Lower Risk Of Depression Research Articles

Exploring the self-reported physical fitness and self-rated health, mental health disorders, and body satisfaction among Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) and Physical fitness (PF) have received tremendous attention in the field of physical and mental health. However, limited attention has been given to the associations of self-reported physical fitness with some health-related outcomes. Given the COVID-19 pandemic is still active in many Chinese regions, assessing health-related physical fitness (HRPF) in adolescents using field-based assessment (such as a shuttle run for cardiorespiratory fitness) is unrealistic, therefore, this study was conducted via a self-reported questionnaire.PurposeThe present cross-sectional study was aimed at delving into the relationship between self-reported physical fitness with self-rated health, depression, anxiety, and body satisfaction in adolescents. Three thousand eight hundred and seven study participants from 12 public schools in South-eastern China were recruited and 2,407 of them provided valid data on variables that this study needed for analysis.Materials and methodsStudy participants were asked to self-report their sociodemographic factors (e.g., sex, grade, age), independence, and outcomes. Generalized linear models were used to explore the associations of self-reported physical fitness (comprising general physical fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, speed and agility, and flexibility) with depression, anxiety, and body satisfaction. A total of 2,407 children and adolescents with a mean age of 13.82 (±2.1) years were included in the final study analysis.ResultsHigher self-reported levels of general physical fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with better self-rated health, and body satisfaction but with lower risks of depression and anxiety.ConclusionThe current study offered evidence on the roles of self-reported physical fitness and health-related outcomes. To facilitate health in children and adolescents, advocating fitness education, and promotion could be a feasible approach.

Association of metformin and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes

BackgroundEmerging evidence showed metformin may have pleiotropic effects on ameliorating depression. However, whether metformin was associated with decreased risk of depression remains unclear. MethodsA historical cohort study was conducted based on a medical claim database from 2010 to 2017 in Beijing, China. Patients newly diagnosed with T2D were classified into the metformin and non-metformin groups according to their initial antidiabetic prescription. The incidences of depression between the groups were compared using Cox proportional regression model. ResultsThere were 193,624 (37.4 %) and 323,930 (62.6 %) T2D patients in the metformin and non-metformin groups. The mean age was 54.9 (SD: 13.1) years and 53.9% were females. With a median follow-up of 3.2 years, 64,963 patients developed depression. The adjusted incidence of depression in the metformin group (30.6, 95 % CI: 30.1, 31.0 per 1000 person-years) was significantly lower than in the non-metformin group (39.6, 95 % CI: 39.3, 40.0 per 1000 person-years, P < 0.001). The metformin group was significantly associated with a lower risk of depression compared with the overall non-metformin group (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.78), as well as compared with α-glucosidase inhibitors (HR: 0.73, 95 % CI: 0.71, 0.74), sulfonylureas (HR: 0.84, 95 % CI: 0.82, 0.86), and glinides (HR: 0.85, 95 % CI: 0.82, 0.88), except for thiazolidinediones (HR: 0.96, 95 % CI: 0.91, 1.01). The association between metformin and lower depression risk was significant in all the age and sex subgroups. ConclusionsMetformin was associated with a lower risk of depression compared with other oral hypoglycemic agents, indicating a potential pleiotropic effect on depression.

Soy product consumption and the risk of major depressive disorder in older adults: Evidence from a cohort study.

BackgroundTo explore the association between soy product consumption and the risk of depression in the community.MethodsIn 2014, a total of 10,901 older people were recruited from Zhejiang province, China, and completed food frequency interviews. Participants were followed up over the next 6 years, and depression was assessed at each visit. Finally, 6,253 participants were included in the present study. Mixed effects models were performed to analyze the association by multivariate adjustments for potential confounders.ResultsOver four-fifths of the eligible participants took soy food at least one day per week. The mixed effects model has shown the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of high-frequency consumers (4–7 days per week) were 0.46 (0.39–0.54) for depression with a cut-off score of 5, compared with non-consumers.ConclusionsMore frequent soy product consumption was associated with a lower risk of depression.

