Lower Risk Of Lung Cancer Research Articles

Association Between Physical Activity and Lower Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Background: Epidemiological evidences regarding the association between physical activity and the risk of lung cancer are still controversial.Objectives: We aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity and risk of lung cancer in men and women, as well as other high-risk populations such as cigarette smokers.Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of cohort studies to evaluate the association between physical activity and risk of lung cancer. Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and Web of Knowledge through August 2018. Study-specific relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using random effect model when significant heterogeneity was detected.Results:Twenty cohort studies with a total of 2,965,811 participants and 31,807 lung cancer cases were included. There was an inverse association between the physical activity and risk of lung cancer. Compared with the low level of physical activity, the pooled RR was 0.83 (95%CI: 0.77, 0.90), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 62.6%, P heterogeneity < 0.001). The corresponding pooled RRs were 0.90 (95%CI: 0.82, 0.99) for women and 0.81 (95%CI: 0.73, 0.90) for men. Smokers with a high level of physical activity were associated with a 10% lower risk for lung cancer (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97), while the association was not significant among non-smokers (RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.03). Subgroups analysis stratified by whether the studies adjusted for smoking intensity and durations yielded the same magnitude of RR. However, the RR for subgroups without adjustment for dietary factors was 0.74 (95%CI: 0.71, 0.77), which was significantly lower than that with dietary factors adjusted (RR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.84, 0.95).Conclusions:Increased physical activity might be associated with lower risk of lung cancer. Such inverse association was identified among smokers rather than non-smokers. Large interventional studies are expected to further verify these findings.

Low Radon Exposures and Lung Cancer Risk: Joint Analysis of the Czech, French and Beaverlodge Cohorts of Uranium Miners

Low Radon Exposures and Lung Cancer Risk: Joint Analysis of the Czech, French and Beaverlodge Cohorts of Uranium Miners

The association of matrix metalloproteinas-2 promoter polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility in Taiwan.

Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP2) has been reported to be overexpressed in various types of cancer. However, the contribution of various genotypes of MMP2 to lung cancer is controversial and not yet been examined in Taiwan. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the association of MMP2 genotypes with lung cancer risk among Taiwanese. In this hospital-based, case-control study, 358 lung cancer patients and 716 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited, and the genotypic distributions of MMP2-1306 and MMP2- 735 were determined. Then, their association with lung cancer was evaluated, and their interaction with personal smoking status was also examined via stratification analysis. The results showed that the percentages of variant CT and TT at MMP2-1306 were 17.3% and 1.7% among the lung cancer patients, respectively, much lower than those of 28.7% and 2.4%, respectively, among the healthy controls (P for trend = 0.0001). The allelic frequency distribution analysis showed that the variant T allele at MMP2-1306 conferred a statistically significantly lower lung cancer risk than the wild-type C allele (adjusted odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.41-0.72, P = 0.0001). There was an obvious effect of MMP2-1306 genotype on lung cancer risk among the subpopulations of ever smokers but not nonsmokers. As for the genotypes of MMP2-735, there was no such differential distribution in the aspects of genotypic or allelic frequencies, or combinative effects with smoking status. The genotypes of MMP2-1306 may act as a biomarker in determining personal susceptibility to lung cancer in Taiwan. The contribution of MMP2 genotypes alone and its joint effects with personal cigarette smoking habit on lung cancer susceptibility should be taken into consideration of the clinical practices for early detection and prediction of lung cancer in Taiwan.

