Low Vocabulary Research Articles

Evaluating the Impact of Senior Five Learners’ English Vocabulary Knowledge on their English-Speaking Skills in Three Selected Schools in Gakenke District, Rwanda

Empirical studies have evidenced the correlation between vocabulary knowledge and English-speaking skills in various English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts but research is scarce in rural Rwandan schools. The present study evaluated the impact of senior five (S5) learners’ vocabulary knowledge on developing their English-speaking skills in three selected schools in the Gakenke District in Rwanda. The current study was guided by Harmer’s and Bygate’s vocabulary knowledge hypothesis and communicative competence theories for developing speaking proficiency. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed and cluster sampling was used to select 90 S5 learners from 116 who made the target population. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess the current status of vocabulary knowledge and English-speaking skills and the impact of vocabulary knowledge on English-speaking skills. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis using MS Excel. Key findings revealed that 73.3% of learners regularly look up new vocabulary, and 100% reported having insufficient vocabulary. Additionally, 84.44% indicated that their speaking proficiency was low to moderate. Despite this low vocabulary knowledge, 95.56% of learners acknowledged that vocabulary enhances speaking skills. However, only 15.5% reported using new vocabulary frequently. Many learners (81.11%) felt that vocabulary development improved their self-expression, and 54.44% noted increased confidence in speaking English. Motivation was the highest-ranked factor influencing speaking skill development (M=4.40, SD=0.85), while assessment ranked lowest (M=2.96, SD=0.97). The study concluded that S5 learners in the selected schools have insufficient vocabulary knowledge to achieve the required level of speaking proficiency. The study recommended reinforcing vocabulary acquisition instructions and opportunities for learners to practice communicative English and assigns that future work should emphasize formal tests that examine English proficiency in correlational and experimental studies.

The Effect of Gossiping Group Activities Toward Fluency in Speaking at the 10th Grade Of MAN 3 Agam

This research was motivated by the findings of the researcher during observations and interviews at the 10th grade of MAN 3 Agam. Researcher found that students often used pause fillers such as "hmm" and "eee", and had low vocabulary mastery that hindered fluency in speaking. They also had difficulty expressing ideas and opinions, so the speed and tempo of speaking were affected. The study aimed to determine the effect of gossiping group activities on students' speaking fluency. The study used a type of experimental research, namely a quasi-experiment with a nonequivalent control group design. The sample in this study was selected using a random technique and the selected class was XE.2 class as the control class and XE.4 class as the experimental class. Instruments in the form of oral speaking tests that had been validated with content validity and assessed with inter-rater reliability. Data analysis included prerequisite tests for normality and homogeneity, and utilized Paired sample t-Tests and Independent sample t-Tests to test hypotheses. From the results of data analysis, it was concluded that gossiping group activities had a significant effect on improving students' speaking fluency.

Colour Reading Speech Kit (Tubana Kit) as a Therapy Tool for Students with Special Needs at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Seremban 2, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan

The Color Reading Speech Kit (Tubana Kit) is provided to improve the skills of listening, speaking, reading, observation, concentration, and interest and reduce the stress of students in special education schools. This kit consists of two items, namely activities for tongue twister training in the form of software and English and Malay activities and coloring books. This study was conducted through collaboration with the Mobile Book Café as the industry collaborator and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (SMK) Seremban 2, as the community collaborator. The respondents comprised 14 special needs students, i.e. 7 students from the Malay Language class and 7 students from the English Language Class. Despite having learning disabilities, these special needs students are still able to read and write. All the students in the Malay Language and English class have profited from the Tubana Kit's knowledge transfer, according to the results obtained after utilizing it. The pupil now speaks and behaves better, with better pronunciation. Their vocabulary and articulation in both Malay and English are also on par. The use of coloring books and activities in both Malay and English has improved vocabulary usage among students who typically have low vocabulary. Indeed, SMK Seremban 2 children with special needs have demonstrated the effectiveness of the Tubana Kit as a therapy tool in both Malay and English languages.