Associations Between Different Dimensions Of Physical Activity And Cognition, Depression In Middle-aged And Elderly Chinese

PURPOSE: To investigate the associations between different dimensions (intensity, frequency, duration, volume) of physical activity (PA) and cognitive function, depression in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. METHODS: This study included 3270 individuals from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2018. PA was divided into vigorous PA (VPA), moderate PA (MPA), and light PA (LPA). After adjustment for sex, age, BMI, educational status, marital status, smoking and drinking by multiple linear regression models, the associations between different dimensions of physical activity and cognitive function, depression were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with taking no PA, MPA with a frequency of 3-7 d/w, duration of 10-119 min/d, volume of ≥300 min/w had higher cognitive function scores in individuals, among which those with a frequency of 3-5 d/w, duration of 10-29 min/d, volume of 10-149 min/w had the highest scores (β = 1.16, 95%CI: 0.08, 2.23; β = 1.76, 95%CI: 0.43, 3.08; (β = 1.73, 95%CI: 0.50, 2.94). While VPA with a frequency of 3-5 d/w, 6-7 d/w, duration of ≥240 min/d, volume of ≥300 min/w had lower cognitive function scores (β = -2.33, 95%CI: -3.55, -1.12, β = -2.10, 95%CI: -2.94, -1.26; β = -3.07, 95%CI: -3.96, -2.19; β = -2.19, 95%CI: -2.93, -1.44). No significant differences in any dimensions of LPA and cognitive function. VPA and MPA with any frequency, a duration of ≥30 min/d, VPA with a volume of ≥75 min/w, MPA with a volume of ≥150 min/w, LPA with a frequency of 1-5 d/w, duration of ≥120 min/d, volume of ≥300 min/w had lower risks of depression in individuals, among which those taking VPA with a frequency of 6-7 d/w, duration of ≥240 min/d, volume of ≥300 min/w had the lowest risks of depression (β = -7.10, 95%CI: -7.61, -6.60; β = -7.99, 95%CI: -8.50, -7.47; β = -7.50, 95%CI: -7.93, -7.06). While LPA with a frequency of 6-7 d/w, duration of 10-29 min/d, volume of 10-149 min/w and 150-299 min/w had lower cognitive function scores (β = -1.44, 95%CI: -2.20, -0.69; β = 6.10, 95%CI: 5.26, 6.95; β = 5.83, 95%CI: 4.94, -6.71; β = 2.12, 95%CI: 0.95, 3.28). CONCLUSIONS: In middle-aged and elderly Chinese aged 45 and above, MPA is associated with higher cognitive function and the lower risk of depression, while VPA is associated with the lower risk of depression and may be associated with lower cognitive levels.

Impact of migration status on incidence of depression in the middle-aged and elderly population in China: Exploring healthy migrant and salmon bias hypotheses from a mental health perspective

BackgroundThe healthy migrant and salmon bias hypotheses stipulate that those who are healthier are more likely to migrate (a selection effect) and unhealthy migrants have a greater tendency to return to their origin communities than healthier migrants. It remains unclear whether the hypotheses are relevant for mental health, although they have robust evidence for physical health. The current study expands the theoretical foundation underlying these hypotheses by exploring the impact of migration status on depression among the middle-aged and older population in China. MethodLongitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2018 were used. Participants were divided into three groups, non-migrants, permanent migrants, and return-migrants according to their migration status. The Chinese version of 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to assess clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Incidence were estimated by each migration status and compared across strata using log-rank tests. Cox regression models were fit to assess the relationship between migration status and depression incidence. ResultsA total of 9264 middle-aged and elderly participants were included, of whom 7047 (76.1 %) were non-migrants, 1065 (11.5 %) were permanent migrants, and 1152 (12.4 %) were return-migrants, respectively. Incidence rates of depression by different migration statuses were 76.6/103 person-years (73.7/103–79.7/103) in non-migrants, 62.9/103 person-years (55.9/103–70.6/103) in permanent migrants, and 67.3/103 person-years (60.7/103–74.5/103) in return-migrants. After controlling for covariates, only permanent migrants had significantly lower incidence of depression than non-migrants (HR: 0.85 (0.75, 0.96)). After stratifying by current place of residence, urban-permanent-migrants had a lower risk of depression than both rural and urban non-migrants, and the HRs and 95%CIs were 0.62 (0.52–0.74) and 0.81 (0.68–0.97). LimitationsMigration statuses of participants may have changed over time, but due to the lack of raw data on migration status in 2013 and 2015, we used migration status at baseline. We were also not able to contextualize the migration experiences among those who migrated, and these trajectories may be heterogeneous. ConclusionUsing depression as an indicator of mental health, the healthy migrant hypothesis was supported among middle-aged and elderly permanent migrants living in urban areas while the salmon bias hypothesis was not. Significant urban-rural inequities in mental health existed among different types of migrants. Especially among permanent migrants who have migrated and converted Hukou from their original registration place to their current residence.

