Lower Order Thinking Skills Research Articles

Ethnophysics and Technology: Physics e-module integrated with local wisdom based on an Android application

21st century learning is a collaboration of technology and science that can change students' abilities from LOTS (lower order thinking skills) to HOTS (higher order thinking skills). In its application, 21st century learning is supported by teaching resources and media based on environmental phenomena and technological developments. This research aims to determine the feasibility of the physics e-module based android application that has been developed after validation testing by media experts, material experts, and learning experts. This e-module was developed to serve as an innovation in physics learning in schools to improve high school students from LOTS to HOTS abilities. This type of research is development research by applying 4D model consisting of define, design, develop and disseminate stages. At the define stage, researchers examine and analyze phenomena in schools such as curriculum, student learning styles, teacher teaching styles, learning resources and learning media used. In the design stage, researchers design the needs of students and teachers in learning such as learning modules. In the develop stage, researchers develop products for student learning needs through expert validation from lecturers and teachers. In the disminate stage, researchers apply products that have been developed in schools. The population of this study was all class X students at SMAN 5 Mataram. Sampling in this research was carried out using a purposive sampling method. The classes chosen as research samples were classes X IPA 1 and The average score from the media validation results was 4.8 with a very valid category. The average score from the learning validation results was 4.7 in the very valid category. Based on the validation results, it was concluded that the development product in the form of an integrated physics e-module with local wisdom based on an Android application was suitable for use in schools.

Climate Change Competency Assessment: Focus on Lower Order Thinking Skills (LOTS)

In light of the increasingly dire consequences of climate change, fostering environmental literacy within the educational system has become an imperative. By measuring student competency, we can ensure future generations are empowered to become responsible stewards of the environment and active participants in tackling this global challenge. Thus, this study aims to assess the science students’ competency in factors that affect climate, the effects of changing climate, and how to adapt accordingly. The subjects of this study were thirty-one (31) science students, third-year and fourth-year students, composed of 8 males and 23 females who have taken the subject Environmental Science. Results show that students have a higher level of knowledge in competencies 1 and 2, namely: (1) Relate species extinction to the failure of the populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment, and (2) Explain how different factors affect the climate of an area. However, the present investigation yielded no statistically significant differences in climate change competency based on sex or year level, suggesting a potentially homogenous knowledge base regarding climate change across the studied demographic.

Affordances of Using Educational Technology in Teaching Critical Reading: Insights from an Action Research Study in a Ugandan University

The rapid increase in student enrolment and/or massification, also implicated in large class sizes, has been problematised for compromising quality education. Institutions of higher learning in Africa have embraced the use of ICT as one of the approaches to cope with the challenges of massification. The purpose of this study was to provide an examplar on how teachers can use ICTs to optimise learning from higher-order to lower-order thinking skills. The study uses action research methodology, undertaken with undergraduate students in a Ugandan university, to illuminate the researchers’ experiences in using educational technologies to support the teaching of critical reading. Firstly, we demonstrate how learning progressed from lower-order to higher-order thinking skills as informed by Bloom’s taxonomy. We also show how we optimised the use of technology from the dominant simple substitution, which was also teacher-centred, to a more complex redefinition, which is also learner-centred, as informed by the SAMR model. Finally, we highlight the affordances of using emerging technologies to support transformative learning. These include ongoing learning, monitoring/feedback, research, deeper interaction, peer-review, creativity, and reflection. The study has implications for in-service as well as pre-service teacher education programs which should integrate relevant theoretical frameworks in equipping teachers to optimise the use of technology in supporting teaching and learning.

Analisis Materi Pokok Mata Pelajaran Matematika Kelas II Sekolah Dasar

Learning mathematics in elementary school is a general subject that must be studied at all levels of school, whether elementary, middle or high school. This research aims to find out the main material in second grade mathematics using the 2013 curriculum (2017 revised edition). Which contains basic competencies, core competencies, operational verbs, HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) and LOTS (Lower Order Thinking Skills) question content. This writing uses a literature study method with data analysis techniques. The results of this research showed that the distribution of dominant mathematical material for KKO KD was in C1, namely identifying, 19%, C2, namely explaining, 50%, C3, namely sorting, 25%, and C4, namely completing 6%. In second grade mathematics material, lower order thinking skills (LOTS) are more dominant, namely 79%. Meanwhile, higher order thinking skills (HOTS) are 21%. Keywords: Subject Matter, Operational Verbs, HOTS and LOTS.

