Lower Prevalence Of Insulin Resistance Research Articles

Higher phenolic acid intake independently associates with lower prevalence of insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background & AimsThe inverse association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diets rich in fruit and vegetables has been demonstrated, but the specific compounds that may be responsible for this association need to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to test the association between phenolic acid consumption, NAFLD, and insulin resistance (IR).MethodsA cross-sectional cohort of individuals included in a metabolic screening program was studied. Liver steatosis was evaluated by ultrasonography and quantified by the hepatorenal index (HRI); fibrosis was assessed by FibroTest; IR by the sample upper quartile of the homeostatic model assessment score. Dietary intake was measured by a food frequency questionnaire. The phenolic acid content of food was calculated according to Phenol-Explorer.ResultsA total of 789 individuals were included (52.6% men, age 58.83 ± 6.58 years). Higher (above the upper median) phenolic acid intake was inversely associated with the presence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR] 0.69; 95% CI 0.49–0.98; p = 0.036), higher HRI (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.45–0.91; p = 0.013) and higher IR (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42–0.87; p = 0.007), when adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and lifestyle factors. Considering specific classes of phenolic acids, higher hydroxybenzoic acid intake was independently associated with lower odds of NAFLD, higher HRI and fibrosis. Higher hydroxycinnamic acid intake was independently associated with lower odds of IR.ConclusionA higher intake of phenolic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of liver steatosis and IR in a cross-sectional study, suggesting a possible protective effect that requires confirmation in prospective studies.Lay summaryHigh dietary intake of total phenolic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. A high intake of hydroxybenzoic acids, a class of phenolic acids, is associated with a lower prevalence of steatosis and clinically significant fibrosis, while a high intake of hydroxycinnamic acids, another class of phenolic acids, is associated with a lower prevalence of insulin resistance.

A Comparison of Metabolic Outcomes Between Obese HIV-Exposed Uninfected Youth From the PHACS SMARTT Study and HIV-Unexposed Youth From the NHANES Study in the United States.

Metabolic perturbations in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) obese youth may differ from those in the general obese pediatric population. Metabolic parameters of obese (body mass index Z-score >95th percentile) HEU youth in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) Surveillance Monitoring of ART Toxicities (SMARTT) study were compared with a matched sample of obese youth from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We evaluated systolic and diastolic hypertension (blood pressure ≥90th percentile for age, sex, and height), total cholesterol >200 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <35 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >130 mg/dL, triglycerides (TGs) >150 mg/dL, and Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance >4.0. Modified Poisson regression models were fit to quantify the prevalence ratio (PR) of each outcome comparing the 2 cohorts, adjusting for confounders. The blood pressure outcome analytic subgroup included 1096 participants (n = 304 HEU), the total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol subgroup 1301 participants (n = 385 HEU), and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG, and Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance subgroup 271 (n = 83 HEU). After adjustment, obese HEU youth had a higher prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension [PR = 3.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.48 to 4.50; PR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.18 to 3.52, respectively], but lower prevalence of insulin resistance (PR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.85) and hypercholesterolemia (PR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.44 to 1.01) compared with obese NHANES youth. In the United States, obese HEU youth seem to have an increased risk of hypertension, but lower risk of insulin resistance and hypercholesterolemia, compared with a general obese pediatric population. Monitoring for cardiovascular morbidity in adulthood may be warranted in HEU children.

Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in Brazilian children, regardless of body fat distribution.

To assess the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors, controlled by adiposity, in a representative sample of prepubescent children. Cross-sectional population-based study. Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Anthropometric measures and blood pressure were performed. Laboratory analyses were performed to determine the levels of vitamin D (25-hydroxyitamin D; 25(OH)D), glucose, insulin, serum lipids and intact parathyroid hormone. Dietary intake was assessed by three 24 h recalls. Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2015. Representative sample of 378 children aged 8 and 9 years from urban schools. Inadequate serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were diagnosed in more than half of the children and none of them met the recommended vitamin D intake. After adjusting for confounding factors in the multiple regression analysis, lower prevalence of insulin resistance and hypertriacylglycerolaemia was found in children with serum 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/l (prevalence ratio=0·25; 95 % CI 0·08, 0·85) and ≥50 nmol/l (prevalence ratio=0·61; 95 % CI 0·37, 0·99), respectively. However, after adjusting for different indicators of adiposity, insulin resistance remained independently associated and the association with hypertriacylglycerolaemia was lost after adjusting for central adiposity. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was associated with the number of cardiometabolic alterations in children. The study results showed that prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was high among the children and insulin resistance was the main cardiometabolic alteration associated with this condition, even in a tropical climate country such as Brazil.

Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in Japanese adults: a secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration has been linked to a lower prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, randomized controlled trials have not clarified the effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance in healthy adults. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation for 1 year on insulin resistance; the study was a secondary analysis of a clinical trial. We hypothesized that increased 25(OH)D concentration after vitamin D supplementation for 1 year would significantly improve insulin resistance. Ninety-six healthy adults participated in this study, of whom 81 completed the study. The participants randomly received daily either 420 IU vitamin D3 or placebo in a double-blind manner for 1 year. The levels of fasting insulin, glucose, and other parameters were assessed at baseline and after 1 year of intervention. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index was calculated from insulin and glucose levels. Visceral fat area and physical activity were also investigated. Serum 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significantly increased by approximately 29.5 nmol/L and 7.0 pg/mL, respectively, after 1-year vitamin D supplementation. After vitamin D supplementation, fasting glucose levels and values of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index significantly decreased from 88.3 to 85.3 mg/dL (P < .01) and 1.17 to 0.84 (P < .01), respectively, and the results were independent of physical activity and visceral fat accumulation. In conclusion, the present study showed that vitamin D supplementation for 1 year effectively improves fasting glucose level and insulin resistance in healthy Japanese adults.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in the High Normal Range Is Associated With Lower Prevalence of Insulin Resistance.

In 2243 subjects, MR-proANP was measured at baseline. At follow up, MR-proANP levels in the high normal range were associated with lower prevalence of insulin resistance and higher post challenge GIP secretion.

Sexual Dimorphism of Adipose and Hepatic Aquaglyceroporins in Health and Metabolic Disorders.

Gender differences in the relative risk of developing metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have been reported. The deregulation of glycerol metabolism partly contributes to the onset of these metabolic diseases, since glycerol constitutes a key substrate for the synthesis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) as well as for hepatic gluconeogenesis. The present mini-review covers the sex-­related differences in glycerol metabolism and aquaglyceroporins (AQPs) and its impact in the control of adipose and hepatic fat accumulation as well as in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Plasma glycerol concentrations are increased in women compared to men probably due to the higher lipolytic rate and larger AQP7 amounts in visceral fat as well as the well-known sexual dimorphism in fat mass with women showing higher adiposity. AQP9 represents the primary route for glycerol uptake in hepatocytes, where glycerol is converted by the glycerol-kinase enzyme into glycerol-3-phosphate, a key substrate for de novo synthesis of glucose and TAG. In spite of showing similar hepatic AQP9 protein, women exhibit lower hepatocyte glycerol permeability than men, which might contribute to their lower prevalence of insulin resistance and NAFLD.

Habitual physical activity is associated with lower prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in obese schoolchildren with and without insulin resistance.

Obesity in children is now an increasing health risk worldwide in which the insulin-resistance can be present. Studies have linked a diet rich in n-3 fatty acids with a lower prevalence of insulin-resistance. To compare the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid among obese children with and without insulin-resistance. In 56 randomly school-age children with obesity, insulin-resistance was determined by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin-resistance index and the serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid were determined by gas chromatography. Insulin-resistance was established when the index was >6.0, non- insulin- resistance when that index was within the range of 1.4-5.9. The serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, as needed. No differences in age or sex were identified among the groups studied. The anthropometric parameters were significantly higher in the group of children with insulin-resistance than in the other two groups. The children with insulin- resistance had significantly lower levels of eicosapentaenoic acid than the non- insulin-resistance group [12.4% area under the curve vs. 37.4%, p = 0.031], respectively. Obese primary school-aged children with insulin-resistance had lower plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid.

Abundant daily non-sedentary activity is associated with reduced prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis has recently drawn attention because of its potential to prevent weight gain. This study evaluated the relationships between the duration of daily non-sedentary activities and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance (IR) in the Japanese population. A total of 518 eligible subjects (380 men and 138 women) who attended the Tokushima Prefectural General Health Checkup Center and participated in the baseline survey of a cohort study conducted in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan were analyzed. Information about lifestyle characteristics including leisure-time exercise and daily non-exercise activities was obtained from a questionnaire. Logistic and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between the duration of daily non-exercise non-sedentary activities (beyond sitting) and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (and its components) and IR. Subjects with longer duration of daily non-sedentary activities had significantly lower adjusted odds ratios for metabolic syndrome (p for trend =0.024), abdominal obesity (p for trend =0.023), and low HDLcholesterol levels (p for trend =0.002), after adjustment for sex, age, and other probable covariates including leisure-time exercise. Longer duration of daily non-sedentary activities was further associated with lower homeostasis model of assessment- IR (HOMA-IR) values (p for trend =0.009). Our results suggest that abundant daily non-sedentary activity might be associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome, especially for the components of central obesity and low HDL-cholesterol levels, and with a lower prevalence of IR, independent of leisure-time exercise.