Relationship Between Indonesian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge and English Competencies

English vocabulary mastery is considered important in Indonesian education, but the actual vocabulary mastery of high school students is still below the target. It becomes a concern whether the low vocabulary knowledge is correlated with English skills. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between Indonesian students’ English vocabulary knowledge and English competencies. A total of 108 high school students completed a productive vocabulary test (Lex 30). The students’ scores from their English class served as the data for English competence. The Lex30 result and the English scores were then tested using Pearson correlation. The findings showed that the students’ vocabulary knowledge and English competencies had positive correlation. Despite no specific measurement of the vocabulary size from the lex30 score, it was relevant to measure students’ vocabulary knowledge required for their performance in general English skills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking). Thus, the positive correlation indicated that students with good vocabulary knowledge might also had good English scores. This study's specific contextual focus may restrict the applicability of the findings to other contexts. Therefore, future research should diversify the sample, incorporate a wider range of assessment tools, and explore the impact of different teaching methods on language skills in various settings.

The Implementation of Genre Based Approach and Using Read-Examine-Decide-Write Strategy (REDW) on Students’ Reading Comprehension of Report Text

Reading is a process that aims to find or dig information from a text. The problem faced by students is their weak ability to get information or extract information from a text. This is caused by the low vocabulary understood by students, causing students to have difficulty understanding reading texts, especially in finding main ideas and specific information. Therefore, an effort is needed to explore the potential possessed by each student. This effort can be done in various ways, such as applying the Genre Based Approach and using the REDW (Read-Examine-Decide-Write) strategy during the learning process in class in an effort to improve students' skills in understanding reading texts. This research was conducted on students of SMAN 6 Bogor class X IPS 2, totaling 33 students. In this study, the researcher used the Kemmis Mc.Taggart PTK method, which in its research flow included planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The researcher gave pre-tests, treatments and post-tests to the research samples. Based on the results of research on the application of the Genre Based Approach and the REDW strategy in the English subject, Report Text material in class X IPS 2 can improve learning outcomes, especially in reading report text skills. In the pra-siklus activities of 21 students there was 1 (0.5%) student who achieved KKM with an average grade of 49, siklus I increased to 7 (33%) students with an average grade of 66 and in siklus II increased to 13 (65%) students who scored above the KKM with an average grade of 78.

Sustained pacifier use is associated with smaller vocabulary sizes at 1 and 2 years of age: A cross-sectional study.

Pacifier use during childhood has been hypothesized to interfere with language processing, but, to date, there is limited evidence revealing detrimental effects of prolonged pacifier use on infant vocabulary learning. In the present study, parents of 12- and 24-month-old infants were recruited in Oslo (Norway). The sample included 1187 monolingual full-term born (without visual, auditory, or cognitive impairments) infants: 452 (230 girls; 222 boys) 12-month-olds and 735 (345 girls; 390 boys) 24-month-olds. Parents filled out an online Norwegian Communicative Development Inventory (CDI), which assesses the vocabulary in comprehension and production for 12-month-old infants and in production only for 24-month-old infants. CDI scores were transformed into age- and sex-adjusted percentiles using Norwegian norms. Additionally, parents retrospectively reported their child's daytime pacifier use, in hours, at 2-month intervals, from birth to the assessment date. Maternal education was used to control, in the analyses, for the socio-economic status. We found that greater pacifier use in an infant's lifespan was associated with lower vocabulary size. Pacifier use later in life was more negatively associated with vocabulary size than precocious use, and increased the odds of being a low language scorer. In sum, our study moves beyond the findings of momentary effects of experimentally induced "impairment" in articulators' movement on speech perception and suggests that, from 12 months of age, constraints on the infant's speech articulators (pacifier use) may be negatively associated with word comprehension and production. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT: 1.We examined the relationship between pacifier use and vocabulary sizes in production at 24 months of age and comprehension and production at 12 months of age. 2.Lifespan Pacifier Use (LPU) was negatively correlated with vocabulary sizes in comprehension and production among 12-month-old infants and negatively correlated with production for 24-month-olds. 3.Later pacifier use was found to be more negatively correlated with vocabulary size in infants, as compared to more precocious use. 4.The amount of pacifier use in the 2 months prior to a child's second birthday was predictive of a higher prevalence of low vocabulary scores in 24-month-olds.