LOTS vs HOTS: Evaluation of History Textbooks for Class XII Senior High School

This study evaluates the prevalence of Lower Order Thinking Skills (LOTS) and Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions in Indonesian History textbooks for twelfth-grade students. Utilizing a quantitative research methodology, the study analyzes the first-semester evaluation questions from textbooks published by the Ministry of Education and Culture, Erlangga, and Grafindo. Employing descriptive statistical techniques, the analysis reveals distinct disparities in the balance of LOTS and HOTS questions. Specifically, the Erlangga textbook contains 82.6% LOTS and 17.4% HOTS questions, while the Grafindo textbook shows a distribution of 96.7% LOTS and 3.3% HOTS questions. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of descriptive questions shows that the Ministry of Education and Culture’s textbook exhibits a ratio of 38.9% LOTS to 61.2% HOTS, Erlangga has 73.4% LOTS to 26.6% HOTS, and Grafindo features 90% LOTS to 10% HOTS. The findings indicate a significant underrepresentation of HOTS-based questions in the analyzed textbooks, suggesting a potential gap in fostering higher-level cognitive skills among students.

Utilize Renewable Energy Kits to Develop Students' Lower and Higher-Order Thinking Skill

This research aims to determine the effect of kits renewable energy projects by implementing a project-based learning model on students' lower order thinking skills (LOTS) and higher order thinking skills (HOTS). The research method used was quasi-experimental with a nonequivalent posttest only control group design. The population in this study was 198 students. Samples were taken randomly from a population that had passed the normality test and homogeneity test. This research uses a cognitive learning outcomes test instrument in the form of multiple choices. The research results show that there is no significant difference in cognitive learning outcomes in the LOTS category between students in classes that apply project-based learning on renewable energy material and classes that apply conventional learning on renewable energy material, sig. 0.127 ≥ 0.05, using the Mann Whitney test. Meanwhile, the results of hypothesis testing for cognitive learning outcomes in the HOTS category using the independent sample t-test obtained a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000 ≤ 0.05, which means there is a significant difference in students' cognitive learning outcomes. between classes that apply project-based learning to renewable energy material and classes that apply conventional learning to renewable energy material. These results indicate that project-based learning can produce student learning in the HOTS category, but has no effect on increasing students' cognitive abilities

Unleashing the potential: illuminating pedagogical strategies employed by early childhood educators in stem education for cultivating algorithmic thinking skills in young learners

ABSTRACT In the digital age, it's crucial to equip children with twenty-first-century skills, including programming and other competencies such as creativity, analytical thinking, and collaboration. This study introduces an integrated STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) curriculum focused on computer science for educators. It explores the pedagogical strategies employed by early childhood teachers to enhance children’s algorithmic thinking skills. Descriptive analysis of videos depicting coding instruction in three cases revealed that teachers used question & answer and unplugged strategies to support algorithmic thinking. However, these practices primarily targeted lower-order thinking skills. Teachers employed algorithm design, reading and tracing code as programming-specific approaches. Additionally, worksheets with puzzles/grids and grid board games were commonly used as scaffolding materials in coding activities.

TATHBIQ MAHAROH AT TAFKIR DZAT AT TARTIB AL ADNA (LOTS) FI ITQONI AL MUFRODAT AL LUGHOH AL ARABIYAH FI MA’HAD MIRQOTUL ULUM AL ISLAMI

<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Learning Arabic at the Mirqotul Ulum Islamic boarding school has characteristics that differentiate it from other Islamic boarding schools. This is because this Islamic boarding school pays great attention to mastering Arabic vocabulary, where initially Arabic was something scary and has now turned into something fun because of the learning model. This research aims to determine the Arabic language learning model implemented at the Mirqotul Ulum Islamic boarding school so that they can master one of the skills in Arabic, in the form of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The objects studied were students and Arabic language teachers. Data analysis in this research uses qualitative descriptive analysis techniques consisting of observation, interview, and documentation stages for data collection. The results of this research show that Arabic language learning at the Mirqotul Ulum Islamic boarding school uses Bloom's Taxonomy in category LOTS (Lower Order Thinking Skills). This application has been integrated in a balanced manner through the abilities possessed by the students of the Mirqotul Ulum Islamic boarding school. In teaching Arabic, we use the method of memorizing vocabulary through trendy songs, both in the 90s and 2000s, so that we can train students to be creative and innovative, as well as create students who can master Arabic vocabulary well and correctly.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><br /></em></p>

Investigating Critical Thinking in ELT Textbooks: A Systematic Literature Review of Textbook Evaluation Studies

