Low Voltage Research Articles

A bulk Schottky junction for high-sensitivity portable radiation detectors

The thickness of X-ray detectors needs to reach hundreds of micrometers to absorb X-ray, and therefore, high voltages over tens or hundreds of volts should be applied to extract X-ray-generated carriers. Here, we propose a bulk Schottky junction for X-ray detection using interpenetrated macroporous-carbon electrodes and metal-halide perovskite networks. The X-ray-generated holes are extracted by the macroporous-carbon electrodes under the built-in electric field, while the electrons in the perovskite phase result in a high gain effect. A high sensitivity of 1.42×105 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 48 nGyair s−1 at a low voltage of −1 V are achieved. We fabricated a dry battery-powered portable X-ray alarm prototype. The pixel detector shows a decent stability under X-ray exposure, and a spatial resolution of up to 5.0 lp mm−1, and the detector arrays also exhibit remarkable uniformity, demonstrating its potential application in X-ray imaging.

Omnidirectional reflector based on Ta2O5 cylinder-filled IZO mesh structure for flexible and efficient blue TADF top-emission OLEDs

Abstract Flexible top-emission organic light-emitting diodes (f-TEOLEDs) with a high aperture ratio can be used in next-generation wearable electronic applications. However, the advancement of f-TEOLEDs is being hindered by their low light extraction and poor mechanical stability. In this study, we introduce an omnidirectional reflector (ODR) consisting of an Ag/SiO2/Ta2O5 cylinder-embedded indium zinc oxide (IZO) mesh (c-mesh) structure that improves both the light extraction and mechanical flexibility of TEOLEDs using blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. The proposed ODR achieved a remarkable reflectance of over 96%, particularly in the transverse-electric mode. Furthermore, the Ta2O5 cylinders effectively compensated for the diverse void-induced depths in the IZO mesh, significantly reducing the leakage current between the electrode and the organic layers. In addition, the ODR electrodes exhibited outstanding mechanical stability. Moreover, even after being subjected to 2000 bending cycles over a 5 mm radius, the device luminance changed by less than 20%. Notably, the proposed f-TEOLEDs with Ag/SiO2/c-mesh electrodes demonstrated superior performance, achieving a low turn-on voltage (2.6 V), high current efficiency (33 cd·A−1), and power efficiency of 29.6 lm·W−1. Finally, the devices featured a narrow full width at half maximum of 27 nm under first-order microcavity effects.

Application of Multi-Model Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction-Veo in Ultra-Low Dose Chest CT Examination of Children in Plateau Area.

Objective To explore the application value of multi-model adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-Veo (ASiR-V) in ultra-low dose chest CT examination of children in the plateau area. Methods The children who underwent chest CT examination in Xizang Autonomous Region People's Hospital were enrolled in this study and assigned into two groups according to the scanning conditions.Group A underwent scanning at a tube voltage of 100 kV and ASiR-V 50% reconstruction,and group B underwent scanning at a tube voltage of 80 kV and ASiR-V 0 (Group B1) and ASiR-V 50% (Group B2) reconstruction.The image quality of each group was evaluated objectively and subjectively.The radiation dose and image quality were compared between groups. Results Groups A and B showed the volume CT dose indexes of (2.33±0.62) mGy and (0.86±0.01) mGy and the dose length products of (65.01±25.12) mGy·cm and (23.55±3.38) mGy·cm,respectively,which presented differences between groups (both P<0.001).The image noise in the bilateral upper and middle lung areas in group B2 was lower than that in group B1 but higher than that in group A (all P<0.001).There was no significant difference in image quality score of the lung window among groups (all P>0.05).Groups A,B1,and B2 had no significant differences in ascending aorta (P=0.538) or liver CT value (P=0.175) in the mediastinal window.The signal-to-noise ratios and contrast-to-noise ratios of ascending aorta and liver in group B2 were higher than those in group B1 (all P<0.001) and lower than those in group A (all P<0.05).The image quality score of the mediastinal window followed a descending order of group A>group B2>group B1 (all P<0.001). Conclusion ASiR-V combined with low tube voltage can effectively reduce the radiation dose and guarantee the image quality of chest CT of children in the plateau area.

