Lower Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in Weight Loss: Understanding the Clinical Evidence

Obesity is ubiquitous, affecting millions of people all over the world. Its prevalence is increasing day by day in all age groups, ranging from children to adolescents to adults. It has a significant impact on the overall quality of life. Obesity has a strong relationship with various chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. The risk of developing diabetic mellitus considerably increases in obese individuals. Similarly, obesity in diabetic patients increases their probability of developing serious complications. Moreover, the optimal approach to managing diabetes mellitus (type 2) and obesity should be carried out by means of sustained weight loss and glycemic control. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to be a revolutionary class of medications with noteworthy weight-loss benefits in addition to their ability to lower blood sugar levels. These remarkable benefits are mentioned in detail in several different clinical trials. Additionally, diverse mechanisms have also been demonstrated comprehensively via which SGLT-2 inhibitors put forth their function of weight loss. FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors show a unique mechanism of action by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the renal proximal tubule. By excreting glucose in the urine and by visceral fat lipolysis, these drugs provide a new avenue for weight reduction. SGLT2 inhibitors are now fundamental parts of weight-loss regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes, going beyond their original role as anti-diabetic medications. This article attempts to review the up-to-date literature on the effectiveness of this particular contemporary function of SGLT2 inhibitors.

The Effect of Coffee Consumption on Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Working Area of West Denpasar Puskesmas II, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic diseases that cannot be transmitted from person to person. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of coffee consumption on blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus sufferers in the West Denpasar Health Center II Working Area, Denpasar City. Methods: This research method uses pre-experimental design using a non-equivalent control-group before-after design. The research subjects were diabetes mellitus sufferers aged 45 years and over. The population in this study was 77 and the total sample for this study was 44 people using the non-probability sampling technique with the purposive sampling method. The data collection instrument uses a glucometer. Coffee is consumed twice/day as much as 200 ml in the morning and evening 5 minutes after eating for 6 days. Results: The research results showed that of the 44 respondents, in the treatment group it was found that the average blood sugar level before being given coffee was 183.50 mg/dL, and after being given coffee was 168.50 mg/dL. Meanwhile, in the control group, the average blood sugar level before and after the study was 198.50 mg/dL. The results of univariate analysis used the Wilcoxon test and obtained a p value of 0.000 (α < (0.05)). Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is that there is an effect of drinking coffee on blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus sufferers in the West Denpasar Health Center II Working Area, Denpasar City. It is hoped that from the results of this research, drinking coffee can be used as an alternative drink to lower blood sugar levels.

Serum metabolomics and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing reveal the role of puerarin in alleviating bone loss aggravated by antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic mice

Ethnopharmacological relevancePioglitazone (PIO) was an anti type 2 diabetes (T2D) agent but caused bone loss and bone marrow fat accumulation. Puerarin (PUE) was a natural component of herbal medicine extracted from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and reduced glycemia and improved bone mass as a supplementary drug. A combination of PIO and PUE might be good for maintaining bone mass and blood glucose. Aim of the studyWe aimed to elucidate the potential correlation and underlying mechanisms of dietary supplement PUE in reducing side effects caused by PIO. Materials and methodsIn vitro, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin S (ARS) staining and qRT-PCR were performed to detect the osteogenesis activity in MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo, we established the T2D model by treating C57BL6/J mice with high-fat diets and streptozotocin (STZ). Micro-CT, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP) staining were performed to observe the difference in skeletal phenotype. Serum metabolomics and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were applied to analyze the potential effect of the combination of PIO and PUE. ResultsWe showed that the PUE could increase ALP activity and mineralization nodes of MC3T3-E1 with PIO. PIO could aggravate bone loss but PUE alleviated the effect caused by PIO in T2D mice. PUE promoted alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism, and affected the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome by regulating the genera of Alloprevotella, Fusobacterium, Rodentibacter, etc. Correlation analysis indicated that sphingosine-1-phosphate, nonadecylic acid, and margaric acid were associated with the effect of PUE. ConclusionsTaken together, we demonstrated that PIO combined with PUE was able to lower blood sugar levels without causing bone loss. The effect of PUE mainly correlated with the genua of Alloprevotella, Fusobacterium, Rodentibacter, and Alistipes. Also, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were major targets of PUE.

