Lower Tract Symptoms Research Articles

Urinary Tract Infection in Children.

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common infection in children. Prompt diag-nosis and appropriate treatment are very important to reduce the morbidity associated with this condition.Objective: To provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infection in children.Methods: A PubMed search was completed in clinical queries using the key terms “urinary tract infec-tion”, “pyelonephritis” OR “cystitis”. The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature and the pediatric age group. Patents were searched using the key terms “urinary tract infection” “pyelonephri-tis” OR “cystitis” from www.google.com/patents, http://espacenet.com, and www.freepatentsonline.com.Results: Escherichia coli accounts for 80 to 90% of UTI in children. The symptoms and signs are non-specific throughout infancy. Unexplained fever is the most common symptom of UTI during the first two years of life. After the second year of life, symptoms and signs of pyelonephritis include fever, chills, rigor, flank pain, and costovertebral angle tenderness. Lower tract symptoms and signs include suprapu-bic pain, dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, cloudy urine, malodorous urine, and suprapubic tenderness. A urinalysis and urine culture should be performed when UTI is suspected. In the work-up of children with UTI, physicians must judiciously utilize imaging studies to minimize exposure of children to radia-tion. While waiting for the culture results, prompt antibiotic therapy is indicated for symptomatic UTI based on clinical findings and positive urinalysis to eradicate the infection and improve clinical outcome. The choice of antibiotics should take into consideration local data on antibiotic resistance patterns. Recent patents related to the management of UTI are discussed.Conclusion: Currently, a second or third generation cephalosporin and amoxicillin-clavulanate are drugs of choice in the treatment of acute uncomplicated UTI. Parenteral antibiotic therapy is recommended for infants ≤ 2 months and any child who is toxic-looking, hemodynamically unstable, immunocompromised, unable to tolerate oral medication, or not responding to oral medication. A combination of intravenous ampicillin and intravenous/intramuscular gentamycin or a third-generation cephalosporin can be used in those situations. Routine antimicrobial prophylaxis is rarely justified, but continuous antimicrobial prophylaxis should be considered for children with frequent febrile UTI.

Urology on the inside: managing the needs of the incarcerated

Objective: Despite a substantial body of literature on prisoner health and the management of specific conditions that affect incarcerated persons, there remains a paucity of data pertaining to the specific urological needs of prisoners. Additionally, no study has documented the impact of prison referrals on a department of urology. Materials and methods: A year-long prospective study was performed in a university hospital recording all contact made by detained persons with the department of urology. Results: A total of 77 clinical encounters were made by 47 detained patients from seven different institutions over 12 months. All patients were male. The most common reason for urological consultation was investigation of lower tract symptoms, but a total of 18 separate complaints were recorded, including acute trauma. Conclusions: The presence of several places of detention impacts significantly on a department’s workload. Management of persons detained under Home Office Licence in a general hospital poses several challenges, including confidentiality and security issues, privacy and patient concerns and prison personnel secondments. The transient nature of the prisoner population can pose difficulties for planned admissions and outpatient follow-up.

Do Periurethral Zuidex Injections Alter the Performance of Tension-Free Tapes in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence?

Introduction: A proportion of patients with ongoing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) following periurethral injections may wish to consider further intervention in the form of a tension-free obturator tape. This study aims to establish whether the presence of periurethral Zuidex alters the operative procedure or affects the success rate of subsequent tension-free tape surgery. Patients and Methods: In a study of 200 consecutive female patients suffering from SUI managed with the urethral bulking agent Zuidex we reported a 62% success rate. Twenty-two of 76 patients who continued to suffer from SUI following periurethral Zuidex opted for further surgical intervention in the form of a tension-free tape. The median age of the patients was 63 years and the time between Zuidex treatment and tension-free tape insertion ranged from 5 to 31 months (median 6.8 months). Results: The presence of the bulking agent did not alter surgical technique or increase the complexity of tape insertion. Twenty of 22 (91%) women were pad free after tension-free tape and 2 patients reported an increase in lower tract symptoms (cystoscopy normal). Conclusions: In our experience the success of transobturator tape surgery for stress incontinence is not adversely affected by the previous use of periurethral injections of Zuidex.