Implementation of the ATIK model in improving the mastery of new vocabulary in early childhood through flashcards

Vocabulary is one of the important aspects of language development in children. Good vocabulary skills will support children's ability to communicate, think, and learn. This study aims to improve mastery of new vocabulary in early childhood using Flashcard media. The reason for this study is because of the low vocabulary in early childhood, which is caused by the lack of utilizing learning media that already exist today. In this study using "Model ATIK" stands for Observe, Imitate and Work (ATIK). This research method uses the PTK method (Research, Action and Class), while this method consists of 3 stages, namely 1). Listen stage, 2). Speech stage, 3). Speech and point stage. Implementation in this activity is carried out in 3 cycles. Cycle I children are able to listen, able to pronounce new vocabulary by looking at flashcards and able to pronounce when instructed by the teacher 58.1%. Cycle II children were able to pronounce new vocabulary by looking at flashcards without being instructed by the teacher 72.2%. Cycle III children are able to pronounce new vocabulary by looking at flashcards and are able to show flashcard pictures when the teacher utters new vocabulary 88.7%.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS' VOCABULARY MASTERY AND THEIR LISTENING ABILITY

This research addresses the observed discrepancies among students in the second semester of the English program at UIN Bukittinggi in the academic year 2022/2023. Some students showed low vocabulary proficiency together with low listening proficiency, while others showed high proficiency in both areas. The study aims to investigate the relationship between students' vocabulary mastery and their listening ability. Using a correlational design, the research involved a population of 105 second semester English students at UIN Bukittinggi, using cluster sampling due to the larger population size. Data collection methods included tests to assess vocabulary mastery and listening skills. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used for analysis using SPSS 25. The results showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.892) between students' vocabulary mastery and listening ability. This correlation falls in the high range (0.70-0.90), indicating a robust relationship between the two variables. Hypothesis testing further supported this correlation, with the calculated rxy (0.892) exceeding the critical value of the r-table (0.344) at α = 0.05. Therefore, the research accepts the alternative hypothesis (Ha) and rejects the null hypothesis (Ho), confirming the positive correlation between students' vocabulary mastery and listening skills.

Перевод сленга в англоязычных кинотекстах в свете несовпадения жанрово-стилистических канонов русского и английского языков

The aim of the article is to compare slang units in English-language films and their equivalents in Russian film translations in relation to stylistic coloring and register. The relevance is due to the normalization of the translation of slangisms from English into Russian in view of the differences in stylistic, genre and artistic canons of Russian and English. In English, slang is less expressive, emotive, but much more frequent in literary and everyday speech, slangisms are allowed by the artistic (literary, cinematographic) canon. The materials of the study are 300 slangisms, selected by the method of continuous sampling from the transcripts of the originals and translations of 21 Jump Street, Orange Is the New Black, New Girl, House M.D., How I Met Your Mother, The Big Bang Theory, Black Books. The research methods were lexicographic, stylistic, comparative-comparative, and statistical ones. The first group of slangisms and their translation samples (54%) manifest the strategy of “smoothing”, i.e., neutralizing or raising the low style, especially with regard to obscene expletives and invectives. Smoothing implies a number of stylistic shifts: (1) English slang > Rus. neutral or literary word/expression; (2) English slang > Rus. colloquial, familiar, low-colloquial, expressive or slang word/expression; (3) English slang-image/idiom > Rus. generalized, neutral or ameliorative word/expression; 4) an English utterance with slang > a Russian utterance with related, but different meaning without slang. The second group (35%) refers to cases of semantic, emotive and expressive equivalence of English and Russian units, we call this strategy “translation honesty”. Due to the lowness of the threshold of perception of low lexis with the Russian speakers, the Russian equivalents of English-language slangisms are often perceived as more expressive, rude, careless or familiar. The third group (11%) shows a pejoration of meaning and register, i.e., dysphemization in translation (downgrading of style, scandalization). This strategy in Russian translation is not justified due to the more-than-intended shocking effect of low vocabulary on Russian recipients. In conclusion, the regularities that determine the preference for smoothing when translating from English into Russian are given: (1) the difference in the genre-stylistic and artistic canons of languages; (2) different thresholds of perception of low-colloquial vocabulary by English and Russian speakers; (3) different expressiveness, emotivity, register and frequency of familiar/low-colloquial vocabulary in the two languages; (4) historically determined rigid differentiation between high, literary and low, colloquial registers in Russian, which is not the case in English.