The pivotal role of critical thinking and its integration in English language education are synthesised through systematic literature reviews and meta-analysis studies in the areas of pedagogical interventions, teaching methods, and assessment methods. However, there is little evidence of systematic literature review on the integration of critical thinking into English language teaching materials such as textbooks. In this study, 41 empirical textbook evaluation studies published between 2010 and 2021 were reviewed from critical thinking perspective. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of English textbook evaluations on critical thinking integration, to identify critical thinking frameworks applied, and to look for possible research gaps among the studies. An extensive literature search was conducted by applying Xiao and Watson’s (2017) eight-step systematic literature review method. From a collection of 41 empirical studies, this review focuses on such four aspects as applied critical thinking frameworks, findings, recommendations, and the language levels and content areas of the textbooks studied. The results revealed that (1) Bloom’s Taxonomy and Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy were most frequently applied critical thinking frameworks, (2) integration of higher-order thinking skills in textbooks was less common than lower-order thinking skills, (3) textbook assessment occurred primarily at the middle and high school levels more than at other levels, and (4) methodological considerations regarding the reliability and validity of the coding process in textbook content analysis received little attention. This study contributes a synthesised literature background of English textbook evaluation with recommendations for methodological improvements in future studies.

Application of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in Formative and Summative Assessments of Kiswahili Language: A Case of Secondary Schools in Meru District Council

Currently, the educational field emphasizes on the teaching and learning that is competence based. This article examines how Bloom’s Taxonomy is applied in formative and summative assessments of Kiswahili language in secondary schools. The article is guided by Vygotsky’s Cognitive Development Theory. Data were collected through interview, documentary analysis and observation. Kiswahili language teachers were involved in data collection. The findings reveal that in assessment of Kiswahili language, the Lower Order Thinking skills is highly applied in formative assessment while the Higher Order Thinking skills is mostly included in summative assessment. The reason behind this is that many Kiswahili teachers lack enough skills on composing HOTs questions, as well as preparing LOTs and HOTs questions based on competence-based approach. Therefore, Kiswahili teachers need more trainings on Bloom’s Taxonomy application in line with competence-based approach; this could be done through workshops, sharing knowledge between teachers within the school, and interschool cooperation.

The role of gamification-based learning on prospective teacher’s lower order thinking abilities

Gamification has proved to be a highly effective educational technique for the twenty-first century. The study aims to explore the role of gamification-based learning on prospective teachers' lower-order cognitive abilities. This study used a qualitative exploratory research design, a literature review, and interviews. In order to investigate the function of gamification-based learning in prospective teachers' academic achievement covering lower-order cognitive abilities, the most recent research studies were reviewed, and a telephone interview was conducted with 12 participants. Purposive sampling was utilized to select a sample for the study. The interview data collected from prospective instructors was analyzed using thematic analysis. The literature review findings indicate that gamification-based learning contributes positively to educational success. No in-depth research has determined whether gamification-based learning practices can enhance students' academic performance in lower-order thinking skills. In addition, the main findings from the study's primary source, such as the interview with Kahoot-familiar trainee instructors, indicate that Kahoot-based gamification may provide opportunities to utilize lower-order thinking skills. It is also beneficial to enhance the lower-order cognitive abilities of prospective teachers by providing a competitive environment and immediate constructive feedback in a comfortable and enjoyable setting. Gamification-based learning can improve students' lower-order cognitive abilities. For the generalizability and authenticity of this exploratory study's findings, it is recommended to conduct an experimental study.

Analysis of Higher-Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) in the Mid-Term Test of English Language Education Study Program Pamane Talino College of Education

The implementation of Higher-Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions in every subject is essential to meet the challenge of 21st century. It is used to stimulate the students critical thinking in analyzing certain issue. However, the use of HOTS questions in the assessment is still limited. This research analyzes HOTS question in the mid-term test of 5 subjects in English Language Education Study Program STKIP Pamane Talino. We examine the test item using The Revised Blooms Taxonomy. The items are analyzed quantitatively and they are described qualitatively. The researchers found out that 62% of the test item classified into Lower-Order Thinking Skill (LOTS) and merely 38% test items are classified into HOTS. The finding of the research also reveals that the level of HOTS included in the mid-term test is in the level of analysis. Therefore, the lecturer should be encouraged to create the HOTS-based test item.