Apigenin analogs as α-glucosidase inhibitors: Molecular docking, biochemical, enzyme kinetic, and an in vivo mouse model study

Due to the high incidence of diabetes and its associated complications, diabetes is widely recognized as a serious global health problem. In diabetes treatment strategies, targeting α-glucosidase, a key carbohydratehydrolyzing enzyme, has emerged as a highly regarded approach. To develop novel α-glucosidase inhibitors, we successfully synthesized a series of apigenin analogs, collectively referred to as H1–H27 compounds and examined their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity. H7 showed a remarkable inhibitory effect, surpassing that of the standard drug acarbose. Further analysis revealed that H7, H10, and H24 act as non-competitive inhibitors of α- glucosidase. In vivo experiments using a type 2 diabetes mouse model demonstrated the diverse therapeutic potential of H7; it effectively lowered blood sugar levels, improved glucose tolerance, and corrected lipid metabolism. In addition, H7 showed hepatoprotective effects, highlighting its ability to improve liver function. H7 also positively influenced the gut microbiota composition in diabetic mice, increasing diversity and richness. These results highlight the promising therapeutic effects of apigenin analogs, such as H7, for treating type 2 diabetes and show how they could provide numerous benefits, including effective inhibition of α-glucosidase, improved glucose control, correction of lipid metabolism, hepatoprotection, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota.

Advanced biomaterials for diabetes healthcare and complication therapy: A review

With the rapid increase in the number of patients with diabetes, exploring more effective and convenient methods to lower blood sugar levels is becoming increasingly important. Biomaterials are a potential solution in this field, owing to their unique customizability and biocompatibility. These materials can be used in smart drug delivery systems to achieve precise control of insulin release, or as islet cell encapsulation materials to achieve effective transplantation of islet cells. Among these, new responsive biomaterials can automatically adjust the release of insulin according to real-time changes in blood sugar levels, thereby enabling personalized and automated treatment. In addition, biomaterials are used to develop noninvasive blood glucose monitoring technologies to further simplify diabetes management. Although these applications are still in the research or early pilot stage, their potential to improve diabetes treatment and the quality of life of patients is already evident. In this Review, we discuss the current progress, limitations, and potential of biomaterials for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Physician’s perceived barriers to millet-based diet in clinical practice: A cross-sectional survey

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the perceived barriers faced by physicians in Maharashtra when recommending a millet-based diet for diabetic patients. The objectives were to identify the challenges physicians encounter in promoting millet consumption, assess their knowledge and beliefs about millet-based diets, and evaluate the current resources and practices used in dietary counseling for diabetes management. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 68 physicians specializing in diabetes care in Maharashtra. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling and met the inclusion criteria of having over 10 years of clinical practice and significant experience in diabetes management. Data collection was performed through a pre-tested survey tool distributed through email and Google Forms. The survey included questions on the effectiveness of millet-based diets, patient characteristics influencing dietary recommendations, barriers to providing millet-based food education, and current and desired resources for promoting such diets. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Results: The survey revealed that 70.59% of physicians considered a millet-based diet significantly effective for lowering blood sugar levels. However, several barriers were identified, including high comorbidities (82.35%) and low income (54.41%) among patients, which hindered dietary recommendations. In addition, physicians reported a lack of formal training in millet-based nutrition (73.53%), personal skepticism toward millet-based diets (63.23%), and insufficient patient educational resources (55.89%). Current resources used for dietary counseling were primarily verbal education (100%) and electronic resources (97.06%). Conclusion: Despite recognizing the potential benefits of millet-based diets, physicians face substantial barriers in recommending them to diabetic patients. These barriers include factors such as lack of training, time, and educational resources. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for enhanced educational programs for physicians, increased availability of patient-friendly educational materials, and access to trained dietitians. Implementing these measures could improve dietary management strategies and health outcomes for diabetic patients.

Emodin derivatives as novel potent DPP-4 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have gained recognition as effective agents for lowering blood sugar levels, significantly improving glycemic control for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emodin, an anthraquinone derived from the traditional herbs rhubarb (Rheum officinale) and Polygonum cuspidatum, has been identified as an important component in the development of new treatments for diabetes. In the present work, we explored the DPP-4 inhibitory activity of emodin derivatives. This study focused on the design, synthesis, and evaluation of emodin derivatives for their in vitro DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies indicated that 3-o-toluoyl emodin (OTEM) had the lowest docking score (−134.073) against the DPP-4 protein among the tested compounds. OTEM also achieved the highest drug-likeness score of 0.56 and demonstrated DPP-4 inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 0.77 μM. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis suggested that the addition of an ortho-toluoyl group at the C-3 position could enhance DPP-4 inhibition. Additionally, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model assessments revealed that log P was the only descriptor significantly influencing DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Therefore, the current study indicates that OTEM could serve as a promising lead compound to address the demand for antidiabetic agents.