Active recreation: types and varieties of active tourism and their essence

This article discusses various types of active tourism and analyzes their features. The necessity to go in for active sports, regardless of age and physical fitness, has been substantiated. It was revealed that tourist trips play an important role in the system of general training and hardening. Active tourism has many varieties, which allows you to practice at any time of the year. It was found that active tourism fosters moral and volitional attitudes of a person, and also improves his physical form and psychological state. Active tourism allows people to adapt to different conditions, travel long distances without feeling tired, and leave their comfort zone. After practicing active tourism, endurance, stamina, endurance of the body improves, due to which any physical work is done easily, and the body after it recovers faster. The work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems improves, and oxygen is effectively used by the tissues of the body, muscles are strengthened and grown. Active tourism contributes to the improvement of the mental state. Such people have a much lower risk of depression. After class, they are more collected, patient, restrained and calm. Activities in active tourism prolong a person's active life even after retirement. Hiking trips are not only prevention, but can cure various diseases. It was found that real health is achieved through the gradual accustoming of the body to changes in the environment. Active tourism is an effective means of forming, developing and improving a healthy and tempered person. A high level of development of motor abilities underlies the success of mastering various motor actions, which is an important component of health indicators. Active tourism contains skills, abilities and knowledge that can be used in everyday life, it is also useful for the prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory tract, colds. In the process of regular training, various motor abilities are developed based on the age characteristics of a person: speed of movements, coordination, endurance and flexibility; vital skills are acquired, muscle strength increases, etc. Active tourism broadens one's horizons, enriches spiritual life and is an excellent means for learning about the world around and developing one’s body.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Healthcare System and on the Mental Health of Primary Health Care Providers

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the reorganization of primary health care services. The aim of this study was to describe how the health services responded to organizational requests; how the health services involved and supported their employees; how professionals perceived their involvement in the procedures and what support was provided to them. Additions aims included assessing the levels of anxiety and depression of professionals and their association with the perceived support, availability of personal protective equipment and involvement in pandemic-related tasks. Cross-sectional, analytical study directed at professionals from three health center groups using an online questionnaire. We collected information from sociodemographic data, access to personal protective equipment, perceived support, workload and levels of anxiety and depression. Between each variable and the levels of anxiety and depression, multivariate logistic regression was applied. There were responses from 237 professionals (83.8% women; mean age 43.7 years; 43.2% physicians). Almost 60% worked with COVID-19 patients. The availability of personal protective equipment in March versus June 2020 increased (17.7% vs 55.3%). There was a risk management plan in 86% of the workplaces. A high workload (90%) and time pressure (74.6%) were identified. Physicians and nurses had a higher prevalence of depression associated with workload and fatigue (p < 0.001). Protective anxiety factors were having space to talk about problems, support in face of these problems and having a place to relax in the health unit. A lower risk of depression was found in the administrative staff group, in those who felt supported, and in those who actively participated in the contingency plans. The COVID-19 pandemic led to considerable changes in the dynamics of primary health care. The time pressure to carry out tasks and the level of concentration required were associated with a higher risk of mental disease. The support felt by healthcare professionals regarding their problems and concerns and the existence of places to relax in the health units were identified as protective factors. Health promotion, the maintenance of the social contacts of healthcare professionals and their involvement in the processes should be taken into account in the organizational dynamics of the institutions.

Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis identifies causal associations between relative carbohydrate intake and depression.

