Low Protein Intake Research Articles

Spontaneous low-protein intake in older CKD patients: one diet may not fit all.

BackgroundProtein restriction has been extended to stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) regardless of age in the latest K-DOQI guidelines for the dietary management of patients with CKD. However, in elderly CKD patients there is a tendency to a spontaneous reduction in protein and energy intake that may impair the overall nutritional status. The aim of our study is to assess whether there are differences in malnutrition, exercise capacity and inflammatory status in elderly CKD patients with spontaneously low protein intake (sLPI) compared with patients with normal protein intake (NPI).MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional analysis of 123 incident patients. Malnutrition was assessed using Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) and serum markers; As for physical performance, we used Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and handgrip strength.ResultsWe found that in older patients with advanced CKD, as many as 68% had low spontaneous protein intake, and they were more malnourished evaluated with MIS (25% vs. 10%, p = 0.033), protein-energy wasting (PEW) (43% vs. 14%, p = 0.002) and nPCR (0.63[0.51–0.69] vs. 0.95[0.87–1.1], p < 0.0001). They also had worse body composition, in terms of lower mid-arm muscular circumference (MAMC), fat tissue index (FTI) and higher overhydration (OH). sLPI patients also had higher levels of IL6 (4.6[2.9–8.9] vs. 2.8[0.8–5.1], p = 0.002). Moreover, sLPI patients were frailer (33% vs. 24%, p = 0.037) and had poorer physical performance especially when assessed with (SPPB) (7[5–9] vs. 9[7–10], p = 0.004) and gait test time (6.08 + 2 vs. 7.22 + 2.7, p = 0.04). sLPI was associated with lower physical performance [SPPB OR, 0.79 (0.46–0.97), p = 0.046] and malnutrition [MIS 1.6 (1.05–3.5), p = 0.041] independently from patients’ age and eGFR.ConclusionWe found that in older patients with advanced CKD, up to 68% had low spontaneous protein intake and were frailer, more malnourished and with lower physical performance. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing patients’ needs, and personalized approaches with individual risk–benefit assessments should be sought. To achieve the best possible outcomes, targeted interventions should use all available tools.

Early chronotype favors appetite and reduced later day caloric intake among adults with obesity

ABSTRACT Late chronotype (LC) is related to obesity and altered food intake throughout the day. But whether appetite perception and gut hormones differ among chronotypes is unclear. Thus, we examined if early chronotype (EC) have different appetite responses in relation to food intake than LC. Adults with obesity were categorized using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) as either EC (n = 21, 18F, MEQ = 63.9 ± 1.0, 53.7 ± 1.2 yr, 36.2 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and LC (n = 28, 24F, MEQ = 47.2 ± 1.5, 55.7 ± 1.4 yr, 37.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2). Visual analog scales were used during a 120 min 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 30 min intervals to assess appetite perception, as well as glucose, insulin, GLP-1 (glucagon-like polypeptide-1), GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide), PYY (protein tyrosine tyrosine), and acylated ghrelin. Dietary intake (food logs), resting metabolic rate (RMR; indirect calorimetry), aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)), and body composition dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were also assessed. Age, body composition, RMR, and fasting appetite were similar between groups. However, EC had higher satisfaction and fullness as well as reduced desires for sweet, salty, savory, and fatty foods during the OGTT (P < 0.05). Only GIP tAUC0–120 min was elevated in EC versus LC (p = 0.01). Daily dietary intake was similar between groups, but EC ate fewer carbohydrates (p = 0.05) and more protein (p = 0.01) at lunch. Further, EC had lower caloric (p = 0.03), protein (p = 0.03) and fat (p = 0.04) intake during afternoon snacking compared to LC. Dietary fat was lower, and carbohydrates was higher, in EC than LC (p = 0.05) at dinner. Low glucose and high insulin as well as GLP-1 tAUC60–120 min related to desires for sweet foods (p < 0.05). Taken together, EC had more favorable appetite and lower caloric intake later in the day compared with LC.

Bone Remodelling, Vitamin D Status, and Lifestyle Factors in Spanish Vegans, Lacto-Ovo Vegetarians, and Omnivores.