Investigating Indoor Radon Concentration Using CR-39 Detector; a Case Study of Gachin Dwellings in Hormozgan

Introduction: Radon is a colorless inert gas which decay products are the main component of natural radioactive elements that are naturally produced in under layers of earth crust by decay of radium and uranium. It enters through buildings via gaps and cracks. Radon gas decay products like alpha particle can increase the incidence of lung cancer in human. Since every person spends a great part of his life in closed environments including house, office, factory, and etc. elevated amount of radon gas could influence human heath negatively. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the concertation of radon gas is in different buildings with different materials. In this line, the study aims to measure the concentration of radon gas in the dwellings of Gachin village. Materials and Methods: In this regard, solid-state nuclear track detectors (CR-39) was used in 69 homes of Gachin village. Each CR-39 detectors were mounted 50-90 cm from the bottom bedroom and living rooms, away from doors and windows. After about three months of exposure, the detectors were collected and transported to the laboratory to be analyzed. Results: The result showed that there is significant difference between the concentrations of radon gas in houses with different materials. Houses constructed with concrete had the lowest concentration of radon gas while houses constructed with clay bricks had the highest concentration of it. Conclusion: The result of this study could be used in mapping of national radon level. Moreover, It provides important information for policy makers and planners to design programs for alleviating current concentration of radon gas in Gachin dwellings which would lead to lower lung cancer risk.

High Receipt of Statins Reduces the Risk of Lung Cancer in Current Smokers With Hypercholesterolemia: The National Health Insurance Service–Health Screening Cohort

BackgroundThe incidence and mortality of lung cancer have risen steadily with the increasing popularity of tobacco smoking. Observational studies suggest that statins, which are widely used to lower cholesterol, may prevent lung cancer; however, other studies have produced conflicting results. We investigated the effect of statin receipt on lung cancer risk in Korean men according to smoking status. Patients and MethodsWe collected data from the 2002-2015 National Health Insurance Service–National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS). We included a total of 16,588 men in the final analysis. We classified the participants as having high or low statin receipt or as not receiving statins. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer risk by statin receipt after adjusting for potential confounders. ResultsWe identified 363 patients with a new diagnosis of lung cancer from 2005 to 2015. Compared to participants who did not receive statins, high statin receipt resulted in a reduced lung cancer risk (HR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47, 0.85) after adjustment for confounders. Among current smokers, the fully adjusted HR for high statin receipt compared to those who did not receive statin therapy was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.32, 0.79). ConclusionHigh statin receipt was associated with lower risk of lung cancer in Korean men with hypercholesterolemia, especially current smokers.

MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in a female Chinese population.

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and susceptibility to lung cancer in a female Chinese population.MethodA hospital-based case-control study of 388 cases and 388 controls was conducted. Two polymorphisms in MTHFR were detected using TaqMan methods.ResultsThe MTHFR C677T polymorphism was associated with the risk of lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma. Carriers with the TT genotype of C677T were observed to have an increased risk of lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma (the ORs were 1.550 and 1.588, respectively). By contrast, the A1298C polymorphism had a negative relationship with the risk of lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma; compared with the AA genotype carriers, the CC genotype carriers had a lower risk of lung cancer and adenocarcinoma in the female Chinese population (ORs were 0.302 and 0.215, respectively). In the stratified analyses, we observed only the A1298C polymorphism in the CC genotype carriers with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of non-small-cell lung cancer, compared to the AA genotype carriers. No significant statistical association was found between the MTHFR gene polymorphisms and risk of the residual subtype of lung cancer.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism may contribute to the development of lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma in a female Chinese population. However, the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism may be associated with the decreasing risk of lung cancer.

Lung cancer risk and occupational exposures in crop farming: results from the AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) cohort

ObjectivesFarmers are considered at lower risk of lung cancer. However, specific tasks can expose them to hazardous air contaminants such as pesticides, diesel exhaust and mineral dust. This study aimed...

Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of lung cancer.

