Low Sulfur Content Research Articles

A free-standing sulfide polyacrylonitrile/reduced graphene oxide film cathode with nacre-like architecture for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

Sulfide polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is regarded as a promising cathode material to replace traditional carbon/sulfur composites, due to its conversion solid-solid transformation mechanism that effectively eliminates the shuttle effect of lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs). Unfortunately, its low sulfur content and slow reaction kinetics greatly affect the electrochemical performance. In this paper, a scalable production method is developed to fabricate free-standing sulfide polyacrylonitrile/reduced graphene oxide (SPAN/RGO) film cathode with nacre-like architecture. In this novel free-standing film cathode, graphene nanosheets act as a stable conductive framework and SPAN nanoparticles evenly disperse between the graphene nanosheets. The dense layered structure effectively alleviates the volume expansion of sulfur during cycling. Ex-situ Raman analysis provides evidence for the reversible cleavage and reformation of C−S/S−S bonds throughout the charge-discharge cycle. With these advantages, free-standing SPAN/RGO film cathode exhibits a low-capacity decay rate of 0.052 % over 1000 cycles at 0.5 C. Additionally, it maintains stable cycling performance even when the SPAN loading reaches 10.0 mg cm−2. This offers a straightforward and effective approach for the development of practical cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs).

Restrict Toxic Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines to Protect the Environment by Using Diesel Fuel Mixed with Vegetable Oil

For internal combustion engines, engines installed for transport ships, cargo ships, and fishing vessels are mainly diesel engines. The number of engines is increasing due to the development of the maritime and seafood exploitation sectors. Therefore, the high demand for petroleum fuels increases environmental pollution due to engine emissions. Reducing environmental pollution from the combustion of petroleum fuels has become a concern worldwide, especially for internal combustion engines. The exhaust gases from the engine contain harmful substances such as soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Fuels with higher carbon content generate more soot when burned. In contrast, biofuels have low carbon and sulfur content and supply ample oxygen, which helps to reduce soot formation. For these reasons, biofuels are encouraged as alternative fuels to petroleum. Vegetable oil is one of the primary raw materials for biofuel production. This study presents a mixture of diesel and vegetable oil utilized as fuel for fishing vessels’ diesel engines. The results of experimental research on a fishing vessel’s 4CHE Yanmar diesel engine when using diesel fuel mixed with coconut oil (B15, 15% coconut oil, and 85% diesel) show that increasing B15 fuel injection pressure by about 10–15% compared with diesel fuel injection pressure reduces the engine’s soot emissions and increases power compared to unadjusted. This solution contributes to reducing environmental pollution from engine emissions.

Assessment of heavy metals distribution and environmental risks in biochar from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and mixed municipal waste.

The substantial heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge (SS) from wastewater treatment pose environmental risks and limit its practical applications. To mitigate this, SS was co-pyrolyzed with mixed municipal waste (MMW), and the heavy metals (HMs) distribution in the resulting biochar and leachate was analyzed through ICP-MS. Ecological risk (Er) and geological accumulation index (Igeo) were evaluated for various blending ratio. Results showed that MMW biochar exhibited high carbon and low sulfur content, indicating potential for carbon sequestration and soil enhancement. Both biochar showed intricate pore structures, with a slight increase in surface area, and greater aromaticity observed with the addition of MMW. Pyrolysis concentrated HMs in SS biochar, but enhanced stability reduced their leachate levels. Adding MMW decrease the level of HMs in biochar and leachate, notably reducing Se leaching from 1.54% to 0.12% and slightly lowering Hg and Cu levels. Co-pyrolysis stabilized Se by combining it with organic matter. Er analysis indicated a reduction in Hg and Cd risks by 86.6 and 41.23, respectively, with cumulative ecological risk (RI) dropping from 339.7 to 175.7. Higher MMW ratios reduced Igeo values for Zn, Cd, and Cu, shifting risks from strong to moderate and improving biochar’s agricultural suitability. High Cu and Zn levels in SS, originating from zinc and copper pipes in water treatment, were mitigated by MMW blending. Hence, the optimal co-pyrolysis ratio for HMs immobilization and SS disposal is 50% MMW. These results emphasize the importance of co-pyrolysis to produce safe biochar with reduced ecological risks. However, further research is required to optimize co-pyrolysis for various sludge types at higher pyrolysis temperatures (beyond 400℃) with the application of acid leaching agents.