Sustainable healthy diets are promoted, and consequently vegetarian diets are currently increasing. However, scientific information on their effects on bone health is scarce. A cross-sectional study was performed in adults (66% women) classified into three groups: omnivores (n = 93), lacto-ovo vegetarians (n = 96), and vegans (n = 112). Nutrient intake, body composition, physical activity, vitamin D status (25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-OHD), parathormone (PTH), and bone formation (bone alkaline phosphatase, BAP) and resorption (N-telopeptides of type I collagen, NTx) markers were determined. Lacto-ovo vegetarians and especially vegans showed lower protein, fat, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, retinol, iodine, and zinc intakes, and higher carbohydrate, fibre, carotenes, magnesium, and vitamin K intakes compared to omnivores. Body composition was similar in the three groups that performed vigorous physical activity regularly. Body bone mass and muscle mass were positively correlated with BAP, and time performing physical activity with 25-OHD. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (25-OHD < 75 nmol/L) was 93.7% in the studied population, and vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD < 25 nmol/L) was significantly higher in vegans. Vegetarians of both groups had increased PTH and NTx with vegans showing significantly higher PTH and NTx than omnivores. Conclusion: Adult vegetarians, especially vegans, should reduce the risk of bone loss by appropriate diet planning and vitamin D supplementation.

Association between animal protein intake, oral frailty and calf circumference in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional analysis from the Shika study

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between oral frailty (OF), nutrient intake and calf circumference (CC) in middle-aged and older adults.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingResidents of four model districts of Shika town, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan,...

Effects of Dietary Protein Restriction on Nutritional Status of Hemodialysis Patients

Haemodialysis is one of the three renal replacement therapies in which waste products and excess fluid are removed from blood when kidneys stop functioning properly. Protein catabolism is increased as patients lose some protein during haemodialysis treatment. Sufficient protein intake is of great significance, yet prevalence of inadequate protein consumption persists due to various reasons, resulting protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The studies regarding low protein intake among haemodialysis patients is lower compared to studies conducted on non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of protein restriction practices and its effect in nutritional status of haemodialysis patients. The study was descriptive exploratory analysis among 150 haemodialysis patients at one of the largest dialysis center of Kathmandu district using anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary (ABCD) assessments. Among 150 haemodialysis patients, majority (63.3%) were male. 71.3% were undergoing haemodialysis for more than 1 to 5 years and 82.7% doing twice a week in- center haemodialysis. According to serum albumin report, 66.7% were identified as PEM. Body mass index (BMI) result also classified 3.3% as underweight. It was concluded that the effect of protein restriction resulted as malnourished among certain patients. The underlying causes for consuming low protein diets were associated with dislike to protein-rich foods, financial constraints, lack of awareness, and other factors. Establishing regular consultations with dieticians and closely monitoring dietary patterns appeared as crucial approaches for enhancing the nutritional status of these patients. It is essential to acknowledge that protein requirements vary based on different stages of CKD and the presence of concurrent health conditions. Consistent follow-up by a multidisciplinary team, utilizing a range of nutrition assessment methods specified for haemodialysis patients is vital step.

Adherence to different forms of plant-based diets and pregnancy outcomes in the Danish National Birth Cohort: Aprospective observational study.

The number of people adhering to plant-based diets has been increasing dramatically in recent years, fueled by both environmental and animal welfare concerns. Beneficial or possible adverse consequences of such diets, particularly the most restrictive forms during pregnancy, have been minimally explored. The aim of this prospective observational study was to examine associations between different forms of plant-based diets during pregnancy with birth outcomes and pregnancy complications. The Danish National Birth Cohort included 100 413 pregnancies to 91 381 women in 1996-2002. The population consisted of 66 738 pregnancies, about which sufficient dietary data were available and included in the study. Dietary and supplemental intake was assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaire in gestational week 25 and women were characterized as fish/poultry-vegetarians, lacto/ovo-vegetarians, vegans or omnivorous, based on their self-report in gestational week 30. Main outcome measures were pregnancy and birth complications, birthweight and small for gestational age. A total of 98.7% (n = 65 872) of participants were defined as omnivorous, whereas 1.0% (n = 666), 0.3% (n = 183) and 0.03% (n = 18) identified themselves as fish/poultry vegetarians, lacto/ovo-vegetarians or vegans, respectively. Protein intake was lower among lacto/ovo-vegetarians (13.3%) and vegans (10.4%) than among omnivorous participants (15.4%). Intake of micronutrients was also considerably lower among vegans, but when dietary supplements were taken into consideration, no major differences were observed. Compared with omnivorous mothers, vegans had a higher prevalence of preeclampsia and their offspring had on average -240 g (95% confidence interval -450 to -30) lower birthweight. The women reporting that they adhered to vegan diets during pregnancy had offspring with lower mean birthweight and higher risk of preeclampsia compared with omnivorous mothers. Low protein intake might be one plausible explanation for the observed association with birthweight.