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) might reduce the risk of lung cancer by controlling airway inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because both are associated with chronic inflammation. The objective was to assess the impact of ICS on lung cancer risk reduction in COPD patients. We performed a nested case-control study based on the database of the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, a nationally representative cohort of 1,125,691 participants in Korea followed over 11 years. The eligible population was patients aged 30-89 years who were newly diagnosed with COPD and initiated inhaled medications after diagnosis. Cases were defined as individuals diagnosed with lung cancer after the initiation of inhaled medications and were matched with controls by propensity score at a 1:4 ratio. We identified 265 individuals with lung cancer, matched with 1,060 controls. Use of ICS was associated with reduced risk of lung cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.74, 95% CI 0.57-0.96). The high cumulative ICS dose group, defined as those above the third quartile of ICS dose distribution, had a lower risk of lung cancer than the low cumulative dose group (aHR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.75). The effect of ICS on lung cancer risk reduction was more remarkable in former smokers than current smokers. Additionally, the result was consistent in men regardless of the classification according to ICS use, while it was not significant in women. ICS, particularly at high cumulative dose, might be associated with decreased risk of lung cancer in patients with COPD. Severe COPD frequently warrants treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, which exert immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects. Despite an association between COPD and increased lung cancer risk, patients on ICS appear to have a reduced likelihood of developing lung cancer. Here, analyzing data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort in Korea, the authors show that ICS use is associated with decreased lung cancer risk in COPD patients. An inverse dose-response relationship was detected, whereby increasing cumulative ICS dose was associated with decreasing lung cancer risk. The effect was most pronounced in men and former smokers.

Abstract 5252: Prospective cohort study of physical activity and lung cancer risk in the Black Women's Health Study

Abstract Background: Lung cancer is the second most common site of cancer among Black women. Black women have higher incidence rates of lung cancer despite having a lower smoking prevalence than their White counterparts. These differences are not well understood but may be due to differences in smoking behavior and other potential lung cancer risk factors (e.g., physical activity). Lower reported physical activity levels among Black women compared to White women could contribute to observed lung cancer disparities. Previous studies have shown a 20-50% lower risk of lung cancer among those who are physically active but overall, findings are equivocal. To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the relationship between physical activity and lung cancer risk in Black women and few studies have examined the associations of physical activity with lung cancer risk stratified by smoking status. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between physical activity over time and lung cancer incidence in the Black Women's Health Study, and determine if tobacco use modifies this association. Methods: In this ongoing prospective cohort of Black women (analytic cohort n=46217), 291 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed between 1995 (baseline) and 2013. Questionnaire data, collected at baseline and updated every other year thereafter, were used to calculate recreational physical activity (walking for exercise, vigorous physical activity) and smoking history. The Anderson-Gill method was used as a time-varying analysis tool to continuously update exposures and covariates over time. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: At baseline, 65.5% of women were never smokers and 44% reported &amp;lt;1 hr of vigorous physical activity per week. Women who reported any vigorous activity (≥1 hr/wk) had a lower, albeit not statistically significant, risk of lung cancer compared to women with no vigorous activity. In stratified analyses by smoking status, vigorous activity was inversely associated with lung cancer risk among never smokers (HR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.91), but was not associated with risk in former (HR: 1.39; 95% CI: (0.88, 2.21) or current smokers (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.77). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that intensity of physical activity may play a role in reducing lung cancer risk among Black women who had never smoked, but the number of lung cancer cases in that category was relatively small. No studies have examined the relationship between physical activity and lung cancer risk in black women and this relationship should be further explored to help reduce lung cancer disparities in the nation. Citation Format: Marsha Samson, Sarah Nomura, Chiranjeev Dash, Traci Bethea, Lynn Rosenberg, Lucile Adams-Campbell. Prospective cohort study of physical activity and lung cancer risk in the Black Women's Health Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5252.

Abstract 5253: Dietary fiber intake and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis of 1.44 million individuals in 10 cohorts