INCORPORATING HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS INTO ENGLISH SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTS

Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) are considered as one of the 21st-century skills in education. One of the most efficient strategies to promote HOTS is through assessment. This study aims to find out the percentage of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) used in English teachers’ summative assessment in an Islamic junior high school in Banda Aceh. In this qualitative study, Anderson's (2001) taxonomy, which divided thinking skills into two categories: lower-order thinking skills (remembering, understanding, and applying) and higher-order thinking skills (analyzing, evaluating, creating) were applied. The object of this study was three documents of English teachers’ summative assessments containing 150 test items with 145 questions in multiple-choice form and 15 questions in essay form. The questions were listed on a checklist table and calculated into percentages that corresponded to each cognitive level. The result showed that HOTS obtained a lower distribution than LOTS in the English teachers’ summative assessments. Specifically, the percentage of HOTS was only 4.6% (7 questions) from 150 questions analyzed. In conclusion, most questions of English teachers’ summative assessment in the Islamic junior high school can be categorized mostly into Lower-Order Thinking Skills (LOTS). The findings suggest that teachers should be more conscious of HOTS implementation while creating questions. Ultimately, this will improve students’ critical and creative thinking as well as problem-solving.

Examining ELT-knowledge-based learning outcomes within the national curriculum guidelines of Indonesian Islamic tertiary education

The study aims to critically analyse the clarity, observability, and measurability of ELT knowledge-based learning outcomes (LOs) as outlined in the current national curriculum guidelines for Indonesian Islamic higher education institutions. The researchers employed document analysis to assess 22 items of the LOs within the guidelines published in 2018 by the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MoRA) through the Directorate of Indonesian Islamic Higher Education. Then, the researchers applied the Bloom’s revised taxonomy as the theoretical framework, converting LOs’ illustrative verbs to Bloom’s illustrative verbs to examine the quality of LOs to determine whether the LOs promote higher- or lower-order thinking skills. This study shows that a significant majority (95.45%) of the analysed LOs in the current national guidelines suffer from poor design (unclear, unobservable, and unmeasurable) due to the absence of Bloom’s cognitive illustrative verbs. Collectively, these findings have important implications for educators and policymakers to pay more attention to the quality of their designed LOs. It suggests an urgent need for the Directorate of Indonesian Islamic Higher Education to revise its LOs because they risk affecting the quality, relevance, and effectiveness of their education in generating graduates who have global competitiveness. Poorly designed LOs promote only lower-order skills, which paralyse graduates’ global competitiveness because they do not possess the knowledge required in the international arena. It is hoped that this study will serve as an inspiration to other countries and educational authorities facing similar challenges, encouraging them to be more meticulous in crafting well-designed LOs.

AN ANALYSIS OF HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL QUESTIONS IN READING COMPREHENSION IN SCHOOL FINAL EXAMINATION IN BIMA

This study is aimed at finding out the distribution of higher order thinking skill questions, describing the specific cognitive processes demonstrated under HOTS questions, and finding out the portion of HOTS questions in two school examination packages in Bima. Content analysis was used to examine 86 reading comprehension test items in school final examination using Bloom’s taxonomy revised version. Qualitative data analysis was applied to the reading comprehension question items. Public documentation, indirect observation and a semi-structured interview were performed to collect the data. Data source were collected from reading comprehension test items and analysis card. In analyzing the data, qualitative analysis of Miles, Huberman, & Saldana (2014) model with three phases was applied. The findings indicated the distribution of higher order thinking skill questions are lower than lower order thinking skill questions. HOTS only obtain 6 out of 86 questions while the rest of questions are indicated as LOTS. Analyze skill has the highest distribution among HOTS skills: 4 questions, evaluate skill has 2 questions, while create skill is not found. On the contrary, the most used specific cognitive processes in the whole questions are interpreting and recognizing skill with the frequency of 18 questions, and differentiating and critiquing skills frequently appear in the test as the specific cognitive processes of HOTS questions

Peningkatan Kapasitas Guru Biologi Madrasah Aliyah dalam Menyusun Tes Berbasis <i>Higher-Order Thinking Skills</i> (HOTS) Di kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Increasing the Capacity of Madrasah Aliyah Biology Teachers in Developing Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Based Tests is carried out to increase the capacity of biology teachers and provide knowledge on aspects related to HOTS and its measurement aspects and train teachers, especially at the Madrasah Aliyah and High School levels. to be skilled at preparing HOTS-based questions. The method for implementing service activities is in the form of a workshop held at State High School (SMAN) 2, Jonggat District, Central Lombok Regency, which was attended by 25 biology teacher participants, who came from 12 State Madrasah Aliyah. The methods and techniques of service carried out in this activity through six (6) stages are: socialization, Focus Group Discussion (FGD, conducting a higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) based test preparation workshop for 25 Madrasah Aliyah biology teachers, Central Lombok Regency, conducting assistance in testing HOTS test questions developed in each madrasah, conducting workshops analyzing the results of testing HOTS test questions and making decisions, evaluating and reflecting on the implementation of workshop activities and mentoring. From the results of observations of workshop participants and documents that have been used to carry out assessments among students, it was identified that they were still measuring students' abilities on the LOTS (low order thinking skill) dimension, namely level C1 (knowing), level C2 (understanding), and level C3 (applying). Besides that, the use of KKO (operational verb) was generally still leaning at a low level.