Growing evidence suggests that relative carbohydrate intake affects depression; however, the association between carbohydrates and depression remains controversial. To test this, we performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using genetic variants associated with relative carbohydrate intake (N = 268,922) and major depressive disorder (N = 143,265) from the largest available genome-wide association studies. MR evidence suggested a causal relationship between higher relative carbohydrate intake and lower depression risk (odds ratio, 0.42 for depression per one-standard-deviation increment in relative carbohydrate intake; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.62; P = 1.49 × 10-5). Multivariable MR indicated that the protective effect of relative carbohydrate intake on depression persisted after conditioning on other diet compositions. The mediation analysis via two-step MR showed that this effect was partly mediated by body mass index, with a mediated proportion of 15.4% (95% confidence interval, 6.7% to 24.1%). These findings may inform prevention strategies and interventions directed towards relative carbohydrate intake and depression.

Prospective associations between coffee consumption and psychological well-being.

Prior work indicates a robust relationship between coffee consumption and lower depression risk, yet no research has examined links with psychological well-being (e.g., happiness, optimism). This study tested whether coffee intake is prospectively associated with greater psychological well-being over time. Secondarily, associations in the reverse direction were also examined to determine whether initial levels of psychological well-being were related to subsequent coffee consumption. Among women in the Nurses' Health Study, coffee consumption was examined in 1990 and 2002 in relation to sustained levels of happiness reported across multiple assessments from 1992-2000 (N = 44,449) and sustained levels of optimism assessed from 2004-2012 (N = 36,729). Associations were tested using generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution adjusted for various relevant covariates. Bidirectional relationships were evaluated in secondary analyses of baseline happiness (1992) and optimism (2004) with sustained moderate coffee consumption across multiple assessments through 2010. Compared to minimal coffee consumption levels (<1 cup/day), moderate consumption (1-3 cups/day) was unrelated to happiness, whereas heavy consumption (≥4 cups/day) was associated with a 3% lower likelihood of sustained happiness (relative risk, RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95-0.99). Only moderate coffee consumption was weakly associated with a greater likelihood of sustained optimism (RR1-3cups/day = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00-1.06). Secondary analyses showed high levels of optimism but not happiness levels were modestly associated with increased likelihood of sustained moderate coffee intake (RRoptimism = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.10; RRhappiness = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.99-1.04). Associations between psychological well-being and coffee consumption over up to two decades were largely null or weak. Although coffee consumption may protect individuals against depression over time, it may have limited impact on facets of psychological well-being.

University students' mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia.

We aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and suicidality and identify relevant risk and protecting factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia. We conducted an anonymous online survey (n = 984, convenience sample by approaching all universities in Georgia and some student organizations) using valid instruments (e.g., STAI to assess anxiety, CES-D for depression, and RASS to assess suicidality). We calculated frequencies and prevalence and applied regression analysis and Chi-square tests to identify risk and protecting factors. Respondents' mental health had been significantly affected (with a high prevalence of depression (46.7%) and anxiety (79%)) during the pandemic (which coincided with political turmoil and caused an economic crisis) in Georgia. Some of the critical factors affecting mental health were: female sex (p = .000), bad general health condition (anxiety p = .001, depression p = .004), finances (anxiety and depression p < .001), reduced physical activity (anxiety p < .001, depression p = .014), and a history of self-harming (suicidality p < .001). Less family conflicts (anxiety and depression p < .05), absence of nightmares (anxiety and depression p < .001), moderate or low fears of COVID-19 (anxiety p < .001), and lower substance use (anxiety p = .023) were among the potentially protective factors. International students coped better, despite vulnerability. Medical students had a lower risk of depression. In the complex socioeconomic context, mental health of students in Georgia suffered a lot during the COVID-19 pandemic, requiring thorough planning and delivery of student support services in higher educational institutions during and after the pandemic.

Association Between Physical Activity Intensity and the Risk for Depression Among Adults From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018.