Maceral composition, coal characteristics and depositional environment of the Middle Jurassic Nariinsukhait coal deposit, Southern Mongolia

The Nariinsukhait deposit is the largest Jurassic coal deposit in southern Mongolia. A total of 90 core samples were obtained from a 493.1 m deep borehole in the central part of the deposit and tested for proximate analysis and caking properties, while 29 composite samples were analyzed for maceral composition and random vitrinite reflectance. The thick seam V stands out for its better quality compared to the upper seams, with an average ash content of 12.4% (ad), total sulfur of 0.5% (ad), volatile matter of 36.7% (daf), inherent moisture of 0.6% (ad), calorific value of 6,600 kcal/kg (ar), and a G index of 84 (ad). Seam V is characterized by higher inertinite content (32.2 vol.%), and lower vitrinite (58.0 vol.%) and mineral matter contents (6.7 vol.%) relative to the upper seams. Additionally, this seam has a higher rank, with random vitrinite reflectance (Rrand) of 0.77%, compared to 0.65-0.70% for the upper seams. According to MNS 6457:2023 standards, seam V is classified as “1/3 coking coal”, while the upper seams are classified as “high volatile gas coal”. Based on TPI, GI and A/I indices, seam V was deposited in oxic, ombrotrophic mire, whereas the upper seams were formed in mesotrophic and rheotrophic mires with high water tables and less oxic conditions. Due to these depositional environments, seam V exhibits higher inertinite, lower ash, and lower sulfur contents than the upper seams. The rank of the Nariinsukhait coals is comparable to that of Jurassic coals in central Mongolia, while the maceral composition and coal quality of the upper seams align with those of Jurassic coals. Seam V is distinct in its high inertinite and low total sulfur contents. The Nariinsukhait coal is primarily semi-soft coking coal (2/3 of total coal resources) and is also suitable as high-quality PCI coal. Further detailed studies are recommended to evaluate its potential for liquefaction and as a coking coal blend.

Exploring Eco-Friendly Paths: A Comparative Study of Emissions in Medium Speed Diesel Engines Utilizing Alternative Fuels through Simulation Analysis

In the ship industry, emissions from marine activities have been shown to influence air quality and climate, with pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2). the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented MARPOL Annex VI to reduce emissions from maritime activities, one of which is using alternative fuels. With the need of sustainable energy source of reducing emissions, the evaluation of alternative fuels becomes crucial. This study presents a comparative analysis of performance and environmental emissions from medium speed diesel engines utilizing different fuels, namely Biodiesel (B10-100), Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), and Ultra Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (ULSFO) under various engine speed. the research was carried out using the Diesel-RK application with Internal Combustion Engine simulation that integrates thermodynamics and emission prediction algorithms to accurately represent the combustion process and subsequent pollutant formation. Parameters such as engine load, injection timing, and fuel properties are systematically varied to assess their impact on emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), sulfur dioxides (SO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Results indicate distinct performance and emission profiles for each fuel type in various engine speed. All Biodiesel and ULSFO demonstrates increasing NOₓ emissions compared to HFO with an average of 51.4%. However, they exhibit lower CO2 and SO2 compared to HFO with average of 3% for CO2 and 98.8% for SO2, this is due to higher oxygen content that can promote more efficient combustion, and both Biodiesel and ULSFO contains lower sulphur content.

Oil characteristics and the onset of biodegradation on the eastern flank of the Malay Basin, offshore Peninsular Malaysia

There is a great variety of oil types in the eastern Malay Basin flank area. We observe heavier, hence lower quality, oil at shallow reservoir levels, but mostly light oil in deeper petroleum reservoirs. The oils are characterized by varying amounts of wax, a fairly low sulphur content and, occasionally, significant levels of CO2. Many of the shallow reservoir oils appear to have been derived from originally light oils that suffered from biodegradation, and are slightly enriched in sulphur, compared to the native oils. Oils in reservoirs with a temperature of less than 75 °C appear to have been biodegraded, whereas hotter reservoirs with temperatures above 90 °C appear to have been unaffected.