Abstract Background: Dietary fiber has been shown to have various health benefits, including anti-inflammation. However, the role of dietary fiber on lung cancer risk has not been well characterized. In this pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies from the US, Europe, and Asia, we evaluated the association between dietary fiber intake and risk of lung cancer and further, potential effect modifications by tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and demographic factors (e.g., sex and race/ethnicity). Methods: Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated within each cohort using Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for major lung cancer risk factors. Risk estimates from each cohort were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. To reduce potential reverse causation due to preclinical dietary changes, all analyses were conducted excluding the first two years of observation. Results: A total of 18,822 incident lung cancer cases were identified among 1,445,850 participants during mean follow-ups of 9.4 years. After adjustment for lung cancer risk factors (i.e., age, total energy, smoking status, smoking pack-years, gender, race/ethnicity, education, obesity status, diabetes, family history of lung cancer, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, menopausal status in women, and intake of saturated and polyunsaturated fat), dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with lung cancer risk (HR [95% CI] = 0.90 [0.83-0.99] for highest vs. lowest quintile and 0.93 [0.89-0.97] per 10g/day increase). Stratified analyses showed a significant inverse association in men (HRs [95% CIs] per 10g/day increase = 0.92 [0.85-1.00]), women (0.94 [0.90-0.99]), whites (0.92 [0.88-0.95]), smokers (0.92 [0.88-0.97]), and alcohol drinkers (0.89 [0.86-0.94]). However, no significant association was found in Blacks (1.05 [0.92-1.19]), Asians (0.99 [0.85-1.16]), never smokers (0.97 [0.88-1.07]), and never drinkers (0.99 [0.94-1.05]) (P interaction = 0.06 for sex, 0.004 for race, 0.17 for tobacco smoking, and &amp;lt;0.001 for alcohol drinking). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a high-fiber diet was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer among whites, smokers, and alcohol drinkers. Further research is needed to determine if the association between dietary fiber intake and lung cancer risk reflects a causal relation. Citation Format: Jae Jeong Yang, Danxia Yu, Yong-Bing Xiang, William Blot, Kim Robien, Rashmi Sinha, Yikyung Park, Emily White, Yumie Takata, Mattias Johansson, Wei Zheng, Xiao-Ou Shu. Dietary fiber intake and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis of 1.44 million individuals in 10 cohorts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5253.

Nicotine and addiction beliefs and perceptions among the US-born and foreign-born populations

Little is known about nicotine and addiction beliefs held by those who are foreign-born in the US and how these beliefs are associated with acculturation and race/ethnicity. This study attempts to address these research gaps. Data were analyzed from two cycles of the Health Information National Trends Survey, HINTS-FDA 2015 (n = 3738) and HINTS-FDA 2017 (n = 1736). HINTS-FDA is a tobacco-focused, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of US non-institutionalized civilian adults aged 18 years or older. We first assessed associations between foreign-born status and beliefs about nicotine and addiction using weighted chi-square analyses. Then, using only the foreign-born sample, we examined the associations of nicotine and addiction beliefs with race/ethnicity and acculturation (i.e., English proficiency and U.S. tenure) using weighted multiple linear regression. Results showed that, compared to US-born respondents, foreign-born respondents were more likely to be concerned with being addicted to nicotine and to believe that low nicotine cigarettes would have much lower lung cancer risk than a typical cigarette. Among the foreign-born, NH-Black and Hispanic respondents were more likely to see low nicotine cigarettes as harmful and addictive compared to NH-White respondents. The relationship between acculturation and nicotine beliefs was complex with lower acculturation associated with elevated misperceived risk of nicotine and also ratings of addictiveness. Further research among key subpopulations may inform communication, education and dissemination strategies, especially among vulnerable populations.

Body mass index and lung cancer risk in never smokers: a meta-analysis

BackgroundObesity is found to increase the risk of most cancer types, but reduce lung cancer risk in many studies. However, the association between obesity and lung cancer is still controversial, mainly owing to the confounding effect of smoking.MethodsEligible studies were identified from electric databases to July 1, 2017. Relevant data were extracted and pooled using random-effects models; dose-response and subgroup analyses were also performed.ResultsTwenty-nine studies with more than 10,000 lung cancer cases in15 million never smokers were included. Compared with normal weight, the summary relative risk (RR) was 0.77(95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68–0.88, P < 0.01) for excess body weight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg/m2). An inverse linear dose-response relationship was observed between BMI and lung cancer risk in never smokers, with an RR of 0.89(95% CI: 0.84–0.95, P < 0.01) per 5 kg/m2 increment in BMI. The results remained stable in most subgroup analyses. However, when stratified by sex, a significant inverse association existed in women but not in men. Similar results were found in analyses for other categories of BMI.ConclusionOur results indicate that higher BMI is associated with lower lung cancer risk in never smokers.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer screening.