2027 Protein consumption and determinants in community dwelling older adults: National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) years 9-11

Abstract Introduction Reference nutrient intake for protein amongst the general population is 0.75 grammes of protein per kilogram of body weight per day (g/kg BW/d). Expert groups recommend healthy adults over 65years have 1.0-1.2g/kg BW/d to support good health and maintain functionality (Deutz, Bauer and Barrazoni, Clinical Nutrition, 33(6):929-36). A recent paper suggested age specific recommendations of 1.2g/kg BW/d (Dorrington, Fallaize and Hobbs, Journal of Nutrition, 150(9):2245-2256). This study aimed to quantify percentage of community dwelling older adults meeting recommendations for protein intake and explore factors associated with low consumption. Methods The study population comprised &amp;gt;65s completing the NDNS survey years 9-11 (2016-2019). Dietary intake was recorded in food diaries. Protein consumption was calculated as grammes per kilogram adjusted body weight per day (g/kg aBW/d). Adjustment made for body mass index (BMI) below 22kg/m2 and above 27kg/m2. Percentage of participants meeting protein recommendations for 0.75, 1.0 and 1.2g/kg BW/d was calculated. Chi-squared test for independence was utilised to determine association between social, health and lifestyle factors and low protein intake. Results Data from 385 participants were included; 43% male, 98% white. Mean protein intake was 0.98g/kg aBW/d (SD ±0.25). Prevalence of protein intake below 0.75g/kg aBW/d was 16.4% (n=63), below 1.0g/kg aBW/d was 52.2% (n=201) and below 1.2g/kg aBW/d 82.1% (n=316). Current and ex-regular smoking was associated with protein intake &amp;lt;1g/kg aBW/d (p=0.01). No other analysis reached statistical significance although prevalence of low protein intake was higher in those without their own teeth (p=0.08), use of dentures (p=0.14) and BMI of 27-30kg/m2 (p=0.09). Conclusion A large percentage of older adults are below expert recommendations for protein intake. There is a need for clarity over recommendations so that a clear public message can be given to optimise health and function in ageing. Factors influencing poor protein intake require further examination.

Mango Consumption Was Associated with Higher Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality in Women of Childbearing Age and Older Adults.

Nutritional equity has been recognized as a priority in nutrition research, as reiterated by the new life-stage approach utilized by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Two of the life stages focused on are pregnant and lactating females as well as older adults, due to their unique nutritional needs and unique chronic health conditions. Both groups have low intakes of several nutrients, including those of public health concern, and suboptimal diet quality, underlining the importance to improve their dietary intakes. Incorporating fruit into their diets could help alleviate these gaps. Thus, the objective of the current study is to expand upon our current knowledge of the benefits of fruit within these two subgroups that DGA guidelines focus on and determine nutrient and food group intake as well as diet quality in women of childbearing age (WCA; as a proxy for pregnant and/or lactating females, n = 16,774) and older adult (n = 18,784) mango consumers compared with non-consumers, using NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2018. Both WCA and older adult mango consumers had greater than 20% higher intakes of fiber and vitamin C and WCA consumers had upwards of 10% higher folate, magnesium, and potassium intakes compared with non-consumers. Both groups of consumers had lower intake of saturated fat and older adults had lower intakes of protein and vitamin B12. Diet quality was 16 and 13% higher in WCA and older adult consumers compared with non-consumers, respectively. Additionally, mango consumers had lower beef, poultry, fish, and solid fat intakes and WCA consumers had higher whole grain intakes compared with non-consumers. This study suggests incorporating mango into the diet could increase select nutrient intake as well as diet quality in specific life stages of adult Americans.

Association of dietary fat intake with skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength in adults aged 20-59: NHANES 2011-2014.