The Analysis and Treatment of Lower Tract Symptoms Following Non-improvement after Different Procedures of Prostatectomy

目的 探讨良性前列腺增生症不同术式术后出现下尿路症状的病因及对策.方法 对89例前列腺增生症者采用不同术式术后仍伴下尿路症状者的临床资料进行分析,并行尿动力学检测及其他技术检查.结果 开放组主要原因依次为逼尿肌收缩无力(42.1%)、逼尿肌不稳定(36.8%)、膀胱低顺应性(31.5%).HIFU组主要原因依次为膀胱出口梗阻(57.5%)、逼尿肌不稳定(48.5%)、逼尿肌收缩无力(45.5%).电切组主要原因依次为膀胱出口梗阻(45.9%)、逼尿肌不稳定(24.3%)、尿失禁(18.9%).3组数据经x2检验在膀胱出口梗阻和逼尿肌收缩无力项上差异有显著性意义.结论 尿动力学检查对分析前列腺增生症不同术式术后存在下尿路症状的原因及进一步治疗具有重要的价值。

Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease: defining the natural history. Anglia Paediatric Nephrourology Group.

Controversy exists as to what is the optimal management of antenatally detected multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCDK): conservative or operative. We report 70 (31M, 39F) children with unilateral MCDK in whom the initial micturating cystourethrography revealed vesicoureteric reflux into the contralateral kidney in 16/63 (25%). Involution of the MCDK kidney was noted at birth in 4 and occurred by 2 y of age in 11/46 (24%), with 16/46 (35%) showing a significant reduction in size. Of 21 children followed to 5 y, the MCDK had disappeared in 3 (14%) and 8 (38%) had shown a further reduction in size. No child has developed hypertension or proteinuria. Four children had urinary tract infections with lower tract symptoms, but no scarring of the normal hypertrophied kidney. We conclude that conservative management of unilateral MCDK is justified with long-term follow-up consisting of annual clinical review and ultrasound evaluation at 2, 5 and 10 y.

Few patients with “chronic prostatitis” have significant bladder outlet obstruction

Objectives. A high prevalence of significant bladder outlet obstruction has been reported among men diagnosed as having “chronic prostatitis.” To evaluate the possibility that case selection may determine this high prevalence, we compared findings in patients referred directly to our Urodynamic Unit with that of patients evaluated in our Prostatitis Clinic. Methods. The videourodynamics records of 201 men aged 18 to 50 years who presented to the Urodynamic Unit with any lower tract symptoms (irritative and/or obstructive with or without pain) were compared with the findings in 123 Prostatitis Clinic patients. The latter were evaluated for obstruction with flow rates and, if abnormal, by retrograde urethrograms and videourodynamics. Results. Only 37 (18%) of 201 patients referred to the Urodynamic Unit had pain as a significant symptom and might have been diagnosed as having chronic prostatitis. Of these 37 patients, 4 (11%) had definite obstruction, 6 (16%) were equivocal, 6 (16%) were hypocontractile, 1 (3%) had pseudodyssynergia, and 7 (19%) had normal findings. The remainder had abnormalities of bladder filling (hypersensitivity in 11 [30%] and detrusor instability in 2 [5%]). Fewer of the 123 patients with prostatitis had obstruction (definite in 2 [1.6%] and equivocal in 1 [0.8%]) ( P = 0.03), 2 (1.6%) had hypocontractile detrusors, and 2 had urethral strictures. Conclusions. Patients referred to the Urodynamic Unit with lower urinary tract symptoms and pain rarely have bladder outlet obstruction. However, they are significantly more likely to have bladder outlet obstruction than patients referred to the Prostatitis Clinic who can be screened for obstruction by history, flow rate, postvoid residual, and retrograde urethrogram.

Clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer

The clinical diagnosis of localized prostate carcinoma in the asymptomatic male has been based on a careful digital rectal examination (DRE). The DRE, prostate specific antigen (PSA), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), prostate needle biopsy (PNB), and other modalities are examined for their role in prostate cancer diagnosis. Up to 20% of localized prostatic cancer is still diagnosed "retrospectively" on transurethral resection (TURP) for clinically benign disease and prostatism. The role of fine-needle aspiration (FNA), flow cytometric study (FCM), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer is limited. Those men older than 50 years of age who have lower tract symptoms, either obstructive or irritative, or who have abnormal serum levels of PSA, regardless of DRE findings, are advised to undergo TRUS with ultrasound-guided PNB.

How Long Should Catheter-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection in Women Be Treated?

To determine the optimal management of catheter-acquired bacteriuria after short-term catheter use in women. Asymptomatic patients (119) with catheter-acquired bacteriuria were randomly assigned to receive no therapy, a single dose (320-1600 mg) of therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or 10 days (160-800 mg twice daily) of therapy. Thirty-two patients with lower tract symptoms alone received a single dose or 10 days of therapy, and 10 patients with upper tract symptoms or signs received 10 days of therapy. The mean and median durations of catheter use were 6 and 4 days, respectively. Bacteriuria resolved within 14 days without therapy in 15 of 42 (36%; 95% CI, 21% to 51%) asymptomatic patients. Seven of the remaining patients developed symptoms. Single-dose therapy resolved infection in 30 of 37 patients (81%; CI, 68% to 94%); 10 days of therapy resolved infection in 26 of 33 (79%; CI, 65% to 93%). For patients with lower tract symptoms alone, resolution rates with single-dose therapy or 10 days of therapy were similar (11 of 14 [79%] and 13 of 16 [81%], respectively). Ten days of therapy resolved infection in 6 of 9 (67%) patients with upper tract symptoms. Infection was resolved more often in women who were less than or equal to 65 years than in older women (62 of 70 [89%] versus 24 of 39 [62%]; P less than 0.001). Bacteriuria resolved spontaneously more frequently in younger (14 of 19 [74%] compared with 1 of 23 older women [4%]; P less than 0.001). Single-dose therapy resolved infection in 31 of 33 (94%) patients who were less than or equal to 65 years. Asymptomatic bacteriuria after short-term catheter use frequently becomes symptomatic and should be treated. For asymptomatic patients and patients with lower tract symptoms alone, single-dose therapy was as effective as 10 days of therapy; it was very effective in women who were less than or equal to 65 years. Bacteriuria resolved spontaneously within 14 days after catheter removal more commonly in women who were less than or equal to 65 years and both types of therapy were less effective in older women.

Urinary Tract Infection Localization in Women

The site of urinary infection in 51 adult women was determined by the bladder-washout technique (BW). Of the 37 patients with proved upper-tract infection shown by BW, 16 had upper-tract symptoms, three had lower-tract symptoms, and 18 were asymptomatic; 31 had antibody-coated bacteria (ACB), and six had no ACB. Of 14 patients with proved lower-tract infection shown by BW, three had upper-tract symptoms, five had lower-tract symptoms, and six were asymptomatic; none had ACB. All 31 women whose infecting bacteria were coated with antibody proved to have an upper-tract infection shown by BW. A subset of the population of adult women with upper-tract infection have organisms emanating from their ureters at BW localization, which are not coated with antibody. Physicians must be cautious in interpreting results that are negative for ACB.

Anterior urethral valves

Three cases of anterior urethral valves, a rare congenital anomaly are reported. Anterior urethral valves probably represent an attempt at duplication of the urethra in the first twelve to fourteen weeks of intrauterine life. The most common type is cusp-like and most frequently located in the bulbar urethra. The presenting complaints are lower tract symptoms, and the diagnosis is usually made b y a voiding urethrogram.