Lower-order Factors Research Articles

What makes citizens participate in government data governance? A study based on Behavioral Reasoning Theory

This study seeks to examine the underlying mechanisms that shape citizens’ intentions to participate in government data governance. By uncovering the multifaceted determinants that facilitate or inhibit such participation, this study provides a theoretical foundation and methodological approach for future related research. Based on the findings, practical strategies to bolster citizen engagement in government data governance are proposed. An integrated higher-order reflective-formative model was constructed using the Behavioral Reasoning theory as a foundational framework. This model amalgamates the Civic Voluntarism Model, the Administrative Burden Theory, and the Ladder of Citizen Participation Theory. We employed PLS-SEM to analyze the influence of value orientation, attitude, participation, and non-participation reasoning on civic participation intention. Simultaneously, we explored the effects of six lower-order factors—motivation, resource, mobilization, psychological cost, compliance cost, and learning cost—on participation and non-participation reasoning. The study found that value orientation significantly and positively influences both participation reasoning and attitudes. Conversely, value orientation has a significant negative effect on non-participation reasoning. Participation reasoning positively impacts attitudes and the willingness to participate. Non-participation reasoning negatively affects attitudes and the willingness to participate. Motivation plays a crucial role in shaping a citizen’s participation reasoning. Compliance cost is also a key factor influencing citizens’ non-participation reasoning.

Parents, preschoolers, and napping: the development and psychometric properties of two Nap Belief Scales in two independent samples

IntroductionMost children cease napping between 2 and 5 years old. Little is known about the predictors of this cessation. Parents' sleep-related beliefs aid in understanding children's nighttime sleep behaviors, but few index daytime sleep beliefs.MethodsTwo measures of parents' napping beliefs were developed and evaluated-the Parents' Nap Beliefs Scale (14 items) and the Reasons Children Nap Scale (19 items). Canadian parents of 1–5-year-old children completed these questionnaires and other sleep-related measures in independent pilot (n = 201) and replication (n = 702) samples. In the replication sample, a subsample of parents also completed 1–3 weeks of daily sleep diaries. The samples were representative of the Canadian population by ethnicity and region.ResultsIn both samples, both measures demonstrated strong construct validity, convergent and divergent validity, and internal consistency. The Parents' Nap Beliefs Scale was composed of two factors: (a) Positive Beliefs and (b) Negative Beliefs about napping. The Reasons Children Nap Scale was composed of two higher order factors and five lower order factors: (a) Encouragement Reasons (Child related; Parent related) and (b) Discouragement Reasons (Child prefers not to nap; Child functions well without a nap; Scheduling).DiscussionFuture research should (a) test these scales as longitudinal determinants of children's nap behavior and cessation, (b) evaluate parental Nap Beliefs in non-Western cultures, and (c) adapt these scales for use with childcare providers.

A Bifactor Evaluation of Self-Report and Clinician-Administered Measures of PTSD in Veterans.

The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) are two of the most widely used and well-validated PTSD measures providing total and subscale scores that correspond with DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. However, there is little information about the utility of subscale scores above and beyond the total score for either measure. The current study compared the proposed DSM-5 four-factor model to a bifactor model across both measures using a sample of veterans (N = 1,240) presenting to a Veterans Affairs (VA) PTSD specialty clinic. The correlated factors and bifactor models for both measures evidenced marginal-to-acceptable fit and were retained for further evaluation. Bifactor specific indices suggested that both measures exhibited a strong general factor but weak lower-order factors. Structural regressions revealed that most of the lower-order factors provided little utility in predicting relevant outcomes. Although additional research is needed to make definitive statements about the utility of PCL-5 and CAPS-5 subscales, study findings point to numerous weaknesses. As such, caution should be exercised when using or interpreting subscale scores in future research.