Exploring The Influence Of Gamification-Based Learning On Lower Order Thinking Skills Toward Mathematics Learning In Primary-Level Students: A Qualitative Study

Gamification, which involves incorporating game aspects into non-game contexts, creates interest in education due to its potential to improve student engagement and learning outcomes. This research study explores the role of gamification-based learning, especially via Kahoot games, on fifth-grade students' lower-order thinking skills. The study used a qualitative research design and gathered data via interviews with eight fifth-grade students. Interview questions are translated into Urdu and validated by the experts and scholars. The researchers used purposive sampling to choose the individuals. The data obtained from students was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results described that all participants agreed that Kahoot games are very helpful in supporting mathematics learning, and they also emphasized that Kahoot-based games provide immediate feedback and high levels of engagement of students. Furthermore, participants responded positively to gamified learning experiences, considering them fun and engaging. In addition, students perceived that Kahoot greatly improved their lower-level thinking skills. Future studies might comprehensively investigate the impact of Kahoot-based gamification on improving higher-level cognitive skills in mathematics.

Climate Change Competency Assessment: Focus on Lower Order Thinking Skills (LOTS)

Climate Change Competency Assessment: Focus on Lower Order Thinking Skills (LOTS)

TRANSLANGUAGING IN LANGUAGE ARTS: A PEDAGOGY FOR THE FIFTH SKILL

This paper reviews literature on the teaching of literature under the module of Language Arts in Malaysian schools. The interplay of literature teaching in the primary SBELC module and the development of Translation in Language Teaching (TILT) should be part and parcel of teaching awareness in ESL/bilingual classrooms today. Research indicates that teachers do not possess adequate knowledge on appropriate literature teaching approach to enable them to teach literature to ESL students. Among the arising problems, among others, are improper training, failure to change their old approaches, apart from students’ language proficiency and lack of interest. As a result, they ended up teaching literature at the lower order thinking skill (LOTS). To fulfil the syllabus requirement, teachers resorted to comprehension and reading activities. The teaching of literary elements such as plot, character and themes seems minimal. No writing or speaking tasks involving students’ personal responses took place during the lessons. As a result, students failed to understand and appreciate literature lessons. This concept paper, thus, attempts to integrate the framework of Translanguaging Pedagogy into the teaching of literature in primary schools. Based on the Translanguaging Pedagogy framework (Garcia et al., 2015), a module of three cycles is proposed to enable teachers to teach Language Arts to primary ESL/bilingual students, from their own language repertoires and cultural identity. This module should be incorporated into teacher training programme. By doing so, the areas of literature teaching in ESL context and translation in language teaching (TILT) will be meaningful in helping students to understand and appreciate literature from their own linguistic repertoire and identity.

Evaluation of Creative Thinking Skills in the Development of Elementary Science Learning in Elementary Schools: A Mix Method Study

Students' creative thinking abilities are still limited in science learning development lectures. Students are only able to answer questions at the concept application level (C1-C3 or lower order thinking skill). This is due to the lack of variety in learning methods, lecture material has not been linked to contextual problems. This research aim is to analyze the creative thinking abilities of elementary teacher education students in elementary science learning development courses. This study uses mixed method. Sampling was carried out using random sampling involving 233 students from 8 different campuses. The research instrument consists of a test that includes 12 questions related to indicators of creative thinking skills (fluency, flexibility, originality, and collaboration), semi-structured interviews with 10 respondents to explore the understanding behind the answers given, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are carried out through quantitative and qualitative data analysis which includes data reduction, data presentation, as well as drawing conclusions and verification. The research results show that of the four indicators of creative thinking, students are categorized as sufficient in the fluency aspect. However, the other three indicators, namely flexibility, originality, and elaboration are in the poor category. The interview results also revealed that the majority of respondents were unable to provide answers that were in accordance with the indicators of creative thinking achievement. The conclusion of this research is that three indicators of creative thinking, namely flexibility, originality and elaboration, need to be improved because they are categorized as lacking.