Effects of IL28B rs12979860 CC Genotype on Metabolic Profile and Sustained Virologic Response in Patients With Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C

Patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C (G1 CHC) frequently develop steatosis and insulin resistance (IR), caused by metabolic and viral factors. These accelerate the progression of liver disease and reduce the response to therapy. A sustained virologic response (SVR) to therapy in patients with G1 CHC is associated strongly with polymorphisms near the interleukin-28B (IL28B) gene, but the interaction between IL28B genotype and IR, and their combined effects on SVR, have not been defined. We tested the association between the IL28B rs12979860 single-nucleotide polymorphism and metabolic features, including IR, and evaluated their effects on SVR. We performed genotype analysis of IL28B rs12979860 for 434 white G1 CHC patients who underwent consecutive biopsy analysis at 3 tertiary centers. Metabolic profile analyses included assessments of lipid levels and IR by the homeostasis model assessment. Patients with the CC polymorphism in IL28B had higher levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lower levels of triglycerides, and a lower prevalence of IR and moderate-severe steatosis (P < .05) than patients without this genotype. By multiple logistic regression analysis, body mass index (odds ratio [OR], 1.223; P < .001), level of triglycerides (OR, 1.007; P = .006), the CC polymorphism in IL28B (OR, 0.378; P = .001), and levels of HCV RNA greater than 850,000 IU/mL (OR, 1.803; P = .01) were associated with IR. The CC polymorphism in IL28B (OR, 8.350; P < .001) and IR (OR, 0.432; P = .005), but not steatosis (OR, 0.582; P = 0.25), was associated with an SVR. In white patients with G1 CHC, the IL28B rs12979860 CC genotype is associated with reduced IR. IL28B rs12979860 genotype and IR by the homeostasis model assessment strongly affect the outcome of antiviral therapy.

High intake of whole grains and beans pattern is inversely associated with insulin resistance in healthy Korean adult population

We investigated the association between dietary patterns and insulin resistance in the 3871 healthy Korean adults from the 2007 to 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The whole grains and beans pattern was associated with lower prevalence of insulin resistance (OR for highest quintile=0.80, 95% CI=0.61–1.03, P for trend=0.013).

The Carnivore Connection Hypothesis: Revisited

The “Carnivore Connection” hypothesizes that, during human evolution, a scarcity of dietary carbohydrate in diets with low plant : animal subsistence ratios led to insulin resistance providing a survival and reproductive advantage with selection of genes for insulin resistance. The selection pressure was relaxed at the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution when large quantities of cereals first entered human diets. The “Carnivore Connection” explains the high prevalence of intrinsic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in populations that transition rapidly from traditional diets with a low-glycemic load, to high-carbohydrate, high-glycemic index diets that characterize modern diets. Selection pressure has been relaxed longest in European populations, explaining a lower prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, despite recent exposure to famine and food scarcity. Increasing obesity and habitual consumption of high-glycemic-load diets worsens insulin resistance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in all populations.

Higher dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid is associated with lower insulin resistance in middle-aged Japanese

Objective To investigate the associations between dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid: ALA, and marine-derived eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid: EPA + DHA) and insulin resistance (IR) in a lean population with high n-3 PUFA intake. Method We cross-sectionally studied 3383 Japanese local government workers aged 35–66 in 2002. IR was defined as the highest quartile of homeostasis model assessment, and nutrient intake was estimated from a diet history questionnaire. The odds ratios (ORs) of IR taking the lowest quartile of ALA or EPA + DHA intake as the reference were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Results Mean age, body mass index (BMI), and dietary ALA, and median of dietary EPA + DHA were 47.9 years, 22.9 kg/m 2, and 1.90 g/day (0.88%E) and 0.77 g/day (0.36%E), respectively. The ORs of IR decreased across the quartiles of ALA intake (multivariate-adjusted OR for Q4 versus Q1 = 0.74, P for trend = 0.01) and the association was observed only in subjects with a BMI of < 25 kg/m 2 ( P for interaction = 0.033). However EPA + DHA showed no such associations consistently. Conclusion Higher ALA intake was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of IR in normal weight individuals of middle-aged Japanese men and women.