Map matching queries on realistic input graphs under the Fréchet distance

Map matching is a common preprocessing step for analysing vehicle trajectories. In the theory community, the most popular approach for map matching is to compute a path on the road network that is the most spatially similar to the trajectory, where spatial similarity is measured using the Fréchet distance. A shortcoming of existing map matching algorithms under the Fréchet distance is that every time a trajectory is matched, the entire road network needs to be reprocessed from scratch. An open problem is whether one can preprocess the road network into a data structure, so that map matching queries can be answered in sublinear time. In this paper, we investigate map matching queries under the Fréchet distance. We provide a negative result for geometric planar graphs. We show that, unless SETH fails, there is no data structure that can be constructed in polynomial time that answers map matching queries in O (( pq ) 1 − δ ) query time for any δ > 0, where p and q are the complexities of the geometric planar graph and the query trajectory, respectively. We provide a positive result for realistic input graphs, which we regard as the main result of this paper. We show that for c -packed graphs, one can construct a data structure of \(\tilde{O}(cp) \) size that can answer (1 + ε)-approximate map matching queries in \(\tilde{O}(c^4 q \log ^4 p) \) time, where \(\tilde{O}(\cdot) \) hides lower-order factors and dependence on ε.

Development of a Public-Domain Measure of Two-Dimensional Rotation Ability and Preliminary Evidence for Discriminant Validity among Occupations.

Despite their known influence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, spatial abilities remain an underassessed aspect of cognition, particularly in educational settings. One explanation could be a lack of affordable, valid instruments for measuring various aspects of spatial ability. We evaluate the validity of a set of public-domain, algorithmically generated two-dimensional rotation items using a sample from the Synthetic Aperture Personality Assessment (SAPA) Project (N = 1,020,195). We examine the psychometric properties of the items and their relationship with various other cognitive abilities and personality traits. In addition, we identify the highest performing college majors and occupations on the 2D rotation items and on a set of 3D rotation items. Findings suggest strong unidimensionality for the 2D rotation items and the presence of lower-order factors which reflect differences across items in mental rotation demands. The highest scoring majors and occupations were similar-but not identical-across the 2D and 3D rotation measures and point to potentially meaningful differences across areas of expertise.

Measuring the coach’s compassion through the eyes of their athletes: validity of The Compassionate Coach Scale as perceived by the adolescent athletes

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to adapt and test psychometric properties of the CCS-PA in adolescent athletes (The Compassionate Coach Scale as Perceived by the Adolescent Athletes – CCS-PAA). Method This study sample included 217 Portuguese adolescent athletes, who practiced different sports and completed self-reported instruments. The factor structure of the CCS-PAA was explored (through Confirmatory Factor Analysis) and its psychometric properties, convergent, external and discriminant validities, and gender invariance were examined. Results Results confirmed the plausibility of the hierarchical structure of the scale, constituted by one higher-order factor (perceived coach’s compassionate qualities) and two lower-order factors (compassionate engagement and compassionate actions). This scale showed high internal consistency, convergent, discriminant validities and it was invariant across gender. CCS-PAA demonstrated associations with social safeness, self-criticism, self-reassurance, perception of performance, and psychological well-being. Conclusions CCS-PAA seems to be a reliable measure to assess adolescent athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s compassionate qualities. This scale could be an important tool in the sports context, as it can help to identify a relationship between coach and athlete based on comprehension, support, and kindness in difficult and suffering times for the athlete, especially in a challenging stage of development: adolescence.

Ways of responding to body image threats: Development of the Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale for youth

Body image flexibility shows promise for understanding positive body image in young people. However, its adaptive functions remain unclear due to the lack of youth-oriented models and existing focus on inflexibility in unidimensional measures. This study developed a measure of body image flexibility and inflexibility for youth by adapting the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) with 724 male and female Australian high school and university students aged 11 to 30 years. The Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale (BIFIS) replicated the higher-order MPFI structure (flexibility and inflexibility), with modifications required to lower-order factors to achieve acceptable fit. The final model (24 items; two higher-order and eight lower-order factors) was invariant across gender and age cohorts. The higher-order body image flexibility and inflexibility factors were internally consistent, stable over one month, correlated in expected directions with adaptive and maladaptive body image and eating constructs and well-being, and explained adaptive outcomes beyond measures of body satisfaction and unidimensional body image flexibility. The BIFIS provides a way to measure how young people respond to body image threats and expands existing conceptual models by including adaptive and maladaptive processes. Future work could refine the items, further validate the factor structure, and consider more experiential measurement formats.