Preparation of heteroatom-doped hyper-crosslinked polymers via waste utilization of sulfur-containing petroleum coke: A promising adsorbent for CO2 capture

To overcome the worldwide environmental crisis related to the continuous emission of CO2, the use of porous organic polymers, which are excellent absorbents and conversion materials, to reduce CO2 emission is of great significance. Among them, hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) are porous materials with a high pore density that are synthesized using a simple one-pot method that is economical and can realized at a low temperature, hence they have good application prospects as adsorbents for CO2. In this study, a batch of petroleum coke-based HCPs with different sulfur contents was prepared via the one-pot Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction using inexpensive and abundant petroleum coke as raw material. Thereafter, the use of the prepared materials for CO2 adsorption revealed that the HCPs with a high sulfur content had a larger specific surface area (825 m2/g) and showed a higher CO2 adsorption capacity (2.1603 mmol/g at 1 bar 298 K) than its counterpart with a lower sulfur content. Thus, the presence of sulfur significantly enhanced the CO2 adsorption performance of the material. Further, the simulation of the heat of adsorption of HCPs with and without sulfur using Material Studio also confirmed the higher CO2 capture efficacy of HCPs with a higher sulfur content.

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOBRIQUETTE FROM BIOMASS OF MANGO LEAF, SAW DUST AND RICE HUSK AS EFFICIENT ENERGY SOURCES FOR COOKING

The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions has driven interest in alternative biomass sources for energy production. This study investigates the production and characterization of bio briquettes made from different biomass of mango leaves, sawdust, and rice huskusing limestone as binder. The objective is to evaluate the potential of these biomass materials as efficient energy sources for cooking. The bio briquettes were produced using a standard briquetting process, involving mixing, compaction, and drying. Various parameters including ultimate and proximate composition, calorific value, bulk density, hardness and durability as well as mechanical and combustion properties were analyzed to assess their performance. The results demonstrated that the bio briquettes exhibited high calorific values between 20753 to 20506 KJ/kg and high percentage of fixed carbon between 4.18 to 5.58 % which generally indicates good fuel performance.The results also indicated that the bio briquettes has low Sulphur content and high volatile matter content between 50.53 to 62.84 % an indication that they are ecofriendly and can easily burn to yield energy. The bio briquettes of mango leaves, sawdust, and rice husk not only leverages agricultural waste but also contributes to reducing dependency on non-renewable energy sources. This research underscores the potential of utilizing locally available biomass for sustainable energy solutions and offers insights into improving the efficiency of bio briquette production.

Petrogenesis of Granitoids from the Waxing Mo Polymetallic Deposit, NE China: Implications for Magma Fertility and Mineralization

The Waxing Mo polymetallic deposit is located in the central part of the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Range (LXZR), NE China. The Mo (Cu) mineralization in the deposit is dominantly hosted by quartz veinlets and stockworks and is closely related to silicification and potassic alteration, while the W mineralization is most closely related to greisenization. Zircon samples from granodiorite, biotite monzogranite, granodiorite porphyry, and syenogranite in the Waxing deposit yielded U-Pb ages of 172.3 Ma, 172.8 Ma, 173.0 Ma, and 171.4 Ma, respectively. Six molybdenite samples from porphyry Mo ores yielded a Re-Os isochron age of 172.0 ± 1.1 Ma. The granitoids in the ore district are relatively high in total alkali (Na2O + K2O), are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, and are classified as I-type granitoids. The zircon samples from all granitoids showed a relatively consistent Hf isotopic composition, as shown by positive εHf(t) values (3.1–8.3) and young TDM2 ages (0.69–1.25 Ga). These results, combined with the whole-rock geochemistry, suggest that the magma source of these rocks most likely derived from partial melting of a juvenile middle-lower continental crust, with a minor contribution from the mantle. These granitoids have compositional characteristics of adakites such as relatively high Sr contents (e.g., >400 ppm) and Sr/Y ratios (e.g., >33), as well as weak Eu anomalies (e.g., Eu/Eu* = 0.8–1.1), indicating extensive fractionation crystallization of a hydrous magma. The apatite geochemistry indicates that the ore-related magma in Waxing is F-rich and has a relatively low content of sulfur. The zircon geochemistry reveals that the granodiorite, biotite monzogranite, and granodiorite porphyry have relatively high oxygen fugacity (i.e., ΔFMQ = +1.1~1.3), whereas the fO2 values of the granite porphyry and syenogranite are relatively low (i.e., ΔFMQ = +0.1~0.5). The whole-rock and mineral geochemistry suggest that the Mo mineralization in Waxing is probably genetically related to granitoids (i.e., granodiorite, biotite monzogranite, and granodiorite porphyry), with higher oxygen fugacity and a high water content, whereas the magmatic S concentration is not the key factor controlling the mineralization. A comparison of the geochemical compositions of ore-forming and barren stocks for porphyry Mo deposits in the LXZR showed that geochemical ratios, including Eu/Eu* (>0.8), 10,000*(Eu/Eu*)/Y (>600), Sr/Y (>33), and V/Sc (>8), could be effective indicators in discriminating fertile granitoids for porphyry Mo deposits from barren ones in the region.