Sarcopenia, a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, needs to initially prevent in the twenties. Meanwhile, there is a lack of research on the effects of fat consumption on skeletal muscle mass and strength in adults aged 20-59. We aimed to assess associations between dietary fat intake and skeletal muscle mass, as measured by appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index (ALMBMI), and muscle strength, as represented by handgrip strength adjusted for body mass index (GSMAXBMI), among adults aged 20-59. Dietary fat intake per kilogram of actual body weight was assessed using two 24h recalls, while ALM and GSMAX were measured using DXA and a handgrip dynamometer, respectively. A weighted multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the association between dietary fat intake and skeletal muscle mass, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning from 2011 to 2014. To assess the non-linear relationship and saturation value between dietary fat intake and skeletal muscle mass, a smooth curve fitting approach and a saturation effect analysis model were utilized. The study comprised a total of 5356 subjects. After adjusting for confounding factors, there was a positive association observed between dietary fat intake and ALMBMI as well as GSMAXBMI. The relationship between dietary fat intake and ALMBMI showed an inverted U-shaped curve, as did the association with GSMAXBMI. Turning points were observed at 1.88 g/kg/d for total fat intake and ALMBMI, as well as at 1.64 g/kg/d for total fat intake and GSMAXBMI. Furthermore, turning points were still evident when stratifying by gender, age, protein intake, and physical activity. The turning points were lower in individuals with low protein intake(<0.8 g/kg/d) and high levels of physical activity. The moderate dietary fat intake can be beneficial for muscle mass and strength in adults aged 20-59 under specific conditions. Special attention should be directed toward the consumption of fats in individuals with low protein intake and those engaged in high levels of physical activity.

Nutrition intake modifies the association between pulmonary function and cognitive performance among elderly Americans from NHANES 2011-2012.

Nutrition intake is one of the modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline. Whether energy and protein intakes alter the association between pulmonary function (PF) and cognition has not been studied. We made use of information from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. PF measures, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow (PEF), were calculated, whereas cognitive function was assessed through four tests: the Immediate Recall test (IRT), the Delayed Recall test (DRT), the Animal Fluency test (AFT) and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Energy and protein intakes were measured using the 24-h dietary recall method. Weighted generalized linear regression was performed upon adjustment for covariates. Further interaction analyses were conducted to investigate the effect of energy and protein intakes on the association between PF and cognition. We finally included 803 participants aged ≥ 60years (54.4% female, weighted value). After adjusting for covariates, multiple measures (including FEV1, FVC, PEF, and composite PF) were all positively associated with better global cognition and the DSST score (P < 0.05). A stronger positive association between the DSST score and FEV1 (P for interaction = 0.001), FVC (P for interaction = 0.004), PEF (P for interaction = 0.003), and composite PF (P for interaction = 0.001) in lower energy intake. Similar results were observed in lower protein intake (all P for interaction < 0.05). Higher PF was independently associated with improved specific components of cognitive function (i.e., the DSST score). The positive association between PF and the DSST score was stronger in individuals with lower energy and protein intakes.

Effect of breakfast protein intake on muscle mass and strength in adults: a scoping review.

The distribution of protein intake throughout the day is frequently skewed, with breakfast having the lowest protein intake across all age groups. There is no review that addresses the association between breakfast protein intake and muscle mass and strength. This scoping review aims to summarize the literature on the relationship between protein intake during breakfast and muscle mass and strength in adults. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Two independent reviewers screened and appraised the articles identified from 3 electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus) that focused on protein intake per meal and its impact on muscle-related outcomes. A total of 14 763 articles were retrieved from 3 databases, and after the screening process, 15 articles were included for analysis. Approximately 58.8% of findings from 11 studies examining the association between high protein intake during breakfast and muscle mass indicated an increase in muscle mass among participants. Half of 6 studies (50.0%) exploring the relationship between high protein intake at breakfast and muscle strength demonstrated an increase in muscle strength. Consuming high amounts of protein at breakfast or more protein in the morning than in the evening was associated with an increase in the skeletal muscle index and lean body mass. Protein consumption at breakfast revealed potential benefits in increasing muscle mass across 5 studies involving an elderly population and 2 studies encompassing middle-aged women and young men in our review. However, the relationship between protein intake at breakfast and muscle strength remains unclear. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to examine whether adults can preserve skeletal muscle health outcomes by consuming higher amounts of protein at breakfast.

