimization, binder selection, and electrode architecture to improve their efficiency and performance. In addition, future research in the field of organic cathode materials should focus on addressing current limitations such as low energy density, cycling stability, poor discharge capability, potential safety concerns and improving their performance. To do this, it will be necessary to improve structural stability, conductivity, cycle life, and capacity fading, explore new redox-active organic compounds, and pave the way for the next generation of high-performance energy storage devices. For organic cathode materials to be commercially viable, it is also essential to develop scalable and economical manufacturing processes.

Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on the Evolution of the Microstructure and the Degradation Behavior of 3D-Printed Fe-Mn-C Alloys from Water-Atomized Powders

Additive manufacturing of metals opens new doors for innovation in custom-based productions in a wide range of fields, including medicine, even if it introduces new challenges that need to be addressed to guarantee the properties are equal to or superior to those of conventional fabrication processes. In this research, porous, biodegradable Fe-Mn-C alloys were fabricated using a 3D printing technique with four different printing energy densities ranging from 62.5 to 125.0 J/mm3. The effect of printing energy density on the microstructure and degradation behavior was investigated. Lower energy densities resulted in higher pore density and the presence of unmelted powder particles, while the alloy printed at 104.2 J/mm3 exhibited the lowest pore density and the smallest grain size. Degradation tests revealed that the highest pore density in the sample printed at 62.5 J/mm3, and the lowest grain size in the sample printed at 104.2 J/mm3 contributed to faster degradation rates. The alloy printed at the highest energy density, 125.0 J/mm3, demonstrated the largest grain size and the slowest degradation rate. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses identified manganese carbonate as the primary degradation product, with calcium phosphate forming as a secondary product. These findings provide a significant understanding of the relationship between printing parameters, microstructure, and degradation behavior, which are essential for optimizing the performance of Fe-Mn-C alloys in biodegradable material applications.

Building a Better All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery with Halide Solid-State Electrolyte.

Since the electrochemical potential of lithium metal was systematically elaborated and measured in the early 19th century, lithium-ion batteries with liquid organic electrolyte have been a key energy storage device and successfully commercialized at the end of the 20th century. Although lithium-ion battery technology has progressed enormously in recent years, it still suffers from two core issues, intrinsic safety hazard and low energy density. Within approaches to address the core challenges, the development of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLBs) based on halide solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) has displayed potential for application in stationary energy storage devices and may eventually become an essential component of a future smart grid. In this Review, we categorize and summarize the current research status of halide SSEs based on different halogen anions from the perspective of halogen chemistry, upon which we summarize the different synthetic routes of halide SSEs possessing high room-temperature ionic conductivity, and compare in detail the performance of halide SSEs based on different halogen anions in terms of ionic conductivity, activation energy, electronic conductivity, interfacial contact stability, and electrochemical window and summarize the corresponding optimization strategies for each of the above-mentioned electrochemical indicators. Finally, we provide an outlook on the unresolved challenges and future opportunities of ASSLBs.

High-entropy engineered BaTiO3-based ceramic capacitors with greatly enhanced high-temperature energy storage performance

Ceramic capacitors with ultrahigh power density are crucial in modern electrical applications, especially under high-temperature conditions. However, the relatively low energy density limits their application scope and hinders device miniaturization and integration. In this work, we present a high-entropy BaTiO3-based relaxor ceramic with outstanding energy storage properties, achieving a substantial recoverable energy density of 10.9 J/cm3 and a superior energy efficiency of 93% at applied electric field of 720 kV/cm. Of particular importance is that the studied high-entropy composition exhibits excellent energy storage performance across a wide temperature range of −50 to 260 °C, with variation below 9%, additionally, it demonstrates great cycling reliability at 450 kV/cm and 200 °C up to 106 cycles. Electrical and in-situ structural characterizations revealed that the high-entropy engineered local structures are highly stable under varying temperature and electric fields, leading to superior energy storage performance. This study provides a good paradigm of the efficacy of the high-entropy engineering for developing high-performance dielectric capacitors.