Cu Evaporation from Liquid Iron Alloy in Stream

The accumulation of copper in steel scrap is becoming an increasingly problematic issue in the steelmaking industry. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to investigate the removal of copper from a liquid Fe–Cu alloy via tapping under vacuum. Furthermore, the impact of surface-active components sulfur and oxygen was examined. For this purpose, four Fe–0.5 wt% Cu alloys with varying oxygen and sulfur contents were melted and subsequently poured at a pressure of 100 Pa. The findings indicate that alloys with low oxygen and sulfur content exhibited enhanced copper evaporation. Additionally, the evaporation of other tramp metals, including manganese, phosphorus, and tin, was observed, and the influence of sulfur and oxygen on this process was discussed. Furthermore, the vacuum treatment conditions for copper evaporation in industrial settings were explored.

Investigating the sustainable energy generation potential of an invasive weed: Lantana camara.

Lantana camara, one of the world's top ten most invasive species, was initially cultivated for ornamental use. However, it spread uncontrollably across the fallow areas and agricultural lands, threatening approximately 44% of Indian forests. Its invasion disrupts ecosystems by suppressing nearby plant growth through allelopathy and poses toxicity risks to grazing ruminants. It significantly increases forest fire risk by adding large amounts of combustible biomass, particularly dried L. camara. Despite efforts to control it using mechanical, chemical, and biocontrol methods, the results have been largely unsatisfactory, with associated costs estimated at $18,000 per square kilometre. Considering these challenges, recent research explored the potential of L. camara as a bioenergy resource. TheL. camarabriquettes exhibit a heating value of approximately 20MJ/kg with a low sulphur (0.5%), nitrogen (1%), and ash content (2%), making them suitable for decentralised energy production. Furthermore, bioethanol production fromL. camarahydrolysate has shown promising results, yielding 0.33g/g withPichia stipitisand0.47g/g with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is comparable to other lignocellulosic feedstocks. Additionally, the gasification of L. camara using a downdraft gasifier produced syngas with a lower heating value (LHV) of 6.4MJ/Nm3. These findings demonstrate that using L. camara for bioenergy production presents a dual solution, addressing the growing demand for renewable energy and managing invasive species. This review aims to critically evaluate the potential and challenges associated with the different energy production pathways for L. camara, highlighting its role in sustainable energy generation.

Impact of Sulfur Deficiency and Excess on the Growth and Development of Soybean Seedlings.