The association of nutrient intake with epilepsy: A cross-sectional study from NHANES, 2013-2014

BackgroundDietary nutrient supplements are helpful in the treatment of many diseases, but their effect on epilepsy is still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary intake of multiple nutrients and epilepsy. MethodsA total of 3963 participants from the NHANES database were involved in this study. We compared the dietary intake of 14 nutrients between the normal population and those with epilepsy. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to evaluate the association of these nutrients with epilepsy. ResultsCompared with the normal population, the epilepsy patients showed lower intakes of protein, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, Fe, and Zn. Multivariable logistic regression showed the negative association of vitamin B1 (OR = 0.513, 95% CI: 0.293, 0.897) with epilepsy. When vitamin B1 was divided into 4 groups according to quartiles, the highest quartile showed a lower odds ratio (OR = 0.338, 95% CI: 0.115, 0.997) than that of the lowest quartile. In different population stratifications, the association of vitamin B1 with epilepsy was different. Vitamin B1 was negatively associated with the odds ratio of epilepsy among the elderly (OR = 0.243), low-income population (OR = 0.337), and current smokers (OR = 0.283). ConclusionEpilepsy patients had significantly lower intakes of vitamin B1, which was inversely associated with epilepsy risk. More detailed clinical trials are needed to accurately evaluate nutritional supplements for epilepsy.

The association between bone density of lumbar spines and different daily protein intake in different renal function

Background Low protein intake (LPI) has been suggested as a treatment for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, protein intake is essential for bone health. Methods We studied the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2010. Basic variables, metabolic diseases, and bone density of different femoral areas were stratified into four subgroups according to different protein intake (DPI) (that is, <0.8, 0.8–1.0, 1.0–1.2, and >1.2 g/kg/day). Results Significant differences were found among all lumbar area bone mineral density (BMD) and T-scores (p < 0.0001). There was an apparent trend between a decreasing BMD in the CKD groups with increasing DPI in all single lumbar spines (L1, L2, L3, and L4) and all L spines (L1-L4). Compared with DPI (0.8–1.0 g/day/kg), higher risks of osteoporosis were noticed in the subgroup of >1.2 g/day/kg over L2 (relative risk (RR)=1.326, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.062–1.656), subgroup >1.2 g/day/kg over L3 (RR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.057–1.622), subgroup <0.8 g/day/kg over L4 (RR = 1.276, 95%CI = 1.015–1.605), subgroup <0.8 g/day/kg over all L spines (RR = 11.275, 95%CI = 1.051–1.548), and subgroup >1.2 g/day/kg over all L spines (RR = 0.333, 95%CI = 1.098–1.618). However, a higher risk of osteoporosis was observed only in the non-CKD group. There was an apparent trend of higher DPI coexisting with lower BMD and T scores in patients with CKD. For osteoporosis (reference:0.8–1.0 g/day/kg), lower (<0.8 g/day/kg) or higher DPI (>1.2 g/day/kg) was associated with higher risks in the non-CKD group, but not in the CKD group. Conclusions In the CKD group, LPI for renal protection was safe without threatening L spine bone density and without causing a higher risk of osteoporosis.

Baixa ingestão de proteínas está associada à mortalidade em idosos brasileiros

Abstract Objective To estimate the association between low protein intake and mortality in older adults. Methods Prospective study carried out with 621 older adults in a medium-sized city (Viçosa, Minas Gerais) in Brazil. Protein intake was assessed at baseline (2009) by the usual intake recall and the protein intake classification was used as proposed by the Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Mortality data were collected in the follow-up period (2009 to 2018) from the Mortality Information System. Cox regression models were applied to estimate the independent association between total protein intake and mortality, and Hazard Ratio estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Among the 621 participants in the study, 52.7% were female, and the prevalence of low protein intake was 60.9%. Over the 9 years of follow-up, there were 154 deaths (23,3%). In the adjust models, older adults with low protein intake showed increased risk of death [HR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.05 - 2.82]. Conclusion Low protein intake may increase the risk of death in the older adults.