ObjectiveWhether vigorous physical activities (VPA) bring additional benefits to depression prevention in comparison with moderate physical activity (MPA) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to find the correlation between the proportion of VPA to moderate-to-VPA (MVPA) (a combination of VPA and MPA) and the risk for depression, as well as to explore whether correlations differ among subgroups separated by age and sex.MethodsThe data originating from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018 were applied. The total amount of PA per week was obtained by multiplying frequency and duration. The proportion of VPA to MVPA was obtained among the participants who performed any MVPA. Depression was set for those who scored 10 and above in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for depression were evaluated using logistic regression.ResultsAmong 26,849 participants of this study, only 12,939 adults were found with any MVPA, in which 748 participants with depression were detected. Logistic regression was conducted among 12,939 participants. The participants with higher than 66.7–100% of MVPA as VPA were inversely correlated with a 30% (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.50, 0.99) lower risk for depression. The subgroup analyses revealed that significant correlations were only found in men and those aged 45 years and above.ConclusionThis study suggested that a higher proportion of VPA to MVPA might be correlated with a lower risk for depression in men and those aged 45 years and above. Besides the recommendation, adults should perform 150 min MVPA per week, more time should be spent in performing VPA in MVPA among men and older adults.

Cross-Sectional Associations between Living and Built Environments and Depression Symptoms among Chinese Older Adults.

In this study, we explored the cross-sectional associations between living and built environments and depression among older Chinese adults. Data from 5822 participants were obtained. Depression symptoms were evaluated through the use of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with a score higher than 4 categorized as having depression symptoms. The living environment was assessed by asking about dust in the environment and barrier-free facilities. We considered the presence of amenities within a 10 min walking distance and the proportion of green space within an 800 m distance from participants’ dwellings to reflect the built environment. Data were analyzed by multilevel logistic regression. Participants living in a non-dusty environment with proximity to green space had a lower risk of depression (non-dusty environment: OR = 0.784, 95% CI = 0.642, 0.956; green space: OR = 0.834, 95% CI = 0.697, 0.998). However, having no access to barrier-free facilities and hospital proximity increased the depression risk (barrier-free facilities: OR = 1.253, 95% CI = 1.078, 1.457; hospital: OR = 1.318, 95% CI = 1.104, 1.574). Dusty environments, access to barrier-free facilities and proximity to hospitals and green spaces were associated with depression symptoms among older Chinese adults.

Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students in US colleges during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundPrevious studies showed that the COVID-19 outbreak increased the levels of depression and anxiety in heterogeneous populations. However, none has explored the prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students studying in US colleges during the pandemic.ObjectiveThis study examines the prevalence of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students enrolled in US universities during the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies the associated factors, including habits, social and psychological support, sleep quality, and remote learning.MethodsBetween June and July 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional study through Wenjuanxing, a web-based survey platform. Participants were recruited with snowball sampling through 21 Chinese international student associations in US universities. The survey consisted of demographic questions, the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and self-constructed questions on academic performance, financial concerns, use of social media, physical exercise, and psychological support. Cut-off scores of 10 were used for both PHQ-9 and GAD-7 to determine the binary outcomes of depression and anxiety, respectively. Bivariant analyses and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the associated factors.ResultsAmong 1881 participants, we found a prevalence of depression (PHQ-9 score⩾ 10) at 24.5% and that of anxiety (GAD-7 score⩾ 10) at 20.7%. A higher risk of depression was associated with recent exposure to traumatic events, agreement to pandemic’s negative impacts on financial status, agreement and strong agreement to the negative impacts of remote learning on personal relationships, and a higher ISI score. A lower risk of depression was associated with disagreement to the negative impacts of remote learning on academic performance and future careers, strong willingness to seek professional help with emotional issues, and a higher SSRS score. In addition, a higher risk of anxiety was associated with recent exposure to traumatic events, a lot of workloads, often staying up for online classes, agreement and strong agreement to the negative impacts of remote learning on personal relationships, and a higher ISI score. A lower risk of anxiety was associated with the willingness and strong willingness to seek professional help with emotional issues, and a higher SSRS score.ConclusionThis study showed a high prevalence of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students studying in US colleges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple correlates—including recent exposure to traumatic events, pandemic-related financial concerns, workload, social support, remote learning, willingness to seek professional help, and sleep quality—were identified. It is critical for future studies to further investigate this student population and for universities to provide more flexible learning options and more access to psychological services.

Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression

Depression is the leading cause of mental health-related disease burden and may be reduced by physical activity, but the dose-response relationship between activity and depression is uncertain. To systematically review and meta-analyze the dose-response association between physical activity and incident depression from published prospective studies of adults. PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and the reference lists of systematic reviews retrieved by a systematic search up to December 11, 2020, with no language limits. The date of the search was November 12, 2020. We included prospective cohort studies reporting physical activity at 3 or more exposure levels and risk estimates for depression with 3000 or more adults and 3 years or longer of follow-up. Data extraction was completed independently by 2 extractors and cross-checked for errors. A 2-stage random-effects dose-response meta-analysis was used to synthesize data. Study-specific associations were estimated using generalized least-squares regression and the pooled association was estimated by combining the study-specific coefficients using restricted maximum likelihood. The outcome of interest was depression, including (1) presence of major depressive disorder indicated by self-report of physician diagnosis, registry data, or diagnostic interviews and (2) elevated depressive symptoms established using validated cutoffs for a depressive screening instrument. Fifteen studies comprising 191 130 participants and 2 110 588 person-years were included. An inverse curvilinear dose-response association between physical activity and depression was observed, with steeper association gradients at lower activity volumes; heterogeneity was large and significant (I2 = 74%; P < .001). Relative to adults not reporting any activity, those accumulating half the recommended volume of physical activity (4.4 marginal metabolic equivalent task hours per week [mMET-h/wk]) had 18% (95% CI, 13%-23%) lower risk of depression. Adults accumulating the recommended volume of 8.8 mMET hours per week had 25% (95% CI, 18%-32%) lower risk with diminishing potential benefits and higher uncertainty observed beyond that exposure level. There were diminishing additional potential benefits and greater uncertainty at higher volumes of physical activity. Based on an estimate of exposure prevalences among included cohorts, if less active adults had achieved the current physical activity recommendations, 11.5% (95% CI, 7.7%-15.4%) of depression cases could have been prevented. This systematic review and meta-analysis of associations between physical activity and depression suggests significant mental health benefits from being physically active, even at levels below the public health recommendations. Health practitioners should therefore encourage any increase in physical activity to improve mental health.

Does the evidence support a relationship between higher levels of nut consumption, lower risk of depression, and better mood state in the general population? A systematic review.

Dietary patterns play a key role in mental health, depression, and mood state. However, the evidence concerning specific foods highly recommended for mental health, such as nuts, has not yet been synthesized. The objective of this review was to synthesize the evidence for a relationship between higher levels of nut consumption, lower risk of depression, and better mood state in the general population. The MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases were systematically searched from each database's inception to March 2021. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies exploring the association between nut consumption, level of depression, and mood state in the general population were included. The quality of the studies was measured through the Joanna Briggs Institute tool (cross-sectional studies), the NIH Quality Assessment Tool (cohort studies), and the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool (RCTs). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. A total of 10 studies involving 66 418 individuals were included, of which 3 were cross-sectional, 3 were cohort studies, and 4 were RCTs. In studies concerned with depression (n = 6 studies), a higher level of nut consumption was associated with a lower risk of depression in 2 cross-sectional studies and 1 cohort study, while a similar but nonsignificant association was found in another cohort and in two RCTs. In studies concerned with mood state (n = 4), 1 cohort study reported an association between higher nut consumption and significant improvement in mood state, whereas (nonsignificant) associations between higher nut consumption and increased negative feelings were reported in a cross-sectional study and two RCTs. Despite the small number of studies and the limitations related to them, such as reverse causation bias, overall, the available literature suggests that higher nut consumption could be associated with a lower risk of depression, fewer depressive symptoms, and better mood state in the general population. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021241070.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of depression among older people with hypertension