Bioactive phytocompounds profiling and the evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic potential of Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr.: A combined in vitro, in vivo, and computational investigations

Ethnopharmacological relevanceArgyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr. (Convolvulaceae) is traditionally used by the Chakma community in the hilly region of Bangladesh to treat minor disorders such as pain. Aim of the studyThis study intended to determine the secondary metabolites to identify bioactive compounds and evaluate antioxidant potential, in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic activities of A. capitiformis along with in silico investigations. Materials and methodsChemical profiling was carried out using HPLC and GC-MS analysis. The analgesic effect was measured employing tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing methods. Following protein denaturation and formalin-induced paw edema, anti-inflammatory activity was studied. The antihyperglycemic potential was assessed using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), while further mechanistic investigation was conducted using an alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. Simulations and molecular docking analyses were performed to ascertain the stability and binding affinities of the drug-protein complex. ResultsA. capitiformis ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, gums, steroids, and reducing sugars. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of eight polyphenolic compounds, the most abundant of which was myricetin (64.10 ± 0.14 mg per 100 g dry extract). Moreover, the GC-MS analysis revealed twenty-four molecules, the most important of which was 2,4-bis (dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol (9.19%). The concentrations of total flavonoids, total terpenoids, total phenolics, and total tannins were ascertained to be 142.48 mg QE/g, 173.1 mg UAE/g, 19.35 mg GAE/g, and 13.05 mg GAE/g, respectively. Furthermore, the plant extract had a total antioxidant capacity of 388 mg AAE/g. In the writhing assay, the plant extract suppressed writhing by 59.73% and 76.99% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, compared to the standard diclofenac Na 87.17%, and in the tail immersion assay, the plant extract displayed a maximum average reaction time of 1.94 and 2.40 s at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively as compared to the control tramadol 2.84 s at 60 min. In an in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the plant extract possessed an IC50 of 95.51 μg/ml while diclofenac Na (standard drug) was found to be 69.50 μg/ml. Afterward, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was observed in mice over a period, particularly after 3 h, the plant extract exerted maximum percent inflammation inhibitions of 36.36% and 45.45% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively whereas ibuprofen the standard drug (100 mg/kg) exhibited 61.82%. The plant extract demonstrated antihyperglycemic activity, lowering blood sugar levels to 5.7 and 4.62 mM at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, as opposed to 8.58 mM in the control group. Meanwhile, the standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) dropped blood glucose levels to 2.38 mM in 60 min after glucose administration. Molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies support the stability of the protein complex responsible for exerting pharmacological activities. ConclusionA. capitiformis extract exhibited strong medicinal values supporting its traditional uses.

The effect of anti‐imbalance on glycolipid metabolic homeostasis via the liver–gut axis intervened by 3′‐sialyllactose in obese mice

AbstractSialic acid could ameliorate disorders associated with glycolipid metabolism. 3′‐Sialyllactose (3′‐SL), a type of oligosaccharide, contains sialic acid. We examined the effects of 3′‐SL on glycolipid metabolism in obese mice with high fat diet and explore the underlying mechanisms. A total of 160 male C57BL/6J mice were fed with high‐fat diet for 8 weeks to construct obese mice model. Sixty successfully constructed obese mice were randomly divided three 3′‐SL dosage‐dependent groups, one free sialic acid N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) group, and one blank control group. Each group of obese mice (n = 12) was continuously supplemented by 3′‐SL or Neu5Ac for 10 weeks. Ten‐week 3′‐SL supplementation and Neu5Ac supplementation both yielded remarkedly lower body weight, reduced fat content, increased energy expenditure and active daily exercises with improved glycolipid biomarkers, and attenuated proinflammation. 3′‐SL increased the colonic abundances of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Solibacillus and reduced those of Enterobacter and Enterococcus. Changes were also observed in colonic and liver transcript and metabolites, which were mainly enriched in glycolipid metabolism, ameliorated immune function, and mitigated inflammatory signals, autophagy, bile acid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Akkermansia and Solibacillus were significantly associated with changes in colonic metabolites and transcriptome genes. The liver bile component and glucose metabolites were significantly correlated with transcriptional gene expression in the aforementioned differential pathways. Therefore, 3′‐SL can enhance the gut microbiota, regulate intestinal immunity and bile acid metabolism, reduce liver oxidative stress and autophagy processes, alleviate chronic inflammation levels, and improve islet function and lower blood sugar levels by acting through the gut–liver axis.