A replication and extension of bifactor modelling of perseverative thought in an at-risk community sample: Exploring sex differences in the structure of PT.

Perseverative thought (PT) is a transdiagnostic construct associated with internalizing disorders. Bifactor models have shown that PT can be split into a general PT factor and lower-order factors for specific forms of PT, such as rumination and worry. No bifactor study to date has investigated if the structure of PT differs across sexes. The study consisted of 280 individuals recruited for a larger study targeting risk factors for suicidal ideation and behaviours. Participants completed a diagnostic interview and self-report questionnaires. A two-factor model of PT fit best in males, whereas a bifactor model fit best in females. In a structural equation model, worry was associated with generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses in females, but not males. Rumination was associated with depressive disorder diagnoses in females, but not males. The present study contributes to a growing literature on PT; we found that dimensionality of PT varied by sex. We also found that relations between PT factors and generalized anxiety disorder differed by sex. Sex differences in the internalizing spectrum and related risk factors need to be considered when examining the structure and function of risk factors.

The 3-year effects of a personality-targeted prevention program on general and specific dimensions of psychopathology

This study aimed to examine the effect of a personality-targeted prevention program (Preventure) on trajectories of general and specific dimensions of psychopathology from early- to mid-adolescence. Australian adolescents (N = 2190) from 26 schools participated in a cluster randomized controlled substance use prevention trial. This study compared schools allocated to deliver Preventure (n = 13 schools; n = 466 students; Mage = 13.42 years), a personality-targeted selective intervention, with a control group (n = 7 schools; n = 235 students, Mage = 13.47 years). All participants were assessed for psychopathology symptoms at baseline, 6-, 12-, 24- and 36-months post-baseline. Outcomes were a general psychopathology factor and four specific factors: fear, distress, alcohol use/harms and conduct/inattention), extracted from a higher-order model. Participants who screened as ‘high-risk’ on at least one of four personality traits (negative thinking, anxiety sensitivity, impulsivity and sensation seeking) were included in intention-to-treat analyses. Intervention effects were examined using multi-level mixed models accounting for school-level clustering. Among high-risk adolescents, growth in general psychopathology was slower in the Preventure group compared to the control group (b = −0.07, p = 0.038) across the three years. After controlling for effects on general psychopathology, there were no significant, additional effects on the lower order factors. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of a selective personality-targeted intervention in altering trajectories of general psychopathology during adolescence. This finding represents impacts on multiple symptom domains and highlights the potential for general psychopathology as an intervention target.

A-22 Beyond Sports and Concussions: The Link between Shifting and Higher-Order Executive Functioning in Young Women

Abstract Purpose Our aim was to investigate the role of lifestyle factors, physical activity, sport, and concussion history, as well as Miyake and colleague’s (2000) three lower-order factors of executive function (shifting, updating, and inhibition) on higher-order decision making and self-reported executive functioning in young women. Methods 180 Canadian female university students (ages 18–25) completed 9 computerized executive function tasks assessing shifting, updating, and inhibition, as well as decision making (Iowa Gambling Task). Participants also completed the Executive Function Index (subjective executive functioning) and reported their age, concussion history, weekly physical activity, and level of sports participation. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the effects of the predictor variables on the Executive Function Index scores and Iowa Gambling Task scores. Results Only shifting significantly predicted both subjective executive functioning scores (b=2.65, p<.05) and Iowa Gambling Task performance (b=269.02, p<.01). Weekly physical activity was significantly associated with subjective executive functioning (b=.10, p<.01), but not Iowa Gambling Task performance. Age, concussion history, sport participation, inhibition, and updating were not significant for either regression. Conclusions These findings suggest that shifting may be a critical component of both higher-order decision making and subjective executive functioning, while physical activity may be important for subjective executive functioning. The lack of predictive value for lifestyle factors such as concussion history and sports participation suggests that there are other factors influencing executive functioning performance in healthy young women. Future studies should explore other factors, such as hormonal variability, that may be impact subjective executive functioning and decision making in young women.