Tilt–Roll Heliostats and Non-Flat Heliostat Field Topographies for Compact, Energy-Dense Rooftop-Scale and Urban Central Receiver Solar Thermal Systems for Sustainable Industrial Process Heat

Industrial process heat typically requires large amounts of fossil fuels. Solar energy, while abundant and free, has low energy density, and so large collector areas are needed to meet thermal needs. Land costs in developed areas are often prohibitively high, making rooftop-based concentrating solar power (CSP) attractive. However, limited rooftop space and the low energy density of solar power are usually insufficient to meet a facility’s demands. Maximizing annual CSP energy generation within a bounded rooftop space is necessary to mitigate fossil fuel consumption. This is a different optimization objective than minimizing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) in typical open-land, utility-scale heliostat layout optimization. Innovative designs are necessary, such as compact, energy-dense central receiver systems with non-flat heliostat field topographies that use spatially efficient Tilt–Roll heliostats or multi-rooftop and multi-height distributed urban systems. A novel ray-tracing simulation tool was developed to evaluate these unique scenarios. For compact systems, optimized annual energy production occurred with maximum heliostat spatial density, and the best non-flat heliostat field topography found is a shallow section of a parabolic cylinder with an East–West focal axis, yielding a 10% optical energy improvement. Tightly packed Tilt–Roll heliostats showed a double improvement in optical energy at the receiver compared to Azimuth–Elevation heliostats.

Exploring the role of volume energy density in altering microstructure and corrosion behavior of nitinol alloys produced by laser powder bed fusion

In the realm of materials science and engineering, the pursuit of advanced materials with tailored properties has been a driving goal behind technological progress. Scientific interest in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) fabricated NiTi alloy has in recent times seen an upsurge of activity. In this study, we investigate the impact of varying volume energy density (VED) during L-PBF on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of NiTi alloys in both scan (XY) and built (XZ) planes. The microstructural evolution in both planes was characterized by electron backscatter diffraction and phase change temperatures were characterized using differential scanning calorimeter measurements. Electrochemical experiments were carried out to compare the specimens produced at high laser energy density and low laser energy density. The results indicate that employing high laser energy density in the production of NiTi alloy induces discontinuous dynamic recrystallization, contributing to grain refinement. This in turn enhances the corrosion resistance of the specimen. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to examine the type of oxide layer that developed on the samples. The increased resistance to corrosion in a high laser energy density sample can be associated with the formation of a stable and homogeneous passive layer with enriched TiO2 as opposed to Ti2O3. This exploration has unravelled the intricate relationship between VED, the microstructure, and the corrosion properties of L-PBF fabricated NiTi alloys, offering valuable insights into their performance for diverse applications.

Fabrication and Analysis of BaTiO3-Nb2O5 Ceramics for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

As the demand for high-performance energy storage systems surges, dielectric materials have emerged as frontrunners due to their exceptional power density. Yet, their relatively low energy density has long been a bottleneck for practical deployment. This study breaks new ground by addressing this limitation, focusing on the enhancement of Barium Titanate-based ceramics for energy storage through the strategic incorporation of Niobium Oxide (Nb2O5). By investigating the effects of Nb2O5 on 0.98BT-0.02BMC ceramics, we unlock unprecedented improvements in both dielectric and energy storage properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the stability of a single perovskite phase across all compositions, paving the way for reliable performance. Most strikingly, the x = 4 composition delivers a groundbreaking dielectric constant (~2200) alongside a remarkable energy density of 1.40 J/cm3 and a recoverable energy density of 1.10 J/cm3, achieving an efficiency of 78.8%. These extraordinary results propel the material to the forefront of next-generation energy storage technologies, making it a powerhouse for high-demand applications such as power pulse systems. With its unparalleled combination of high energy density, exceptional efficiency, and long-term stability, this material holds the promise to redefine energy storage solutions, setting new benchmarks in both performance and reliability.

Surface Strengthening of Polymer Composite Dielectrics for Superior High‐Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage

AbstractPolymer dielectrics for high‐temperature capacitive energy storage suffer from low energy density and poor efficiency, which is mainly attributed to the exponential growth of conduction loss at high electric fields. Here, a surface strengthening strategy to inhibit the electrode‐limited conduction loss of polymer composite dielectrics is reported. The surface phase of polymer composite dielectrics is strengthened by the in situ generated ultrafine silicon oxide (SiO2) nanoparticles while the bulk phase is strengthened by incorporating commercially available SiO2 nanoparticles. These wide bandgap SiO2 nanoparticles can not only restrict the movement of macromolecular chains, but also act as deep traps to capture the charge carriers. As a result, the charge transport at the electrode/dielectric interface and in the bulk phase of dielectric is significantly restrained, thereby leading to a decrease in conduction loss. The resultant film can deliver a discharged energy density of 4.26 J cm⁻3 at 200 °C, which increased by 1274.19% compared with that of pristine film. The strategy of employing surface strengthening to suppress the conduction loss of polymer composite dielectrics can be easily extended to other polymers to improve the high‐temperature insulation and capacitive energy storage performances.