Metallic bilayer Kagome borophene as a promising anode material for Li and post-Li ion batteries

For future breakthroughs in alkali metal ion batteries, it is essential to explore new anode materials with high storage capacity. Recently, a novel two-dimensional material, bilayer Kagome borophene (BK-borophene), consisting of lightweight elemental boron and having excellent metal conductivity, has been proposed. Thus, the structure, stability, electronic and electrochemical properties of BK-borophene are investigated using first-principles calculations to examine its feasibility as an anode material. Our results show that a single Li/Na/K can stably adsorb on the BK-borophene surface with adsorption energy values of −0.46/-0.25/-0.69 eV. Besides, the low diffusion barrier values (0.55/0.30/0.15 eV) ensure that Li/Na/K can migrate rapidly on its surface, and the low open circuit voltage values are favorable for increasing the operating voltage of the assembled battery. Most importantly, BK-borophene shows high theoretical storage capacities of 826 mA h g−1 for Li, 1377 mA h g−1 for Na, and 275 mA h g−1 for K, which is much more favorable than other reported anode materials. Not only that, BK-borophene also exhibits good cycling stability. The above-mentioned findings suggest that BK-borophene can be a promising and convincing anode material for alkali metal ion batteries.

Efficient electrocatalysis conversion of glycerol to formate in alkaline solution by nickel (oxy)hydroxide supported cobalt nanoneedle arrays

Electrochemical oxidation of glycerol into value-added chemicals represents a sustainable approach for not only valorizing biomass resources but also improving the energy efficiency of electrolysis by replacing the kinetically sluggish oxidation of water at the anode. Here, we present a nickel (oxy)hydroxide supported cobalt nanoneedle arrays catalyst (CoNA-NiOH/NF-2) for effective oxidation of glycerol. The loaded Co(OH)2 forms more oxygen defects, increases the active sites, and enhances the performance of glycerol oxidation. The CoNA-NiOH/NF-2 catalyst significantly reduces energy consumption by achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low voltage of 1.22 V vs. RHE, and 100 mA cm−2 at 1.42 V vs. RHE, which is approximately 240 mV lower than oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Additionally, the Faraday efficiency of formate generation reached 98 %. The growth of renewable energy sources will greatly benefit from this strategy, which calls for replacing anodic OER with biomass oxidation.

Bias voltage driven tunneling magnetoresistance polarity reversal in 2D stripy antiferromagnet CrOCl

Atomically thin materials with coupled magnetic and electric polarization are critical for developing energy-efficient and high-density spintronic devices, yet they remain scarce due to often conflicting requirements of stabilizing both magnetic and electric orders. The recent discovery of the magnetoelectric effect in the 2D stripy antiferromagnet CrOCl highlights this semiconductor as a promising platform to explore electric field effects on magnetoresistance. In this study, we systematically investigate the magnetoresistance in tunneling junctions of bilayer and monolayer CrOCl. We observe that the transition from antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic phases in both cases induces a positive magnetoresistance at low bias voltages, which reverses to a negative value at higher bias voltages. This polarity reversal is attributed to the additional electric dipoles present in the antiferromagnetic state, as supported by our theoretical calculations. These findings suggest a pathway for the electric control of spintronic devices and underscore the potential of 2D magnets like CrOCl in advancing energy-efficient spintronic applications.

Understanding Pt Active Sites on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocages for Industrial Hydrogen Evolution with Ultralow Pt Usage.

Engineering microstructures of Pt and understanding the related catalytic mechanism are critical to optimizing the performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, Pt dispersion and coordination are precisely regulated on hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages (hNCNCs) by a thermal-driven Pt migration, from edge-hosted Pt-N2Cl2 single sites in the initial Pt1/hNCNC-70 °C catalyst to Pt clusters/nanoparticles and back to in-plane Pt-NxC4-x single sites. Thereinto, Pt-N2Cl2 presents the optimal HER activity (6 mV@10 mA cm-2) while Pt-NxC4-x shows poor HER activity (321 mV@10 mA cm-2) due to their different Pt coordination. Operando characterizations demonstrate that the low-coordinated Pt-N2 intermediates derived from Pt-N2Cl2 under the working condition are the real active sites for HER, which enable the multi-H adsorption mechanism with an ideal H* adsorption energy of nearly 0 eV, thereby the high activity, as revealed by theoretical calculations. In contrast, the high-coordinated Pt-NxC4-x sites only allow the single-H adsorption with a positive adsorption energy and thereby the low HER activity. Accordingly, with an ultralow Pt loading of only 25 μgPt cm-2, the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer assembled using Pt1/hNCNC-70 °C as the cathodic catalyst achieves an industrial-level current density of 1.0 A cm-2 at a low cell voltage of 1.66 V and high durability, showing great potential applications.