Sulfur is a critical element for plant growth and development, serving as a component of amino acids (cysteine and methionine), iron-sulfur clusters, proteins, glutathione, coenzymes, and auxin precursors. Deficiency or low concentrations of sulfur in the soil can lead to significant growth retardation in plants. The objective of our study was to examine the effects of sulfur (S) deficiency and excess on morphological symptoms, sulfur and nitrogen (N) metabolism, as well as antioxidant activity in soybean. We found that S starvation decreased the fine root length, biomass, and activity, and the chlorophyll content was reduced, while excess sulfur promotes lateral root growth. In contrast to sulfur excess, sulfur deficiency inhibits N and S metabolism levels in both subsurface and above-ground parts, and induced the expression of some sulfur transporters (SULTRs). In this study, we created soybean hairy root lines overexpressing the SULTR gene (GmSULTR2;1a) to observe metabolic changes following sulfur deficiency treatment. The results showed that GmSULTR2;1a saved the sulfur-deficient phenotype, and the antioxidant enzyme activity was much higher than that of the wildtype in the absence of sulfur. Our study revealed the important role of sulfur element in soybean growth and development and the regulation of sulfur deficiency by GmSULTR2;1a.

Case Study: Understanding H2S Occurrence: Bakken Production Using Sulfur Isotopes

_ Souring—or H2S generation—in the Bakken petroleum system (BPS) production is becoming problematic for oil producers and pipeline operators because of the sporadic occurrence and associated economic and HSE impacts. Paradoxically, crude oil produced from the tight Middle Bakken (MB) and underlying Three Forks (TF) reservoirs of the BPS has historically been light (40 °API to 50 °API) with low sulfur content (<0.2 wt.%), typically exhibiting nonexistent to low (<10 parts per million) H2S concentrations. Additionally, neither the MB nor the TF reservoirs have public records indicating the presence of H2S during drillstem tests (DST). However, based on previous work performed by the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), the frequency of H2S occurrence in BPS wells has increased from 2010 to 2023. Even though the observed H2S increases correlate with larger, multistage well stimulation and completion practices in the BPS, the unclear geographical and temporal trends make the exact mechanisms responsible for souring an open research question. At least five known mechanisms can potentially lead to H2S occurrence in the oil production stream of BPS wells, including: 1. Thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) 2. Bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) 3. Source rock generation 4. Migration from deeper or shallower H2S reservoirs 5. Geochemical mechanisms related to reservoir stimulation work (Table 1). Understanding the mechanisms of H2S generation might reduce the risk of souring in new wells and enable more effective mitigation and management strategies in the wells already producing H2S. Samples Used in the Study This study is focused on oil and gas operations in the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin and the H2S occurrences in the BPS, which includes two main oil-producing reservoirs: the MB and the TF. In the simplified stratigraphic sequence, the BPS comprises three distinctive lithofacies. From deepest to shallowest, those lithofacies are the Lower Bakken Shale (LBS), the MB reservoir, and the Upper Bakken Shale (UBS). Underlying the BPS is the TF, the upper part of which is the oil-rich TF reservoir, considered part of the BPS. The UBS and LBS are the source rocks for the oil in MB and TF reservoirs and consist of black, organic-rich, siliciclastic mudstones (i.e., shale). Directly overlying the BPS is the Madison Group, a carbonate-dominated Mississippian section that is subdivided into three formations—the Lodgepole (LP), Mission Canyon (MC), and Charles. The Birdbear Formation lies beneath the TF and on top of the Duperow Formation. Both the Duperow and Birdbear Formations produce oil and are dominated by carbonate deposits of shallow marine limestone and dolostones. A sampling program was developed to investigate areas of the BPS with varying levels of souring in the production stream and multiple organic-rich formations representing potential source rocks, including the UBS, LBS, LP, and MC. The samples were collected from locations and formations with different lithologies and maturity levels. Over 70 sour wells were identified for H2S sampling in western North Dakota.