Low protein intake is associated with mortality in Brazilian older adults

Resumo Objetivo Estimar a associação entre baixa ingestão de proteínas e mortalidade em pessoas idosas. Métodos Estudo prospectivo realizado com 621 pessoas idosas da cidade de Viçosa (Minas Gerais), município de médio porte no Brasil. A ingestão de proteínas foi avaliada na linha de base (2009) pelo recordatório de ingestão habitual e foi utilizada a classificação de ingestão de proteínas proposta pela Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral. Os dados de mortalidade foram coletados no período de acompanhamento (2009 a 2018) através do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Modelos de regressão de Cox foram aplicados para estimar a associação independente entre ingestão total de proteínas e mortalidade, e estimativas de hazard ratio e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram calculados. Resultados Entre os 621 participantes do estudo, 52,7% eram do sexo feminino e a prevalência de baixa ingestão proteica foi de 60,9%. Ao longo dos 9 anos de acompanhamento ocorreram 154 óbitos (23,3%). No modelo ajustado, pessoas idosas com baixa ingestão de proteínas apresentaram maior risco de morte [HR: 1,72; IC 95%: 1,05 - 2.82]. Conclusão A baixa ingestão de proteínas pode aumentar o risco de morte em pessoas idosas.

Physical activity, protein consumption, and loss of muscle mass in older adult participants of the ELSA-Brazil study

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the relationship between protein consumption, physical activity, and muscle mass in individuals aged ≥ 60 years. Methods: This prospective study was based on the baseline and second wave of the ELSA-Brazil study. Protein consumption was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Muscle mass was estimated using a prediction equation, and the difference in MM between the first and second waves was calculated. Bivariate analyses were performed, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Multivariate analysis consisted of 4 Poisson regression models including covariates with p &lt; 0.20. The statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results: The sample included 2216 older adults, 55.10% of whom were women, with a mean age of 65.20 (SD, 4.15). Participants whose muscle mass decreased between the waves were in the first quartile of protein consumption. Mean physical activity significantly differed between the groups, while leisure-time physical activity differed only for women (p &lt; 0.05). After adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle variables, participants with lower protein intake had a 1.45 (1.29–1.63) relative risk of muscle mass loss. Conclusions: Lower protein consumption and higher physical activity were associated with decreased muscle mass, and those with protein consumption in the first and second quartiles are at higher risk of muscle mass loss.

Nutritional Status and Dietary Behaviors of Children with Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review.

Children with intellectual or developmental disabilities are susceptible to malnutrition. This systematic review was conducted to assess the nutritional status and dietary behaviors of children with intellectual or developmental disabilities in Saudi Arabia. The target population was children from Saudi Arabia aged 18 years or younger and diagnosed with intellectual or developmental disabilities. Appropriate research studies that were published from inception up to December 2023 were obtained and reviewed. The outcomes of interest, including anthropometric data, laboratory data, dietary intake data, and dietary behaviors data, were collected and organized in relevant tables. The methodological quality and bias risk for the involved studies were evaluated. Out of 286 screened articles, 31 research articles were selected. The review results show that the rates of overweight and obesity were significantly higher among children with intellectual or developmental disabilities compared to typically developing children. The laboratory data revealed that they were more likely to have nutritional deficiencies. Low intake of energy, protein, and several micronutrients is frequently reported among them. Moreover, they are anticipated to have unhealthy dietary behavior. In conclusion, the findings suggested that children with intellectual or developmental disabilities were at higher risk of malnutrition including deploying obesity and nutritional deficiencies. Healthy and balanced nutrition that considers dietary requirements and food preferences is critical to maintaining the optimal development of these children. This review could invite researchers and policy-makers in Saudi Arabia to put more effort into integrating individuals with disability into the healthcare system and community. Further research is required to determine the types of intervention measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of malnutrition. Additional action is needed to monitor the implementation of national policies and programs that target this part of society.