Economical iron-based catalyst electrode for highly stable catalytic industrial-scale overall seawater splitting

The development of economical and stable catalyst electrodes for industrial-scale seawater splitting is one of the current challenges in hydrogen production. The economical transition metals possess high electrical conductivity and offer the potential for designing electrodes with high intrinsic activity through appropriate modifications, thus holding promising applications in industrial contexts. Herein, a durable and economical self-supported bifunctional electrode (Fe@Ni) with high efficiency and large area is successfully constructed by one step in-situ deposition of iron on the porous structure of nickel foam (NF) via mild (298 K) electroplating method. Transition metals like iron and nickel offer high electrical conductivity and can be properly modified to achieve electrodes with high intrinsic activity. Due to the in-situ growth of cost-effective iron on the NF surface, the electrode surface morphology and electronic structure are reconstructed, which significantly improves the electrochemical activity surface area and electron transfer capability of the electrode. The hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) in simulated seawater (1 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl) require only 129 mV and 323 mV overpotentials to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm−2. Overall seawater splitting (OWS) achieves 10 mA cm−2 at a low voltage of 1.49 V and with a faradaic efficiency of nearly 100%. More importantly, the bifunctional electrodes remain stable at industrial-level current density (1.0 A cm−2) for more than 50 days. More attractively, this work realizes the universal construction of large-area electrode for multiple metals (e.g., Fe, Cu, Al, etc.) with mild and simple process, which provides a new strategy for the current research of energy and materials.

Reversible Degradation Phenomenon in PEMWE Cells: An Experimental and Modeling Study

Abstract In proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) systems, voltage cycles dropping below a threshold are associated with reversible performance improvements, which remain poorly understood despite being documented in literature. The distinction between reversible and irreversible performance changes is crucial for accurate degradation assessments. One approach in literature to explain this behavior is the oxidation and reduction of iridium. Iridium-based electrocatalyst activity and stability in PEMWE hinge on their oxidation state, influenced by the applied voltage. Yet, full-cell PEMWE dynamic performance remains underexplored, with a focus typically on stability rather than activity.&amp;#xD;&amp;#xD;This study systematically investigates reversible performance behavior in PEMWE cells using Ir-black as an anodic catalyst. Results reveal a recovery effect when the low voltage level drops below 1.5 V, with further enhancements observed as the voltage decreases, even with a short holding time of 0.1 s. This reversible recovery is primarily driven by improved anode reaction kinetics, likely due to changing iridium oxidation states, and is supported by alignment between the experimental data and a dynamic model that links iridium oxidation/reduction processes to performance metrics. This model allows distinguishing between reversible and irreversible effects and enables the derivation of optimized operation schemes utilizing the recovery effect.

An Ionic Sieve‐Integrated Conductive Interfacial Design to Simultaneously Regulate the Zn2+ Flux and Interfacial Resistance for Advancing Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractZinc‐ion batteries possess operation safety, high energy density, production flexibility and affordability, making them attractive for scalable energy storage. While Zn anodes face significant challenges from rampant dendrite growth and electrolyte‐related side‐reactions in a complex interfacial microenvironment. The growing interfacial resistance further degrades the battery performance. An integrated anode interfacial design is reported to regulate simultaneously the Zn2+ flux and interfacial resistance through in situ confinement growth of Zn2+ sieve, that is, 2D CuBDC metal–organic framework in mesoporous carbonaceous host. CuBDC with sub‐nanometer channels is selected for efficient dehydration and directional Zn2+ flux transport, and lowering the nucleation barrier by zincophilic Cu(II) and N sites. Conductive meso‐carbon reduces the interfacial resistance and blocks the interfacial side‐reactions. Resultantly, the modified Zn anodes demonstrate improved cycling stability with lower voltage polarization, supported by operando optical microscopy and ex situ analysis. This work provides a feasible strategy improving aqueous Zn anodes and new interfacial insights on designing advancing zinc batteries.