Air Pollutant Emission Factors of Inland River Ships under Compliance

Inland river ships (IRSs) use diesel with a lower sulfur content and emit relatively low emissions, making it challenging to monitor their emissions. Sniffer monitoring equipment was installed from August 2020 to June 2022 at the Gezhou Dam of the Yangtze River and monitored emissions from 8,238 IRSs passing through the lock. We partnered with the maritime department to select 100 ships passing through the lock to extract fuel oil samples for direct fuel sulfur content (FSC) detection, which determined the actual FSC of the passing ships. The monitoring data from these 100 ships indicated that the relative error of the SO2 emission factors (EFs) and FSC results is significant at the 10-parts-per-million level. The monitoring data from the remaining 8,138 ships showed that the EFs of NO, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 were 24.02 ± 16.92 g kg−1, 10.30 ± 18.08 g kg−1, 0.72 ± 0.60 g kg−1, and 0.92 ± 0.70 g kg−1, respectively. The NOx EFs of container ships are higher than those of other ship types, while the PM EFs for different ship types do not significantly differ. Based on these EFs, we calculated the average emission rates for different types of ships passing through locks, which is a real-time measurement method for estimating ship emissions. In addition, a comparison of ship EF measurements over the past 20 years revealed that EF values for SO2, NOx, and PM exhibited a downward trend, with the calculated results of the current study determined to be the lowest numerical level.

Pollution Substitution? Scrubber Discharges and the Law of the Sea: An Essay in Honor of Ted L. McDorman

Compliance with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2020 sulphur oxides (SOx) emissions regulation requires using low sulphur content fuel or an alternative compliance mechanism certified by national administrations. The latter includes installation of an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) to remove SOx prior to emission, which entails the discharge at sea of highly acidic washwater containing harmful substances, resulting in a new form of marine pollution. This article discusses how the certification and use of EGCS are incompatible with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provisions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment and explores regulatory strategies for IMO to remove the incompatibility.

Production of low-sulphur tailings by hydrocycloning

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an environmental problem in gold mines containing sulphur minerals. The potential for acid drainage in tailings facilities must be considered when studying their dry closure. Therefore, controlling the sulphur content in the final layer of tailings deposition has the potential to prevent AMD after closure. In this context, the rougher flotation tailings were hydrocycloning in a pilot plant in a gold mining company to assess the potential for generating modified tailings with low-sulphur content. A total of 10 samples were composited over one hour of pilot plant operation. The hydrocyclone overflow showed an average reduction of 36.2% in sulphur content and an average metallurgical recovery of 20.0%. The underflow had an average increase in sulphur content of 16.8% and 80.0% metallurgical recovery. These results demonstrated the possibility of generating modified tailings with reduced sulphur content through hydrocycloning.

Efficiency analysis of the application of thermal methods at the Pirallahi and Darwin bank fields

The efficiency of oil and gas field development is associated with the correct choice of appropriate measures to be implemented. This research considers the Pirallahi and Darwin Bank fields with hard-to-recover oil reserves. The Pirallahi field is located in the eastern part of the Absheron Peninsula. The initial balance reserve for the facility is 4 million tons, and the level of reserve utilization is 19%. Among the notable features, the Pirallahi deposit represents the southern fold of the PK (Pre-Kirma- ki) horizon. Across the horizon, the initial balance reserve is approximately one million tons, and the utilization rate is 17%. In other groups, the level of utilization exceeds 20%. Accordingly, the volume of initial balance reserves ranges between 8-35 million tons. Industrially important objects here are KSv (Kirmaki suite, fifth horizon), KSn (Kirmaki suite, n horizon), and PKS (Post-Kirmaki suite). To develop oil reserves, more than 1000 production wells were drilled at different stages of the development process. The southern fold consists of a brachyanticline extending from northwest to southeast. The main tectonic element of the southern fold is its thrust nature and its very complex tectonic structure. The fold is heavily watered. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of developing these fields, it is necessary to use appropriate methods of influencing the formations. To enhance the efficiency of the development process in the northern part, the in-situ combustion method was applied. The Darwin Bank field belongs to the Absheron archipelago and has a tectonic brachyanticlinal structure. The structure is complicated by numerous longitudinal and transverse faults. It is divided into six tectonic zones by several transverse and one longitudinal fault passing through the crest. Darwin Bank oils are heavy oils with low sulfur content. In addition, low paraffin and high resin content are observed in the composition of field oil. For both fields, the recovery rate of geological reserves fluctuates around 30%. The article, primarily, examines the selection of objects and the use of enhanced oil recovery methods in these fields. The in-situ combustion method was used in the northern part of the Pirallahi field and Darwin Bank.