Triphenylphosphine Oxide-Derived Anolyte for Application in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery.

Recent advances in redox flow batteries have made them a viable option for grid-scale energy storage, however they exhibit low energy density. One way to boost energy density is by increasing the cell potential using a nonaqueous system. Molecular engineering has proven to be an effective strategy to develop redox-active compounds with extreme potentials but these are usually challenged by resource sustainability of the newly developed redox materials. Here, we investigate the utility of phosphine oxides as anolytes with extremely negative potentials. Specifically, we found that cyclic triphenylphosphine oxide (CPO), has a highly negative potential (-2.4 V vs Fc/Fc+). Importantly, CPO is synthesized from triphenylphosphine oxide, a common industrial chemical waste with no commercial value. Structural and electrochemical characterization of the reduced radical anion showed that enhanced stability is due to cyclization or extended pi-conjugation. Importantly, mechanistic investigation into the decomposition of CPO under various solvents and electrochemical conditions allowed us to utilize an acetonitrile/DMF binary solvent system to enable a long-lived anolyte which exhibited no fade over 350 cycles. In summary, this work led to the development of a waste-derived cyclic phosphine oxide that exhibits excellent cycling stability making it an ideal anolyte toward the development of energy-dense RFBs.

Energy density, nutrient density and nutrient-to-price ratio of Indonesian foods

Understanding the concepts of energy density (ED), nutrient density (ND), and nutrient-to -price ratio (NPR) in foods is crucial in making food selections to overcome the triple burden of malnutrition in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the ED, ND and NPR values of Indonesian foods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect mostly consumed food in Malang, Indonesia. This study used nutrient density score (NDS) as a means of measuring and conveying the nutritional density of the foods examined. The ED of snacks (278.90 kcal/100 g), meat and fish (248.90 kcal/100 g), legumes, nuts and seeds (129.55 kcal/100 g), and starchy staples (125.45 kcal/100 g), were significantly higher than the energy density of dark green leafy vegetables (DGLVs) (37.00 kcal/100 g); other fruits and vegetables (34.90 kcal/100 g), and other vitamin A-rich foods (23.40 kcal/100 g). The nutrient density score (NDS) of organ meat (143.3%DV/100 kcal); other vitamin A-rich foods (67.77%DV/100 kcal); DGLVs (61.70%DV/100 kcal); other fruits and vegetables (17.78%DV/100 kcal), were significantly higher than the NDS of starchy staples and snacks. DGLVs (380.50%DV/USD); organ meat (312.5%DV/USD); other vitamin A-rich foods (224.85%DV/USD); legumes, nuts and seeds (118.14%DV/USD) provided significantly higher nutrient contents in lower price compared to snacks. In conclusion, snack has the highest ED but lowest NPR, and in contrary DGLV has lowest ED but highest NPR. The finding of this study was important to support nutritional education and information on food labels, reducing the risk of nutritional problems and diseases.

Advanced Alkali Metal Batteries Based on MOFs and Their Composites.

The integration of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with functional materials has established a versatile platform for a wide range of energy storage applications. Due to their large specific surface area, high porosity, and tunable structural properties, MOFs hold significant promise as components in energy storage systems, including electrodes, electrolytes, and separators for alkali metal-ion batteries (AIBs). Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used, their commercial graphite anode materials are nearing their theoretical capacity limits, and the scarcity of lithium and cobalt resources increases costs. Although zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) suffer from limited cycling stability, they are attractive for their low cost, high capacity, and excellent safety. Meanwhile, potassium-ion (PIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) show promise due to their affordability and abundant resources, but they encounter issues such as short cycle life and low energy density. This review outlines the applications of MOF composites in LIBs, SIBs, and ZIBs, introduces common synthesis methods, and forecasts future development directions and challenges in energy storage applications. We emphasize how the understanding can lay the foundation for developing MOF composites with enhanced functionalities.

Theoretical insights and design of MXene for aqueous batteries and supercapacitors: status, challenges, and perspectives.