Protective Potential of Cicerbita alpina Leaf Extract on Metabolic Disorders and Oxidative Stress in Model Animals.

Metabolic disorders (MDs) include disease states such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, etc., affecting about 30% of the planet's population. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective potential of Cicerbita alpina leaf extract (ECA) against chemically induced type 2 diabetes in Wistar rats. Additionally, some biochemical parameters in the blood serum and liver, as well as histopathological investigation, were also performed. Quantitative analysis of the major compounds in the used extract was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (UHPLC-DAD) analyses using the external standard method. C. alpina extract revealed a beneficial effect on MDs, lowering blood sugar levels and MDA quantity in the liver, increasing the reduced glutathione level, and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. Cichoric acid (CA) (91.93 mg/g dry extract (de) ± 4.64 mg/g de) was found to be the dominant compound in the extract, followed by caftaric (11.36 ± 2.10 mg/g de), and chlorogenic acid (CGA) (9.25 ± 0.05 mg/g de). In conclusion, C. alpina leaf extract (ECA) is rich in caffeoyltartaric and caffeoylquinic acids and provides beneficial effects on the diabetic animal model.

Formulation and evaluation of physical stability and antidiabetic activity from nanoliposomes containing an ethyl acetate extract of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrader & Wendland fruit in rats

Introduction: The extract of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit has antidiabetic activity. This research aims to formulate nanoliposomes containing ethyl acetate extracts of S. xanthocarpum selected from multilevel extraction, evaluate their physical stability and antidiabetic activity, and compare them with the extract. Methods: The extracts were prepared using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water as solvents, and their antidiabetic activities were evaluated to select the extract most effective in lowering blood sugar levels in rats. That extract was formulated into three nanoliposomes using varying amounts of phospholipid, cholesterol, and Span 60, i.e., F1 (40 mmol), F2 (50 mmol), and F3 (60 mmol). Various sonication times ranging from 10 to 30 minutes were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, and physical stability. The selected formulations were evaluated for antidiabetic activity. Results: The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest decrease in glucose in rats and was selected for nanoliposome formulation. The nanoliposomes obtained were physically stable at low temperatures for 12 weeks. F2 had the smallest particle size (143.97 nm) and the greatest entrapment efficiency (92.981% ± 0.35%) with a sonication time of 30 minutes and was significantly different from F1 and F3 (P<0.05). The highest percentage reduction in blood sugar levels was with F2 at 74.57% and significantly differed (P<0.05) from the ethyl acetate extract of S. xanthocarpum at 73.98% and the positive control rat group. Conclusion: The results show the potential uses of the prepared nanoparticles, especially the F2 formulation, as an antidiabetic formula.

MANFAAT BUAH ZAITUN DALAM SAINS DAN AL-QURAN

Many plants and fruits are mentioned in the Qur'an. Allah has grown all kinds of plants and all forms of plants that exist on this earth. There are many scientific miracles regarding agricultural fields in the Qur'an, one of which is the Olive fruit. Olives have the scientific name Olea europaea which are spread in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, the Arabian peninsula, India, and Asia. Olives have many benefits such as reducing high blood pressure, facilitating urination, lowering blood sugar levels, containing anti-microbial substances and effective in dealing with viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The content of compounds contained in olives such as phenols, tocopherols, sterols, pigans and squalene have an important role in health and can cure several diseases. Olives also contain omega 9 and omega 3 which can function as anti-inflammatory. Keywords: fruit, olives, science, plants, integrity, the Koran