The Effect of TTW With Mobile Games in Learning Vocabulary for English Students of UNIPA Kampus Blitar

Teaching English for English students of Unipa Kampus Blitar is based on vocabulary approach that involves worksheet. The problem is they have low vocabulary mastery. This project aims to investigate the potential of Think Talk Write mobile games for language instruction. It was conducted to find out its effectiveness. The method used is quasi-experimental. The result shows F = 27.108. The probability (P) TTW with Mobile game shows 0.000. Class using TTW with Mobile Games shows mean 74.347 and class learned without treatment shows 59.811. When playing mobile games, the class utilizing TTW has a higher mean value. In conclusion, students can use TTW with Mobile Games to learn English for better vocabulary achievement.

Vocabulary-Learning Problems Encountered by B.A. English Specialization Students at the University Level of Education

Proficiency in the English language very much depends on the knowledgeof its vocabulary possessed by the second and foreign language learners andeven the native speakers. Though developing the vocabulary is vigorous, itposes several problems, especially, to non-native students of English.Students for those who have a low vocabulary knowledge express weakacademic performance in different courses related to language skills,linguistics, literature, and translation at the university level of education.This study was to explore the problems faced by English specializationstudents in learning the vocabulary in Myanmar. It also put forward somevocabulary-learning strategies to minimize the potential problems. The dataconsisted of the responses of 130 students (undergraduates) randomlypicked up from different levels of 4-Year B.A. English Program. As a research instrument, this qualitative study uses an interview survey withteachers and an online questionnaire with students to collect the data.According to interview survey and questionnaire responses, the resultsexpose that English specialization students face several problems in learningthe vocabulary such as learning the meaning of technical terms, learningcultural-specific vocabulary, learning homophones, and so on. To itscontribution, this study not only accentuates the importance of learning theEnglish vocabulary but also highlights the problems come across bystudents. Future research may explore teachers’ outlooks on instructionalmethods implemented to teach vocabulary in English language classrooms.

Effective Use of Lexical Categorization in Vocabulary Development Using Short Stories Among Arab Female Learners

There are clear variations in the connotations and linguistics of Arabic and English languages. It has been observed that Arab learners study English as a functional language which does not expose them to the literature of English. As a result, the concept of English as a language emerges in an extremely concise and confined area of study for them. 
 The purpose of this research was to identify the process of acquisition of lexical items amongst the Arab female learners. The subjects were students studying Short Stories in the Bachelor’s program of English. The technique used to conduct the research was a blend of qualitative and quantitative method. To collect the data a post-test and pre-test was administered. Also, a closed ended questionnaire was distributed to collect responses from the subjects of study. The study aimed at providing solutions to the problem of low vocabulary among English language learners. The outcome of the current research holds a strong significance as the findings are impressively motivating for teachers using literature to develop language acquisition. Though the end results show a minimal decrease of 3% in incorrect responses after getting acquainted with lexical items used in pre-test, a sharp fall of 60% is seen in overall incorrect answers after collecting the data through lexical categorization. It is expected that if the technique of lexical categorization is used and the suggestions given here are implemented, the learners will be able to correctly use vocabulary items in a variety of contexts in various situations.

Investigating the Reading Profiles of Middle School Emergent Bilinguals with Significant Reading Comprehension Difficulties

ABSTRACT Purpose This study investigated the reading profiles of middle school Spanish-speaking emergent bilinguals (EBs) with significantly below grade level reading comprehension and whether these profiles varied in their reading comprehension performance over time. Method Latent profile analyses were used to classify Grade 6 and 7 Hispanic EBs (n = 340; 39% female) into subgroups based on their word reading and vocabulary knowledge. Growth models were then fit within each profile to evaluate reading comprehension performance over time. Results Analyses revealed four latent profiles emerged: (a) very low word reading and low vocabulary (10%), (b) low word reading and low vocabulary (71%), (c) average word reading and low vocabulary (16%), and (d) high word reading and low vocabulary (3%). Subgroups varied in their reading comprehension initially and over one year. Students in the subgroup marked by very low word reading and low vocabulary showed the lowest reading comprehension performance initially; however, they also showed the greatest growth over one year. Conclusion These findings suggest that there is heterogeneity in the reading skill profiles of Spanish-speaking EBs with reading comprehension difficulties. They also underscore the prevalence of word reading difficulties among these students. These may be important factors to consider when developing interventions to prevent and remediate these difficulties.