Zincophilic SnS2 protective layer for homogeneous deposition towards dendrite-free aqueous Zn metal batteries

As one of the most promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage, aqueous Zn metal batteries (AZMBs) have attracted extensive attention owing to their high theoretical capacity, high safety, low voltage, and environmental benign. However, Zn metal continuously suffers the corrosion and dendrites issue during cycling owing to uneven deposition. Herein, we proposed a facile deposition strategy, achieving a continuous deposition process from moderately heterogeneous phase evolution to smoothly homogeneous deposition, realizing a dendrites-free anode for AZMBs. The flower-like SnS2 structure provides nucleation assistance by enlarging the active area and guiding zinc ion flux through its favorable affinity for zinc. Meanwhile, the SnS2 layer also inhibits the HER and corrosion serving as a protective layer. The symmetrical cell with the modified Zn metal anode realizes a stable and prolonged lifespan of 1,000 h under a current density of 5 mA/cm2. This study presents an innovative approach to zinc ion storage materials, realizing guiding zinc ion flux, assisting nucleation processes, and providing corrosion inhibition.

Achieving Excess Hydrogen Output via Concurrent Electrochemical and Chemical Redox Reactions on P-Doped Co-Based Catalysts with Electron Manipulation and Kinetic Regulation.

Electrolytic hydrogen production is of great significance in energy conversion and sustainable development. Traditional electrolytic water splitting confronts high anode voltage with oxygen generation and the amount of hydrogen produced at cathode depends entirely on the quantity of electric charge input. Herein, excess hydrogen output can be achieved by constructing a spontaneous hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) coupled hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) system. For the hydrazine oxidation-assisted electrolyzer in this work, both the external input electrons and the electrons produced by spontaneous chemical redox reaction can reduce water, producing more hydrogen than traditional electrolytic water splitting system. The ultrafast kinetics of bifunctional P-doped Co-based catalysts plays a key role in the spontaneous feature of HzOR/HER redox reaction and low working voltage of hydrazine oxidation-assisted electrolyzer (12 mV@100mA cm-2). Theoretical calculation results and ex situ/in situ spectra demonstrate that doped P could optimize electronic structure, regulate adsorption energy of intermediates, and thus endows catalysts with ultrafast kinetics. This work provides a new pathway for the development of spontaneous oxidation-assisted hydrogen production, to achieve excess hydrogen output via concurrent electrochemical and chemical redox reactions.

Z source based switched capacitor nine level boost inverter with a modified modulation strategy

This article presents a Z source (ZS) based switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SC-MLI) with low capacitors charging inrush currents utilizing a modified modulation strategy. The topology generates nine output voltage levels with quadruple voltage gain utilizing eight power switches, five capacitors, two inductors, four discrete diodes, and a single DC source. The voltage gain can be further increased by applying shoot through (ST) states to the frontend ZS-network. Owing to its high voltage gain, the topology is suitable for low voltage renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics (PV), and fuel cells (FC). A modified modulation strategy is presented based on the conventional level shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation (LS-SPWM). The proposed modulation strategy improves the dc-link utilization at higher modulation index. A detailed mathematical analysis is provided for the gain calculation based on the modified modulation strategy. A comparative study is implemented to verify the merits of the proposed topology. A simulation model is implemented utilizing MATLAB / Simulink to verify the topology characteristics. The power losses and efficiency calculations are presented using Altair PSIM. Furthermore, an experimental prototype is constructed to verify the simulation findings. The topology is tested with different loading conditions at numerous modulation index values and ST duty ratios. Furthermore, step change conditions are implemented to test the topology response. The effect of the ZS network on the switched capacitors charging inrush currents is validated. The proposed topology shows an overall advantage in terms of the output characteristics as well as the hardware requirements.