The primary aim of lung cancer screening is to improve survival from lung cancer by identifying early stage non-small cell lung cancers and prolong survival through their surgical removal. In a post-hoc analysis of 10,054 screening participants from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) we show that the risk of lung cancer, according to the PLCOm2012 model, is closely related to the likelihood of having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Those at greatest risk for lung cancer have the highest prevalence of COPD and greater likelihood of dying of a non-lung cancer cause. This "competing cause of death" effect occurs because smokers eligible for lung cancer screening have a high prevalence of comorbid disease and greater likelihood of dying from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease or other cancers. This means high risk smokers at greatest risk of lung cancer may not necessarily benefit from screening due to greater inoperability and premature death. In this analysis we show that the benefit of annual computed tomography (CT) screening is greatest in those with normal lung function or only mild-to-moderate COPD. We found no mortality benefit in those with severe or very severe COPD (GOLD 3-4). We also show that the efficiency of screening, based on optimizing the number of lung cancer deaths averted per 1,000 persons screened, is best achieved by screening those at intermediate risk. By combining clinical risk variables with a gene-based risk score, even greater reductions in lung cancer mortality can be achieved with CT. We suggest a biomarker-led outcomes-based approach may help to better define which eligible smokers might defer screening (low risk of lung cancer), discontinue screening (high risk of overtreatment with little benefit) or continue screening to achieve the greatest reduction in lung cancer mortality.

Oral bisphosphonate use and lung cancer incidence among postmenopausal women

BackgroundBisphosphonates are common medications for the treatment of osteoporosis in older populations. Several studies, including the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), have found inverse associations of bisphosphonate use with risk of breast and endometrial cancer, but little is known about its association with other common malignancies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of bisphosphonate use on the incidence of lung cancer in the WHI. Patients and methodsThe association between oral bisphosphonate use and lung cancer risk was examined in 151 432 postmenopausal women enrolled into the WHI in 1993–1998. At baseline and during follow-up, participants completed an inventory of regularly used medications including bisphosphonates. ResultsAfter a mean follow-up of 13.3 years, 2511 women were diagnosed with incident lung cancer. There was no evidence of a difference in lung cancer incidence between oral bisphosphonate users and never users (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.91; 95% confidence intervals, 0.80–1.04; P = 0.16). However, an inverse association was observed among those who were never smokers (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% confidence interval, 0.39–0.84; P < 0.01). ConclusionIn this large prospective cohort of postmenopausal women, oral bisphosphonate use was associated with significantly lower lung cancer risk among never smokers, suggesting bisphosphonates may have a protective effect against lung cancer. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Lifetime Smoking History and Risk of Lung Cancer: Results From the Framingham Heart Study.

The relative risk of lung cancer decreases with years since quitting (YSQ) smoking, but risk beyond 25 YSQ remains unclear. Current lung cancer screening guidelines, which exclude smokers with more than 15 YSQ, may not detect lung cancers in this population. We analyzed data from Framingham Heart Study Original (n = 3905) and Offspring cohort (n = 5002) participants for lifetime smoking and lung cancer incidence from 1954 to 1958 (Exam 4) and 1971 to 1975 (Exam 1), respectively, through 2013. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models to compare current, former, and never smokers and lung cancer risk. Smoking status and covariates were time-updated every two years (Original) or four years (Offspring). Primary analyses were restricted to heavy ever smokers with more than 21.3 pack-years; additional analyses included all ever smokers. On follow-up (median = 28.7 years), 284 lung cancers were detected: incidence rates/1000 person-years in current, former, and never smokers were 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.66 to 2.33), 1.61 (95% CI = 1.34 to 1.93), and 0.26 (95% CI = 0.17 to 0.39), respectively. Heavy former (vs never) smokers had elevated lung cancer risk at all YSQ (<5: hazard ratio [HR] = 12.12, 95% CI = 6.94 to 21.17; 5-9: HR = 11.77, 95% CI = 6.78 to 20.45; 10-14: HR = 7.81, 95% CI = 3.98 to 15.33; 15-24: HR = 5.88, 95% CI = 3.19-10.83; ≥25: HR = 3.85, 95% CI = 1.80 to 8.26). Heavy former (vs current) smokers had 39.1% lower lung cancer risk within five YSQ. Among all former smokers, 40.8% of lung cancers occurred after more than 15 YSQ. Among heavy former smokers, lung cancer risk drops within five YSQ relative to continuing smokers, yet it remains more than threefold higher than never smokers after 25 YSQ. Four of ten lung cancers occurred in former smokers with more 15 YSQ, beyond the screening window of the current guideline.