Background:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), commonly used antihypertensive drugs, may have a protective effect against depression in older individuals, but evidence in humans is limited.Aims:We evaluated the risk of depression, among older individuals with hypertension, comparing ACE or ARB initiators to thiazide(-like) diuretic initiators. Thiazide(-like) diuretics were used as control because these drugs are not associated with mood disorders.Methods:We used a propensity score-matched new user cohort design with routinely collected data from general practices in England from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink database. We matched 12,938 pairs of new users of ACEIs/ARBs and thiazide(-like) diuretics with hypertension (mean age 67.6 years; 54.7% women). Follow-up time started on the date of drug initiation and ended on the date of treatment discontinuation plus 30 days, or switch to a comparator, occurrence of a study event, death, date of patient’s transfer out of practice, or end of the study period. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of treated depression and nonfatal and fatal self-harm.Results/outcomes:Compared to the thiazide(-like) diuretic group, ACEIs/ARBs use was not associated with a lower risk of the primary outcome (hazard ratio 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.79; 1.15)). Results did not differ according to lipophilicity, duration of use, and average daily dose, or class (ACEIs or ARBs).Conclusions/Interpretation:New use of ACEIs or ARBs is not associated with a lower risk of depression among individuals with hypertension.

The Joint Association Between Multiple Dietary Patterns and Depressive Symptoms in Adults Aged 55 and Over in Northern China.

BackgroundDepression is a common psychiatric disorder in older adults that affects their health-related quality of life. Two percent of adults over the age of 55 suffer from major depression, and the prevalence of depression increases with age. Even in the absence of major depressive disorder, 10–15% of older adults have clinically significant depressive symptoms.ObjectivesEpidemiological studies on the association between different gender eating patterns and depression show inconsistent associations. Our study examined whether different gender eating patterns are related to depression. We consider eating patterns individually and as a joint exposure to predefined eating patterns.MethodsPrincipal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data of the 24-h diet recall dietary intake, and the dietary pattern was determined. Linear regression models are used to explore the relationship between different diets and depression of men and women; weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g calculation (qgcomp) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) are performed as Secondary analysis.ResultsIn the dietary patterns model, we found that the vegetable and fruit-based diet has a significant inhibitory effect in women, and the egg-milk-based diet has a significant inhibitory effect in men. We found that when all dietary factors are above the 55th percentile, there is a significant positive correlation between multiple dietary patterns and depression risk. We also determined a positive correlation between meat and obesity risk and a negative correlation between egg and milk and vegetables and fruits.ConclusionsIn the study population, after controlling for other baseline indicators and predictors of dietary pattern exposure, a fruit and vegetable-based diet was associated with a slightly healthier and lower risk of depression, while a meat-based dietary pattern associated with a higher risk of depression, and this association effect varies between genders.

Abstract P4-09-03: Factors affecting the parentingstressand depressioninyoung women with breast cancer

Abstract Background: According to the statistics from 2013 to 2017 at the national cancer institute, more than 30% of breast cancer patients are under the age of 54, and their children are mostly minors. Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer have a substantial impact on the patients themselves and as caregivers, resulting in both depression and parenting stress. Although there are previous studies investigating the parenting stress in patients with cancer, the factors affecting the parenting stress and depression in young women with breast cancer still remain inconclusive. Herein, we aimed to determine the parenting stress and depression of women diagnosed with breast cancer, and to identify the risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among ​​700 patients with breast cancer who visited the breast surgery outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital from June 2020 to April2021. The study subjects were between 20 and 45 years old at the time of cancer diagnosis. Two-hundred patients without children were included for comparison regarding depression. The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) was used for evaluating depression in all subjects. Five-hundred patients with children also fill out the questionnaires including parenting stress index/short Form (PSI-SF), Child behavior checklist (CBCL), Junior temperament and character inventory (JTCI), and Children’s sleep habits questionnaire(CSHQ).Results: The risk of depression was significantly higher in patients having children (odds ratio [OR], 2.261; 95% confidential interval [CI],1.009-5.063; p=0.047) and who received gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH)treatment (OR 1.667; 95% CI, 1.142-2.433 p=0.008). Meanwhile, longer disease duration was associated with lower risk of depression (OR 0.852; 95% CI, 0.756-0.959 p=0.008). In regards to parenting stress, clinical factors related to breast cancer such as stage and type of treatment did not show significant association. However, children factors including the age (≥ 6 years old), specific behavioral patterns, temperature, and sleep habits reported significant impact on parenting stress. The significant correlation was noted between depression score and parenting stress score (β coefficient =0.557; p&amp;lt;0.0001).Conclusion: In patients with breast cancer, having children, shorter duration from the diagnosis, and treatment with GnRH was associated with higher risk of depression. Among the patients having children, the factors related to children had a significant impact on parenting stress, whereas no association was noted among clinical factors related to breast cancer. Citation Format: Yungil Shin, Harin Kim, Seonok Kim, Sae Byul Lee, Jisun Kim, Il Yong Chung, Beom Seok Ko, Jong Won Lee, Byung Ho Son, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hyo-won Kim, Hee Jeong Kim. Factors affecting the parentingstressand depressioninyoung women with breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-09-03.