Rates of Burnout in Female Orthopaedic Surgeons Correlate with Barriers to Gender Equity

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between career burnout and the barriers to gender equity identified by Canadian female orthopaedic surgeons. A secondary purpose was to assess relationships between the demographic characteristics of the female surgeons and career burnout and job satisfaction. An electronic survey was distributed to 330 Canadian female orthopaedic surgeons. Demographic variables including age, stage and years in practice, practice setting, and marital status were collated. The survey included the Gender Bias Scale (GBS) questionnaire and 2 questions each about career burnout and job satisfaction. The Pearson r correlation coefficient evaluated the relationships among the higher- and lower-order factors of the GBS, burnout, and job satisfaction. Spearman rank correlation coefficient assessed relationships among burnout, job satisfaction, and demographic variables. Survey responses were received from 218 (66.1%) of the 330 surgeons. A total of 110 surgeons (50.5%) agreed or strongly agreed that they felt career burnout (median score = 4). Burnout was positively correlated with the GBS higher-order factors of Male Privilege (r = 0.215, p < 0.01), Devaluation (r = 0.166, p < 0.05), and Disproportionate Constraints (r = 0.152, p < 0.05). Job satisfaction (median = 4) was reported by 168 surgeons (77.1%), and 66.1% were also satisfied or very satisfied with their role in the workplace (median = 4). Burnout was significantly negatively correlated with surgeon age and job satisfaction. Half of the female orthopaedic surgeons reported symptoms of career burnout. Significant relationships were evident between burnout and barriers to gender equity. Identification of the relationships between gender-equity barriers and burnout presents an opportunity to modify organizational systems to dismantle barriers and reduce this occupational syndrome. Given the relationships between gender inequity and career burnout in this study of female orthopaedic surgeons, actions to dismantle gender barriers and address systemic biases are necessary at all career stages to reduce burnout.

Psychometric Properties and Validation of the Korean Version of Stress Mindset Measure

The factor structure of the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM), an 8-item questionnaire, has been explored in several countries, showing inconsistent results. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the SMM with a Korean sample. A total of 912 participants completed the online survey (women = 59.3%) at T1, and a random subsample selected from T1 sample ( n = 259, women = 62.9%) participated in the survey again at T2. At both time points, the results of confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor hierarchical model with three lower-order factors (i.e., learning and growth, performance and productivity, and health and vitality) and one higher-order general factor with correlated errors among three negatively worded items. In the model, 2 items measuring the “general” domain were deleted based on high correlations with the higher-order factor. Longitudinal factor analysis revealed that the revised factor structure and loadings were invariant over 6-month period. Theoretical validity was supported through significant correlations between the total score of the 6-item SMM and other stress-related measures. Overall, our results indicate that the Korean version of the SMM is a valid instrument and suggest using a total score of 6 items.