Observational study on diet compliance in hospitalized patients diagnosed with liver disease

Background: Malnutrition is very common in patients suffering with liver disorders and it is also proven to deteriorate the patient’s prognosis. Various types of liver disorders are linked with many nutrient deficiencies. Chronic liver disease patients generally exhibit fat malabsorption and decreased albumin levels. These physiological derangements lead to malnutrition in liver patients. These patients can undergo liver transplant, therefore improved nutritional status prior to transplant can improve their prognosis after transplant. Therefore, it is crucial to identify malnutrition in these patients in order to treat it and to achieve and maintain ideal body weight, improve their response to treatment and reduce complications. This study aimed to determine the nutritional status and dietary intake of CLD patients. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on the patients who were suffering from chronic liver disease, among which 50 subjects were studied, between 19 to 59 years of age. Duration of the study was 3 months. Nutritional status of the patients was assessed using Subjective global assessment (SGA) that was based on anthropometry, biochemical reports, clinical examination and dietary intake of patients. Results: On the basis of results obtained from the present study it can be concluded that majority of patients were males, the mean height of males was 163 cm and for females, it was 155 cm. The mean weight of males and females was 72 kg and 61 kg respectively. The majority of the patients showed Body Mass Index in the normal range. The majority (34%) of patients were suffering from Chronic liver disease, Alcoholic liver disease, with symptoms of jaundice, ascites, portal hypertension and diabetes. Diet intake data depicted that 54% patients had moderately lower energy and protein intake (60-79%) of their requirements Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that Chronic liver disease and treatment of Chronic liver disease both put the patients at nutritional risk by causing malnutrition, increased nutritional needs and decreased food intake. It can be prevented by timely or early detection of nutritional status or requirements, so that timely decision can be taken for right nutritional intervention for them

Does Dietary Intake Differ in Kidney Failure Patients With Sarcopenia and Frailty Treated by Hemodialysis.

Background: Inadequate nutrition is common for both sarcopenia and frailty. We investigated whether hemodialysis patients with sarcopenia and frailty have reduced dietary intakes. Methods: Dietary intake, and physical activity were analyzed, along with body composition and relevant clinical data. Results: We studied 51 hemodialysis patients; 52.9% male, age 60 ± 15 years; 33.3% sarcopenic, and 72.5% frail. Dietary protein and calories were similar for sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients 0.68 (0.38-3.5) vs. 0.68 (0.18-2.9) g protein/kg/day and 19.2 (8.2-77.5) vs. 15.2 (6.2-38.5) kcal/kg/day. More sarcopenic patients had low physical activity (88.2% vs. 58.8%, X2 4.6, p = .03). Frail and non-frail patients had similar intakes 0.67 (0.28-3.5) versus 0.83 (0.18-1.6) g protein/kg/day and 15.5 (8.1-77.5) vs. 18.8 (6.2-45.4) kcal/kg/day. Sarcopenia was associated with age [Odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.02, 1.18], p = .017], body mass index [OR 0.84, 95% CI [0.71, 0.99], p = .042] and lack of exercise [OR 7.62, 95% CI [1.16, 50.29], p = .035]. Frailty was associated with female gender [OR 17.79, 95% CI [2.09, 151.59], p = .008], age [OR 1.13, 95% CI [1.04, 1.22], p = .006], and dialysis vintage [OR 1.55, 95% CI [1.06, 2.26], p = .024]. Conclusion: Hemodialysis patients with sarcopenia and frailty did not have lower dietary protein and calorie intake. Frailty was associated with age and sarcopenia with a sedentary lifestyle.

ASUPAN ENERGI DENGAN KEJADIAN UNDERWEIGHT PADA ANAK USIA 6 – 59 BULAN DI KOTA DEPOK

Underweight in children is still remains the public health problems in the world. The prevalence of underweight children under five in Depok City in 2022 is 12.1 percent. This study aimed to analyze energy intake and other factors with the incidence of underweight in children aged 6 - 59 months old in Depok City. This study a used cross-sectional study design. This study used secondary data from Grant research of indexed publication Q2 TA 2022/202 Batch 3 Kemenristek. The samples were 311 with the criteria of children aged 6 – 59 months old with complete data and non-extreme data. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between sex, low birth weight, deworming, complete immunization, ARI, diarrhea, energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake and family income and underweight. A multivariate binary logistic regression was employed to determine the factors that contribute to the incidence of underweight in children aged 6 - 59 months old. The results of multivariabel logistic regression analysis showed energy intake as the dominant factor in the incidence of underweight in children aged 6 - 59 months old (p-value 0.001). Children with insufficient energy intake are 10.06 times more likely to be underweight than children with sufficient energy intake.