Associations between sedentary behaviour patterns and depression among people aged 60 and older in Hebei Province of China

BackgroundSedentary behaviours (SBs) are now considered a risk factor for depression. Older adults are sedentary most of the time and are at a high risk of depression. However, not all types of SBs have adverse effects on mental health. Passive SBs (such as watching TV) increase the risk of depression, whereas mentally active SBs (such as using the internet and reading) decrease the risk of depression. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between type of SBs (i.e., passive and mentally active SBs) and depression among people aged 60 years and older in the Hebei Province of China.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from the baseline survey of the Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Diseases. A total of 2679 older adults aged ≥60 years from the Hebei Province of China were included in this study. The type and time spent on SBs were self-reported. Watching TV was defined as a passive SB, whereas internet use, reading, and social SBs (including communicating with others and playing chess) were defined as mentally active SBs. Depression was evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale. The maximal possible score was 30 points, and ≥ 11 points indicated depression. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between SBs and depression. Covariates included sex, age, education, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, domestic work, physical exercise, body mass index (BMI), and chronic diseases.ResultsAt baseline, the participants who spent two or more hours and 0 h on passive SBs (i.e., TV viewing) had a greater risk of depression (=0 h: adjusted OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.18–3.76; 2–3 h: OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.16–4.16; > 3 h: OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.93–6.68) than the participants who spent 1–2 h on passive SBs. The participants who spent > 1 h on mentally active SBs had a lower risk of depression (adjusted OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.06–0.71) than the participants who did not engage in mentally active SBs. Not all mentally active SBs were linked to depression. The participants who engaged in social SBs had a lower risk of depression (adjusted OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.06–0.66) than the participants who did not engage in social SBs.ConclusionsSpending 2 h or more per day on passive SBs (watching TV) was associated with a high risk of depression among people aged 60 years and older in the Hebei Province of China. Mentally active SBs (predominantly social SBs) could reduce the risk of depression. Some participants with depression probably did not watch TV. These findings suggested that spending more time on social SBs (such as communicating with others and playing chess) rather than watching TV may have important public health implications for preventing and managing depression among older Chinese adults. Moreover, society should attend to the mental health of elderly adults who do not watch TV as they may be more prone to suffer from depressive symptoms.

The Association between Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors and Depression among Asian Americans with Chronic Hepatitis B by Medication Status.

Asian Americans are disproportionately affected by chronic hepatitis B (CHB), with incidence and mortality rates well above those experienced by non-Hispanic white populations. The goal of this study was to examine the association between depression and modifiable lifestyle behaviors among Asian Americans with CHB, with a comparison between those on hepatitis medication and those not on medication. In total, 313 Asian Americans with CHB were recruited through outpatient clinics and community-based organizations to participate in an in-person baseline assessment. We collected data on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, depression symptoms, and modifiable lifestyle behaviors. Bivariate analyses (two sample t-test and chi-square test of independence) and multivariable logistic regression were conducted. We found a high prevalence of depression among individuals living with CHB (41.81% among those not on antiviral medication and 39.71% among those on medication). Multivariate logistic regression results showed that Chinese ethnicity (vs. Vietnamese) and lack of physical activity were significantly associated with a higher risk of mild/severe depression, regardless of medication status. However, the protective effect of physical activity was strong for those on antiviral medication. Furthermore, being employed was significantly associated with a lower risk for depression among Asian Americans on medication, while younger age and being currently married were significantly associated with lower risk of depression among those not on medication. Our findings highlight the significance of physical activity among Asian Americans with CHB, especially for those on antiviral medication. Future prospective research efforts are needed to better identify the potential behavioral mechanisms of depression and provide insights for the psychopharmacological management in this vulnerable population.