Receptive Vocabulary and Listening Narrative Comprehension of Italian–English Bilingual Children between 5 to 7 Years

Vocabulary is the key component of listening narrative comprehension, but its contribution has been scarcely investigated in bilingual children. This study aimed to examine (a) listening narrative comprehension and receptive vocabulary in L1 (Italian) and L2 (English) in preschool and first grade children; (b) the specific contribution of receptive vocabulary to listening narrative comprehension in both languages. Participants were 30 preschoolers and 32 first graders, who are all Italian children attending an international school in English. In both languages, receptive vocabulary was assessed through PPVT-R and listening narrative comprehension through TOR 3-8. The results showed that listening narrative comprehension was age appropriate in both languages but higher in L1. Lower vocabulary in L1 than L2 was found, and this difference is higher for preschoolers than for first grades; finally, two regressions performed on listening narrative comprehension in each language showed that only vocabulary in the same language accounted for listening narrative comprehension. Children obtain higher performance in L1; however, after a few years of L2 exposure in the educational context, language skills fall within the normal range, with some weakness in vocabulary. Vocabulary contribution to listening narrative comprehension is similar in both languages and specific for each.

Pengembangan Media Kantong Mufrodat dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab untuk Siswa Kelas IX SMP IT Ummi Ayuni Perbaungan

The low vocabulary mastery of students in learning Arabic requires solutions and alternatives, one of which is using pocket mufrodat learning media. This study aims to design and describe the feasibility level of mufrodat pocket media in learning Arabic. The research method used is development research, using a Research and Development (R&D) approach. The subjects of the research trial consisted of two material experts and two media experts, as well as 20 class IX students at SMP IT Ummi Ayuni Perbaungan Academic Year 2022/2023. Data analysis techniques for the feasibility of the media using quantitative descriptive analysis. The processing results of this study indicate that the mufrodat pocket media in learning Arabic is considered appropriate by material experts with an average overall score of 78%, and the assessment by media experts as a whole gets an average score of 83% with a very decent category. Furthermore, student assessments in field trials as a whole got an average score of 80% in the very high category. From these results, the developed mufrodat pocket media can be used by teachers and students, especially class IX, SMP IT Ummi Ayuni Perbaungan. It is also recommended for Arabic teachers to utilize mufrodat pocket media as media in learning Arabic at school.

ERROR ANALYSIS: INVESTIGATING THE PARAGRAPH WRITING OF ESL MALAYSIAN LEARNERS

The study investigates an impromptu writing task administered to diploma students studying in one of the technical universities on the East Coast of Malaysia. In particular, it identifies their errors in writing a one-paragraph essay, the kind of errors students made in completing the task, and the least errors students made in writing the one-paragraph. The samples were 48 students undergoing Preliminary Semester taking English as one of the subjects in the particular semester. The study found that students made errors to a certain degree in using articles, tenses, and subject-verb-agreement (SVA), to name a few in the current study. More specifically, the highest number of errors students made were in tenses, SVA, and word choices, while the least errors were in possessive and attributive structures, gerunds, and infinitives. The study implied that assigning students impromptu writing contributed to their performance errors. Despite their low vocabulary knowledge, it also made them less expressive when writing in the condition.

Strategies for Teaching Reading to Students With High and Low Vocabularies: Emphasizing Gist and Graphic Organizers

The focus of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Gist and Graphic Organizers in teaching reading to students with different levels of vocabulary proficiency. This study used a quasi-experimental methodology with a 2x2 factorial design to examine university-level English language learners. Two experimental subjects were involved. Gist and Graphic Organizer materials were used as instructional tools for data collection. Additionally, an observation was made to validate the data findings. According to the research findings, Gist and Graphic Organizers were helpful in teaching reading to students with different vocabulary competence levels. However, the results suggested that the Gist technique benefits both pupils with high and low vocabulary skills. Observation also revealed that students found the Gist technique more engaging and participatory. The lexical proficiency of students had a substantial impact on instructional materials, mainly when the Gist technique was applied. It has a significant impact on the reading comprehension of students. In teaching reading comprehension, the Gist method was adequate for students with a high vocabulary competency, while graphics Organizers was adequate for learner with a low vocabulary proficiency.