Combined Anti-Diabetic and Wound Healing Effects of Binahung Leaf (Basella rubra L.) and Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Extracts in Alloxan-Induced High-Fat Diet Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that continues to increase in the world. Lifestyle factors cause diabetes cases to increase uncontrollably. The development of medicines based on natural ingredients has become a subject of study for researchers throughout the world. Meanwhile, binahong leaf extract contains flavonoids and saponins, which can reduce the absorption of glucose. Snakehead fish extract containing albumin also influences the reduction of diabetic wounds. The combination of binahong and snakehead fish extract is expected to synergistically lower blood glucose levels and cure diabetic wounds. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the anti-diabetic and wound healing activity resulting from the combination of binahong leaf and snakehead fish extract in rat models of diabetes induced with alloxan and fat diet. The test animals were divided into six groups with five per group, namely normal, positive, and negative control, as well as dose 1 (snakehead fish 250 mg/kg and binahong extract 100 mg/kg), dose 2 (snakehead fish 250 mg/kg and binahong extract 300 mg/kg), and a single dose of snakehead fish extract 500 mg/kg. The experiment was conducted for 21 days by administering the test solution once a day. The results showed that administering a combination of binahong extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg and snakehead fish at a dose of 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (p≤0.05). Treatment using a combination of the two extracts was more effective in lowering blood sugar levels compared to a single dose of snakehead fish extract.

A Performance Analysis of RNN Algorithms for Accurate Hypoglycemia Prediction in Type-1 Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease originating from preeminent blood glucose levels where there is an impairment in the ability of the human body to produce or effectively use insulin, therefore resulting in possible complications to various organ systems. Hypoglycemia can be defined as a critical condition in diabetes that is characterized by very low levels of blood sugar and can emanate from any imbalance between insulin, glucose, and external factors such as medication or physical activity. The prediction of hypoglycemia is a very important task in diabetes management, which encompasses sophisticated technologies and deep-learning systems, such as RNNs, in performing analyses on patient-specific data. These must provide timely warnings to avoid hazardous blood sugar dips. This paper takes a close look at the performance of RNN in the case of accurate hypoglycemia prediction among patients with Type-1 Diabetes, considering a dataset from Shanghai T1DM. In this work, three different RNN architectures are considered for performance evaluation: Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Simple RNN. The main goal was to compare their predictive performances in forecasting hypoglycemic events, which is an issue of utmost relevance when it comes to proactive diabetes management. The results show generally variable performances by the RNN models. Overall, GRU performed with striking accuracy in hypoglycemia predictions, while LSTM had high specificity. These findings underline that various metrics should be considered for the comprehensive evaluation of predictive models in the management of diabetes. It will give an idea about various RNN algorithms, strengths, and weaknesses to develop more effective and personalized strategies related to hypoglycemia prediction in Type-1 Diabetes.

Penyuluhan dan Pendampingan Pembuatan Teh Bunga Telang dan Sereh Wangi Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah Di Desa Bandar Dawung Tawangmangu

Community Service Lecture (CSL) is a community service program that is part of the higher education curriculum in Indonesia. The purpose of this program is to contribute to the community in Bandar Dawung village, Tawangmangu district, Central Java. One of the contributions given is the assistance program for making telang flower tea (Clitoria ternatea L.) and making jelly candy from citronella leaves (Cymbopogon citratus) is efficacious in lowering blood sugar levels. The main problem faced is the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, due to the body's relative and absolute insulin deficiency. The method used is divided into three stages, namely pre-activity, activity process, and evaluation. The results of this mentoring activity show that the level of public understanding of the benefits and processing of telang flowers and citronella leaves is 80%.

Cardamom Essential Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Reduces Obesity and Mitigates Diabetes Mellitus in Rats Fed with High Sugar/High Fat Diet

Background: Obesity is a chronic disease and one of the characteristic features of metabolic syndrome that is associated with severe health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Cardamom Essential Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier) CEO-NLC) as a potential therapeutic agent to lower blood sugar and an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and weight-reducing agent. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats, aged 8–10 weeks and weighing 200–410 g, were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups: negative control (G1), diabetic control (G2), treatment group (CEO-NLC) (G3), and positive control (Empagliflozin; EMPA) (G4). Diabetes was induced in all groups by injection of Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) except G1. Then, animals were treated consecutively for four weeks. On day 29, they were sacrificed, and blood/tissue samples were collected for serological and histopathological analysis, respectively. Results: Significant decrease in blood sugar levels on day 28 for both the CEO-NLC group and EMPA versus diabetic control group were seen (250 mg in CEO-NLC, and 300 mg in EMPA, vs 450 mg in the diabetic control group). CEO-NLC achieved a significant effect as a weight-losing agent (p = 0.004). Proinflammatory biomarkers and kidney and liver function tests were enhanced after CEO-NLC treatment. Additionally, substantial histopathological modifications in the CEO-NLC group were also seen compared to the diabetic group and EMPA group. Conclusions: CEO-NLC has potential activity in lowering blood sugar levels, aiding weight loss, and eventually, organ protection ability.