Single pass saltwater disinfection using low voltage electrolysis: Potential implications for aquaculture systems

Open net pen saltwater aquaculture faces criticism due to the potential transmission of pathogens between fish farms and to wild stocks. To address this issue and improve the sustainability and growth of net pen farming, closed containment farms have been suggested, but the cost and feasibility of disinfecting large volumes of water in these types of farms is problematic. We explored the potential for using electrolysis to disinfect saltwater in a flow-through system with water flow velocities between 47 and 105 cm/s. This was the first step to investigating whether this technology could be applied to saltwater flow-through closed containment systems. Various voltage levels (3.3–9.0 V) were applied to generate chlorine from saltwater. We found the disinfection properties of the system varied with wattage (i.e., voltage × ampere), velocity of water flow over the electrodes, salinity of water, and residual chlorine contact time. Wattage was highly correlated with the production of chlorine, and this relationship was dependent on water flow (p = 0.0398). A slower flow velocity led to higher chlorine concentration, and the effect was more pronounced at higher wattages. Using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model, we found the probability of full disinfection was increased by increasing wattage (p < 0.001) and the residual chlorine contact time (p < 0.001). The level of disinfection (count model) suggested the number of bacteria in the treated samples was determined by the interaction between wattage and flow (p = 0.0056) and the interaction between wattage and salinity (p < 0.001). The bacterial count was also associated with residual chlorine contact time (p < 0.001). The results of this study, although preliminary and limited in their scale, offering a potential solution for disinfecting large volumes of seawater, which could make closed containment fish farming in the ocean viable for reducing bacterial transmission within a farm and to wild fish stocks.

Triggering the Dual-Metal-Site Lattice Oxygen Mechanism with In Situ-Generated Mn3+ Sites for Enhanced Acidic Oxygen Evolution.

The development of high-performance non-Ir/Ru catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid is critical for the applications of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). Here, we report a new kind of heterostructure catalyst by loading 5.8% Ag nanoparticles on MnO nanorods (Ag/MnO) for acidic OER. The as-prepared Ag/MnO requires only an overpotential of 196 mV for the OER at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 and operates in a PEMWE for over 300 h at a current density of 200 mA cm-2, representing one of the best non-Ir/Ru OER catalysts. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms that the introduction of trace Ag can promote the generation of highly active Mn3+-O sites with oxygen vacancies at a low voltage, leading to a dual-metal-site lattice oxygen-mediated pathway with faster kinetics than the adsorbate evolution mechanism. Theoretical calculations indicate that the trace Ag promotes the overlap between the d orbitals of Mn and the s, p orbitals of O, thereby activating the lattice oxygen and reducing the OER energy barrier. The dissolution of Mn is also suppressed by Ag due to the increased energy for vacancy formation of Mn, where the stability number reaches a high value of 3058, supporting improved structural stability.

In situ reconstruction of bimetallic heterojunctions encapsulated in N/P co-doped carbon nanotubes for long-life rechargeable zinc-air batteries

Efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts are crucial for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in high-performance rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Despite significant advancements in non-noble metal-based catalysts over the past decades, the rational tuning of various active materials for efficient ORR and OER, along with the identification of genuine active sites, remains a formidable challenge. Encouraged by the development of in-situ characterization technologies, research on bifunctional catalysts for ZABs has gradually shifted to exploring the true active sites and investigating catalyst evolution and degradation, which is vital for further breakthroughs in bifunctional catalysts. In this study, we developed a facile method to encapsulate bimetallic heterojunction CoFe/CoFeP in N/P co-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a bifunctional catalyst for ZABs. This unique heterojunction structure prevents the dissolution and erosion of transition metals, enhances continuous electron transfer and mass transport, and effectively boosts the catalyst's bifunctional activity and stability. Importantly, ex-situ and in-situ techniques were employed to track the dynamic ORR and OER catalytic processes, capture the reconstructions of bifunctional catalysts, and reveal the real active sites. The CoFe/CoFeP@NPC catalyst exhibits superior bifunctional catalytic activity and stability, especially with a half-wave potential of 0.887 V for ORR and 1.55 V at 10 mA cm−2 for OER. Impressively, the assembled rechargeable ZABs demonstrate a high-power density (550 mW cm−2), a low charge-discharge voltage difference (0.7 V), and ultralong cycling for over 1600 h.