Polymorphism in lncRNA AC008392.1 and its interaction with smoking on the risk of lung cancer in a Chinese population.

PurposeTo evaluate the association between rs7248320 in lncRNA AC008392.1 and the risk of lung cancer, this case–control study was carried out in a Chinese population. This study also evaluated the gene–environment interaction between rs7248320 and exposure to smoking status on the risk of lung cancer.Patients and methodsWe conducted a hospital-based case–control study including 512 lung cancer cases and 588 healthy controls. The association between rs7248320 and the risk of lung cancer was analyzed, and the gene–environment interaction was estimated on an additive scale.ResultsThe variant genotype of rs7248320 was significantly related to the risk of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Individuals carrying homozygous GG genotype had decreased risk of NSCLC, compared with individuals carrying the homozygous wild AA genotype/heterozygote GA genotype (adjusted odds ratio [OR] =0.653, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.442–0.966, P=0.033). Moreover, in the subgroup of ages, there were statistically significant associations between rs7248320 and the risk of lung cancer and NSCLC in the population over 60 years of age. Compared with individuals carrying genotypes AA/GA, individuals with genotype GG had the lower risk of lung cancer and NSCLC (adjusted ORs were 0.579 and 0.433, 95% CIs were 0.338–0.994 and 0.231–0.811, P-values were 0.048 and 0.009, respectively). Compared with homozygote AA, the homozygote GG was associated with a decreased risk in NSCLC (OR =0.456, 95% CI =0.235–0.887, P=0.021). There were no statistically significant results in gene–environment interactions on an additive scale.ConclusionThese findings suggest that lncRNA AC008392.1 rs7248320 may be involved in genetic susceptibility to NSCLC in a Chinese population.

Reduced Lung Cancer Mortality With Lower Atmospheric Pressure.

Background:Research has shown that higher altitude is associated with lower risk of lung cancer and improved survival among patients. The current study assessed the influence of county-level atmospheric pressure (a measure reflecting both altitude and temperature) on age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates in the contiguous United States, with 2 forms of spatial regression.Methods:Ordinary least squares regression and geographically weighted regression models were used to evaluate the impact of climate and other selected variables on lung cancer mortality, based on 2974 counties.Results:Atmospheric pressure was significantly positively associated with lung cancer mortality, after controlling for sunlight, precipitation, PM2.5 (µg/m3), current smoker, and other selected variables. Positive county-level β coefficient estimates (P < .05) for atmospheric pressure were observed throughout the United States, higher in the eastern half of the country.Conclusion:The spatial regression models showed that atmospheric pressure is positively associated with age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates, after controlling for other selected variables.

Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Lung Cancer, the HUNT Study.

Inflammation plays a central role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer carcinogenesis. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) reduce inflammation. This study has investigated whether ICS use is associated with a lower risk of lung cancer. Data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2 Survey, 1995-1997) were merged with The Cancer Registry of Norway and Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. From a total of 65,215 participants, those with chronic airway inflammation, defined by FEV1% < 70 and/or chronic cough and expectorate phlegm, were included (N = 4136). Of these, 3041 individuals reported regarding ICS use and were observed for a period of 12years. Cox regression models were used to calculate the risk of lung cancer with a 95% confidence interval (CI) with sex, age, smoking pack years and FEV1% < 70 as known confounders. Among ICS users (N = 1095). we found a higher, but not significant, incidence of lung cancer N = 39 (3.6%), compared to non-users (N = 1946) with N = 65 (3.3%) cases. Age and smoking were associated with a higher risk, while sex and lung function were not. After adjusting for confounders, ICS use did not change the risk of lung cancer, hazard ratio (HR) 0.968, (95% CI, 0.608-1.540), and p value 0.890. ICS use is not associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer in our study population.