THE EFFECT OF THREE STEP INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY

Speaking is considered as an important skill to be accomplished by students. Speaking is related to the pronunciation of words that aim to convey what is to be conveyed both of feelings or ideas. However, there were some problems that make human could not express their ideas. They are such as difficult to pronounce the words, low vocabulary, and misunderstanding. The main purpose of this research is to know whether Three-Step Interview Technique effective towards students’ Speaking Ability at eleventh grade of MA Darul A’mal Metro. The population of the research was the students on the eleventh grade in MA Darul A’mal Metro. The sampling technique was random sampling technique. The researcherschose social and science class as the sampling. Based on the result of data analysis, the mean score of post-test in experimental class was13.26 and the mean score of post-test in control class was 12.00. It showed that the students’ post- test score in experimental class was higher than students’ post-test score in control class. The result can be seen from sig. (2-tailed) of the equal variance assumed in the independent sample test table which the sig. (2-tailed) is 0.043. It is lower than α = 0.05 and it means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. It showed that there was significant influence of using three-step interview towards students’ speaking ability at the first semester of the eleventh grade of MA Darul A’mal. Speaking is considered as an important skill to be accomplished by students. Speaking is related to the pronunciation of words that aim to convey what is to be conveyed both of feelings or ideas. However, there were some problems that make human could not express their ideas. They are such as difficult to pronounce the words, low vocabulary, and misunderstanding. The main purpose of this research is to know whether Three-Step Interview Technique effective towards students’ Speaking Ability at eleventh grade of MA Darul A’mal Metro. The population of the research was the students on the eleventh grade in MA Darul A’mal Metro. The sampling technique was random sampling technique. The researcherschose social and science class as the sampling. Based on the result of data analysis, the mean score of post-test in experimental class was13.26 and the mean score of post-test in control class was 12.00. It showed that the students’ post- test score in experimental class was higher than students’ post-test score in control class. The result can be seen from sig. (2-tailed) of the equal variance assumed in the independent sample test table which the sig. (2-tailed) is 0.043. It is lower than α = 0.05 and it means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. It showed that there was significant influence of using three-step interview towards students’ speaking ability at the first semester of the eleventh grade of MA Darul A’mal.

Enhancing Speaking Skill By Utilizing Podcast Material for Teenager Learners

Speaking is a form of practicing how to communicate ideas. The students can convey their intentions by speaking. Many high school students struggled to articulate their thoughts. Their low vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar skills are what cause it. The teacher employed podcast resources in the teaching-learning process to address these issues. The instructor went over the basic grammar to put it into practice. In order to make it stick in their minds, the teacher instructed the student to look for the corresponding grammar in the transcript. Then, in order to expand their vocabulary, the student translate it. To improve the students' listening abilities, an audio recording was employed. The transcript was then read aloud. The students' newly acquired information is put to use in the text and audio descriptions of the images. The students took a pre-test before beginning this treatment, and they finished a post-test at the conclusion of it. A mixed-method approach was used to analyze the data that was found. It may be inferred that using podcast content improved the students' speaking proficiency. This kind of research can be used byteachers to teach relevant subjects. It also motivates other scholars to conduct deeper investigation.

Typology of Speech Disfluency of Grade Ten Students of Samal National High School

This research aimed to determine the common speech disfluencies of the Grade Ten students of Samal National High School. Specifically, this study aimed to discover and describe the typology of speech disfluencies of the tenth graders. The participants of this study are grade ten students from Samal National High School. Among the 100 extemporaneous speeches of the respondents, there were 25 purposively selected speeches which were subjected to analysis. The analysis revealed ten typologies of speech disfluencies committed in speeches. These are prolongation, blocks, interjection, repetition of words, repetition of a phrase, repetition of a syllable, restart, false start, code-switching, and stuttering. The possible causes of these disfluencies are mother tongue interference, lack of knowledge of the target language, hesitation, and low vocabulary. With these, language teachers should continuously find strategies to help the students overcome or at least lessen the identified speech disfluencies in discourse and language learning.