Aqueous batteries and supercapacitors are promising electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs) due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and high safety. However, aqueous EESS development faces challenges like narrow electrochemical windows, irreversible dendrite growth, corrosion, and low energy density. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide and nitride (MXene) have attracted more attention due to their excellent physicochemical properties and potential applications in aqueous EESSs. Understanding the atomic-level working mechanism of MXene in energy storage through theoretical calculations is necessary to advance aqueous EESS development. This review comprehensively summarizes the theoretical insights into MXene in aqueous batteries and supercapacitors. First, the basic properties of MXene, including structural composition, experimental and theoretical synthesis, and advantages in EESSs are introduced. Then, the energy storage mechanism of MXene in aqueous batteries and supercapacitors is summarized from a theoretical calculation perspective. Additionally, the theoretical insights into the side reactions and stability issues of MXene in aqueous EESSs are emphasized. Finally, the prospects of designing MXene for aqueous EESSs through computational methods are given.

Revealing a new mechanism of stable intersolubility of methanol-n-heptane blended fuel assisted by co-solvents at the microscopic molecular level: Insights and validation from quantum chemical simulation

Methanol, a promising green alternative to traditional fossil fuels, requires blending with high-energy fuels or additives due to its low energy density and cetane number. However, methanol’s high polarity often causes phase separation with other fuels, hindering its widespread use. Adding suitable co-solvents is a known method to address phase separation in fuel blends. For the first time, this study aims to reveal the microscopic molecular mechanism by which butanol, as a co-solvent, can improve the miscibility stability of methanol-gasoline blends. To simplify the analysis in this study, n-heptane, which is a single-component fuel was used as a representative of the multi-component gasoline. Firstly, experimental tests were conducted to investigate the miscibility of different blend ratios of methanol-n-heptane under the influence of different butanol isomers. Secondly, molecular simulation research through the Gaussian and Multiwfn software. Next, through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the mutual solubility of ternary blends was studied. The results showed that the addition of butanol, particularly n-butanol (in comparison to isobutanol), could effectively stabilize the miscibility of anhydrous methanol and n-heptane. Molecular conformation simulations and infrared spectroscopy experiments revealed that the presence of butanol restructures the electrostatic interactions (hydrogen bonding) on the surface of methanol molecules, shielding their polarity. This allows the butanol and methanol molecules to associate more like non-polar species, enhancing their interaction with n-heptane through van der Waals forces, thereby improving the overall miscibility stability of the methanol and n-heptane. These findings offer new insights into the micro-molecular miscibility mechanism of methanol-gasoline blends, which is essential for the successful application of methanol as an alternative fuel.

Development status of supercapacitors and their widely applied organic semiconductors: Polythiophene conjugated polymers

The rapid development of energy storage systems has put forward higher requirements for the specific capacitance and stability of electrode materials. Conductive polymers with pseudocapacitance are very promising electrode materials due to their low cost, easy preparation, easy chemical modification, light weight, and good flexibility. However, supercapacitors based on conductive polymers still have disadvantages such as limited capacitance, low energy density, and low cycling stability. It is a promising way to blend conductive polymers with other materials to improve specific capacitance and stability. However, the preparation steps of multicomponent composites are relatively cumbersome, and preparation equipment are usually complex and costly. Therefore, it is necessary to design and synthesize conductive polymers with high specific capacitance. This review starts with the current development status of supercapacitors, focusing on the device structure, preparation methods, working principles, and important device parameters of polymer based pseudocapacitors; followed by the summary of development of supercapacitors based on thiophene based polymers.

Comparative analysis of ternary lithium batteries and lithium iron phosphate

Ternary lithium batteries (TLB) and lithium iron phosphate batteries (LIPB) are two popular battery types in the current battery market. They have their own advantages and disadvantages in performance and application areas. Through the analysis of the structure, performance and application of the two types of batteries, it can be seen that the anode of TLB is an octahedral structure with high energy density, strong fast charging ability and excellent low temperature discharge performance. The different ratios of nickel, cobalt and manganese in the anode material are suitable for a variety of unused occasions. However, the high-temperature stability of TLB is poor, and thermal runaway is easy to occur at high temperatures, and their cycle life is relatively short. LIPB are known for their high safety, long cycle life and relatively low cost. Its unique olivine crystal structure and stable P-O covalent bonds give it excellent thermal stability, even at high temperatures, the battery will not easily decompose. The disadvantages of LIPB are mainly reflected in their lower energy density and low-temperature discharge performance. Combining the advantages of the two materials to develop a new battery material with both high energy density and high safety will be an important research direction in the future.