Sulfur-doped FeCoNiOx nanosheets improve their catalytic oxygen evolution reaction performance

Developing efficient and easily synthesized oxygen evolution catalysts is crucial for generating clean energy. A low-sulfur (S) doped FeCoNiOx flower-like nanosheet (denoted as S-FeCoNiOx) grown on nickel foam (NF) is presented. The porous structure of the NF, combined with the electronic structure modification from S doping, results in the nanosheets featuring numerous active sites and optimal adsorption strength. Electrochemical tests reveal that the catalyst demonstrates outstanding performance in alkaline electrolytes, characterized by a low overpotential (221 mV @ 10 mA cm−2) and a small Tafel slope of 29.19 mV dec−1, indicating favorable reaction kinetics. A two-electrode system comprising S-FeCoNiOx and Pt/C for water splitting, it exhibits low voltage (1.49 V @ 10 mA cm−2) and superior stability over 40 h. This research emphasizes significant potential applications and offers fresh guidance for creating additional high-efficiency S-doped electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions (OER).

Study of Vertical Phototransistors Based on Integration of Inorganic Transistors and Organic Photodiodes.

We investigate the inorganic/organic hybrid vertical phototransistor (VPT) by integrating an atomic layer deposition-processed ZnO (ALD-ZnO) transistor with a prototype poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC61BM) blend organic photodiode (OPD) based on an encapsulated source electrode geometry, and discuss the device mechanism. Our preliminary studies on reference P3HT:PC61BM OPDs show non-ohmic electron injection between the ALD-ZnO and P3HT:PC61BM layers. However, the ALD-ZnO layer enables the accumulation of photogenerated holes under negative bias, which facilitates electron injection upon illumination and thereby enhances the external quantum efficiency (EQE). This mechanism underpins the photoresponse in the VPT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the gate field in the VPT effectively modulates electron injection from the ALD-ZnO layer to the top OPD, resulting in the VPT operating as a non-ohmic OPD in the OFF state and as an ohmic OPD in the ON state. Benefiting from the unique transistor geometry and gate modulation capability, this hybrid VPT can achieve an EQE of 45,917%, a responsivity of 197 A/W, and a specific detectivity of 3.4 × 1012 Jones under 532 nm illumination and low drain-source voltage (Vds = 3 V) conditions. This transistor geometry also facilitates integration with various OPDs and the miniaturization of the ZnO channel area, offering an ideal basis for the development of highly efficient VPTs and high-resolution image sensors.

Printed High-Entropy Prussian Blue Analogs for Advanced Non-Volatile Memristive Devices.

Non-volatile memristors dynamically switch between high (HRS) and low resistance states (LRS) in response to electrical stimuli, essential for electronic memories, neuromorphic computing, and artificial intelligence. High-entropy Prussian blue analogs (HE-PBAs) are promising insertion-type battery materials due to their diverse composition, high structural integrity, and favorable ionic conductivity. This work proposes a non-volatile, bipolar memristor based on HE-PBA. The device, featuring an active layer of HE-PBA sandwiched between Ag and ITO electrodes, is fabricated by inkjet printing and microplotting. The conduction mechanism of the Ag/HE-PBA/ITO device is systematically investigated. The results indicate that the transition between HRS and LRS is driven by an insulating-metallic transition, triggered by extraction/insertion of highly mobile Na+ ions upon application of an electric field. The memristor operates through a low-energy process akin to Na+ shuttling in Na-ion batteries rather than depending on formation/rupture of Ag filaments. Notably, it showcases promising characteristics, including non-volatility, self-compliance, and forming-free behavior, and further exhibits low operation voltage (VSET = -0.26 V, VRESET = 0.36 V), low power consumption (PSET = 26 µW, PRESET = 8.0 µW), and a high ROFF/RON ratio of 104. This underscores the potential of high-entropy insertion materials for developing printed memristors with distinct operation mechanisms.

A Short-Circuit Current Calculation Model for Renewable Power Plants Considering Internal Topology

With the large-scale integration of renewable energy into the grid, traditional short-circuit current (SCC) calculation methods for synchronous generators are no longer applicable to inverter-based non-synchronous machine sources (N-SMSs). Current SCC calculation methods for N-SMSs often use a single-machine multiplication method, which tends to overlook the internal variability of N-SMSs within power plants, leading to low calculation accuracy. To address this issue, this paper first derives an analytical expression for SCC in grid-connected inverters under low voltage ride through (LVRT) control strategies. Then, a single-machine steady-state SCC calculation model is proposed. Based on the classification of N-SMSs, a practical SCC calculation model for renewable power plants is introduced, balancing accuracy and computational speed. The feasibility of the model is validated through simulations. The proposed method enables simple calculations to obtain the steady-state voltage and SCC at the machine terminal, offering strong engineering practicality.