Comparison of cancer incidence in Australian farm residents 45 years and over, compared to rural non-farm and urban residents - a data linkage study

BackgroundIt is not known if the incidence of common cancers in Australian farm residents is different to rural non-farm or urban residents.MethodsData from farm, rural non-farm and urban participants of the 45 and Up Study cohort in New South Wales, Australia, were linked with state cancer registry data for the years 2006–2009. Directly standardised rate ratios for cancer incidence were compared for all-cancer, prostate, breast, colorectal cancer, melanoma and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Proportional hazards regression was used to generate incidence hazard ratios for each cancer type adjusted for relevant confounders.ResultsFarm women had a significantly lower all-cancer hazard ratio than rural non-farm women (1.14, 1.01–1.29). However, the lower all-cancer risk observed in farm men, was not significant when compared to rural non-farm and urban counterparts. The all-cancer adjusted hazard ratio for combined rural non-farm and urban groups compared to farm referents, was significant for men (1.08,1.01–1.17) and women (1.13, 1.04–1.23). Confidence intervals did not exclude unity for differences in risk for prostate, breast, colorectal or lung cancers, NHL or melanoma. Whilst non-significant, farm residents had considerably lower risk of lung cancer than other residents after controlling for smoking and other factors.ConclusionsAll-cancer risk was significantly lower in farm residents compared to combined rural non-farm and urban groups. Farm women had a significantly lower all-cancer adjusted hazard ratio than rural non-farm women. These differences appeared to be mainly due to lower lung cancer incidence in farm residents.

The relationship between physical activity, obesity, and lung cancer risk by smoking status in a large prospective cohort of US adults.

Physical activity has been associated with lower lung cancer risk in numerous studies with estimates ranging from 20 to 50% lower risk in the most versus the least active study participants. Underweight and obesity have also been associated with lower lung cancer risk, with a nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relationship. However, associations of physical activity and obesity with lung cancer are likely significantly confounded by smoking since individuals who smoke are generally less active and leaner than non-smokers, but few studies have examined these associations stratified by smoking status. Using data from 162,679 men and women who were cancer-free at enrollment (1992-1993) in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort, we examined associations of baseline recreational physical activity (MET-hours per week; none, 0.1 to <8.75 (reference), 8.75-17.4, 17.5+MET-hours/week), baseline body mass index (BMI, weight (kg)/height (m2); <18.5, 18.5-22.0 (reference), 22.1-24.9, 25.0-29.9, 30.0+kg/m2), and waist circumference (measured in 1997; sex-specific quartiles) in relation to lung cancer risk stratified by smoking status and years since quitting among former smokers (never, current, former<10years, former, 10-19years, former 20+years). Cox proportional hazards modeling computed hazard rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while adjusting for potential confounders. During 2,384,546 person years of follow-up time, 4,669 men and women were diagnosed with lung cancer (453 among never smokers; 1,452 among current smokers; 1,194 among former smokers<10years since quitting; 725 among former 10-19years; and 845 among former 20+years). Physical activity was not associated with lung cancer risk within any of the smoking strata except in former smokers less than 10years since quitting (RR=0.77; 95% CI 0.67-0.90 for 17.5+MET-hours/week). Similarly, BMI was inversely associated with lung cancer in former smokers less than 10years since quitting (RR=0.68; 95% CI 0.55-0.84 for 30+kg/m2) and more modestly in former smokers who quit 10-19 and 20+years ago. Waist circumference was not associated with lung cancer risk in any smoking category. While being physically active and maintaining a healthy body weight are important for prevention of various chronic diseases, including several types of cancer, our results suggest that physical activity, BMI, and waist circumference are not associated with lung cancer risk, regardless of smoking status.