Comparative analysis of the combustion and emission characteristics of biojet and conventional Jet A‐1 fuel: a review

AbstractConventional jet fuels derived from fossil sources contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, leading to climate change. Recent studies have shown that biobased jet fuels from different feedstocks offer a more sustainable alternative to conventional fuels as they are derived from renewable biomass, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The major feedstocks reviewed are jatropha curcas, camelina, karanja oil, waste cooking oil, and municipal solid waste. They offer diverse benefits for sustainable aviation fuel development. As a comparative analysis, this review examined jet fuel characteristics based on their physicochemical properties, namely energy content, viscosity, calorific value, cetane number, and freezing and flash points. The objective was to understand the influence of the properties on performance evaluation, environmental impact, and combustion characteristics. The properties of biojet fuels are compared with their fossil counterparts to validate their suitability as renewable alternatives and their benefits in terms of emissions reduction and engine performance. Biojet fuels perform better in terms of lower sulfur content, lower soot content, and a lower freezing point, their aromatic content, and their high cetane number. This study enhances the understanding of biojet fuels and their quality, and supports the development of sustainable fuel options. Overall, adherence to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D7566‐18 standard is crucial for the acceptance and integration of biojet fuels into the aviation sector. Future research should explore feedstocks such as wood biomass, wastepaper, and agricultural residues for biojet fuels. It should also investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biosourced aviation fuel at higher blending ratios (>50% by volume) with fossil Jet A‐1.

Evaluating the performance effectiveness of briquettes made from coconut dreg charcoal (CDC), tea residue (TR), and cocoa pod (CP)

Abstract Environmental pollution, depletion of fossil fuels, and a significant rise in the human population are contributing to an increase in the greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Addressing these challenges necessitates the production of clean, low-carbon emission, and sustainable bioenergy, such as briquettes, which can significantly contribute to knowledge and innovation. To assess the effectiveness of briquettes, their characteristics need to be tested using proximate analysis. In examining the characteristics of briquettes, the average moisture content of coconut dreg charcoal and tea residue (CDC+TR) measured 4.835%, contrasting with the 5.9% found in the cocoa pod (CP). The average ash content in CDC+TR was 2.351%, while CP recorded 3.2%. The average volatile matter in CDC+TR was 24.993%, while in CP, it was 31.5%. CDC+TR had an average fixed carbon of 67.815%, compared to CP of 59.5%. Furthermore, the average gross calorific value in CDC+TR was 4562.16 cal/g, whereas in CP, it was 4205.2 cal/g. In conclusion, CP briquettes could serve as an alternative energy source due to ease of production, low sulfur content, and favorable calorific value. CDC+TR, on the other hand, enhanced energy efficiency because of their lower moisture content, ash content, and volatile matter. Additionally, CDC+TR briquettes had higher fixed carbon and gross calorific values compared to CP, making them a suitable energy source.

EVALUATION OF COMPATIBLE PROCESSING ROUTES USING THERMAL TREATMENT FOR UPGRADING OF MOPA MURO AND OBAN MASSIF MANGANESE DEPOSITS

The present study deals with evaluation and compatibility of processing routes using thermal treatment for upgrade of mopa muro and oban Massif manganese ore deposits. The study samples are characterized by XRD, XRF and SEM analysis. The results of SEM analysis show the micro-cracks in the thermally treated manganese sample, Mineralogical investigation shows that in the Mopa Muro manganese ore, most of the Manganese occurs in the silicate managenese mineral as in Almandine (Fe2+)3Al2(SiO4)3, Spessartine(Mn2+)3Al2(SiO4)3, Clinochlore (Al-Fe-SiO2-OH), Geothite FeO(OH),while the Oban Massif is rich in, Pyrolusite MnO2, Clinochlore (Al-Fe-SiO2-OH ), and Spessartine(Mn2+)3Al2(SiO4)3. The mineralogy of the two deposits also revealed that there is a Free Silica (Quartz) in abundant. The low content of sulphur and phosphorus is however within the requirement of the metallurgical grade manganese ore, while 44.08% and 42.07% of manganese (Mn) obtained for Mopa Muro and Oban Massif manganese ores respectively after all analysis indicate apparent inability of the ores meet the requirement of metallurgical grade manganese with values less than 66% recommended specification using thermal treatment.