Comparison of the effects of losartan potassium and benazepril in the treatment of hypertensive patients with insulin resistance.

To compare the efficacy of losartan potassium (LP) and benazepril in the treatment of hypertensive patients with insulin resistance (IR). This is a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 155 hypertensive patients with IR admitted to Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital from March 2021 to March 2023. Of these 76 received LP treatment (LP group), and 79 received benazepril treatment (benazepril group). Blood pressure levels, blood glucose and insulin levels, treatment efficacy, and incidence of adverse reactions before and after the treatment in both groups were compared. After the treatment, diastolic and systolic blood pressure in the two groups significantly decreased compared to pre-treatment levels (P<0.05), with no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). After the treatment, levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hours plasma glucose (2hPG), fasting insulin (FINS), 2-hours insulin (2hINS), and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in both groups significantly decreased compared to pre-treatment levels (P<0.05), with no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the total efficacy and the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). The efficacy of LP and benazepril in treating hypertension with IR is equivalent. Both are safe and can effectively lower blood sugar and insulin levels, alleviate IR, and lower blood pressure.

Analysis of the Effect of Zinc Consumption on the Growth and Development of School Age Children

Zinc is an essential mineral for the health of school-age children even though the body requires only a small amount of it. Children are among those at high risk of zinc deficiency. The aim of this study is to find out the impact of zinc consumption on the growth of school-age children. This research method uses a literature review design by searching for some articles that are relevant to the topic taken to obtain information, then analyzed and presented in a narrative form. The results show that parents who lack knowledge about the importance of zinc for health and are less attentive to this, then children may be deficient in zinc intake. As a result, it affects the child's height, weight, and brain development. When children consume zinc on a regular basis, it can support their growth, effectively deal with stunting, prevent adverse effects on their temperament, maintain the immune system, and synergistically lower blood sugar levels in obese children. In conclusion, there is a positive influence that supports the growth of the child if the need for zinc is met from food as well as supplements and a negative influence when the child consumes less zinc.

GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies and cardiovascular risk: a review of mechanisms.

Cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity have confirmed the cardiovascular benefits of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), including reduced cardiovascular mortality, lower rates of myocardial infarction, and lower rates of stroke. The cardiovascular benefits observed following GLP-1RA treatment could be secondary to improvements in glycemia, blood pressure, postprandial lipidemia, and inflammation. Yet, the GLP-1R is also expressed in the heart and vasculature, suggesting that GLP-1R agonism may impact the cardiovascular system. The emergence of GLP-1RAs combined with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon receptor agonists has shown promising results as new weight loss medications. Dual-agonist and tri-agonist therapies have demonstrated superior outcomes in weight loss, lowered blood sugar and lipid levels, restoration of tissue function, and enhancement of overall substrate metabolism compared to using GLP-1R agonists alone. However, the precise mechanisms underlying their cardiovascular benefits remain to be fully elucidated. This review aims to summarize the findings from CVOTs of GLP-1RAs, explore the latest data on dual and tri-agonist therapies, and delve into potential mechanisms contributing to their cardioprotective effects. It also addresses current gaps in understanding and areas for further research.

The Effect of Diabetic Foot Gymnastics on Lowering Blood Sugar in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the Gisting Health Center Working Area

Diabetic foot exercise is an exercise designed for people with diabetes mellitus to improve blood circulation and prevent foot ulcers. This exercise activates more insulin receptors and increases blood flow, so the muscles use more glucose and lower blood sugar levels. The study was conducted to find out the effect of diabetic foot exercises on lowering blood sugar in people with diabetes mellitus in the Gisting Health Center working area. The study used a quasi-experimental design using a nonequivalent control group design and involved 16 samples selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis began with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by the dependent sample t-test to evaluate significant differences in blood sugar levels. The results obtained based on statistical analysis showed a ρ-value of 0.000 and below the significance of α=0.05. The results obtained show the effect of diabetic foot exercises on significantly reducing blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Based on these results, the study recommends that people with diabetes mellitus routinely do diabetic foot exercises because this exercise is proven effective in lowering blood sugar levels.