Gradual behaviour change towards meat reduction: Development and validation of a novel decisional balance scale

Meat reduction is gaining attention among consumers, marketers, policymakers and scientists. Yet little is known about decision-making processes and behaviour change towards meat reduction. This paper explores the applicability of the decisional balance (DB) framework to the field of meat reduction. A novel DB scale to measure the perceived importance of beliefs about meat reduction at different stages of behaviour change was developed and validated in two studies with German meat eaters. In Study 1 (N = 309), the item inventory was tested using an exploratory factor analysis and then validated in Study 2 (N = 809). The results yielded two higher-order DB factors (pros and cons), which were subdivided into five lower-order factors (perceived benefits of a plant-based diet, downsides of factory farming, health barriers, legitimation barriers and feasibility barriers). The pros and cons were summarised in a DB index. All DB factors and the DB index were tested for internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥.70) and aspects of validity. The typical DB pattern of the pros and cons of behaviour change was confirmed: the cons outweighed the pros for consumers who did not intend to reduce meat consumption, while the pros outweighed the cons for consumers who intended to reduce meat consumption. The new DB scale for meat reduction has proven to be a suitable measure to gain insights into consumers' decision making and could be used to develop targeted meat reduction interventions.

Evaluating a Comprehensive Model of Euthymia

Introduction: In research and treatment of mood disorders, “euthymia” traditionally denotes the absence of clinically significant mood disturbance. A newer, expanded definition of euthymia also includes positive affect and psychological well-being. Objective: We aimed to test this comprehensive model of euthymia and estimate the coherence and predictive power of each factor in the model. Methods: Community-dwelling adults (N = 601), including both mental health outpatients and non-patients at high risk for personality pathology, completed a battery of interviews and questionnaires at time 1. Most (n = 497) were reassessed on average 8 months later (time 2). We modeled euthymia using standard mood, personality, and psychosocial functioning assessments rather than measures designed specifically for euthymia. Results: The hypothesized model of euthymia was supported by confirmatory factor analysis: specific measures loaded on three lower order factors (mood disturbance, positive affect, and psychological well-being) that reflected general euthymia at time 1. Each factor (general euthymia plus lower order factors) demonstrated moderately strong concurrent (time 1) and predictive (time 1–2) correlations with outcomes, including employment status, income, mental health treatment consumption, and disability. Compared to positive affect and psychological well-being, mood disturbance had stronger incremental (i.e., nonoverlapping) relations with these outcomes. Conclusions: Support for a comprehensive model of euthymia reinforces efforts to improve assessment and treatment of mood and other disorders. Beyond dampening of psychological distress, euthymia-informed treatment goals encompass full recovery, including enjoyment and meaning in life.

Indirect Effects of Negative Mood on Opioid Misuse and Dependence via Anxiety Sensitivity Subfacets: Evidence from Adults Reporting Chronic Pain

Background: Opioid misuse in the context of pain management exacts a significant public health burden. Past work has established linkages between negative mood (i.e., symptoms of anxiety and depression) and opioid misuse/dependence, yet the mechanisms underlying these associations have received little scientific investigation. Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of the negative consequences of internal states, may be relevant to better understanding negative mood-opioid relations among adults with chronic pain. Methods: Simultaneous indirect effects of negative mood on opioid misuse and opioid dependence via lower-order factors of AS (physical, cognitive, and social concerns) were examined cross-sectionally in the present study. The study sample consisted of 428 adults (74.1% female, Mage = 38.27 years, SD = 11.06) who self-reported current moderate to severe chronic pain and opioid use for chronic pain. Results: Results indicated that negative mood was (in part) indirectly related to opioid misuse (in part) via AS physical and cognitive concerns and was (in part) indirectly related to opioid dependence via AS cognitive concerns only. No significant indirect effects via social concerns were observed. Discussion and Conclusions: Findings suggest the importance of further exploring the role of anxiety sensitivity cognitive and physical concerns in terms of opioid misuse and dependence among adults with chronic pain.

Psychological inflexibility in university students: the european portuguese version of the acceptance and action questionnaire-university students.

Psychological inflexibility is defined as a transdiagnostic mechanism characterized by rigid efforts to control psychological reactions to painful, undesirable, unpleasant internal experiences. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-University Students (AAQ-US) was designed to assess students' academic context-related psychological inflexibility. This study adapted the AAQ-US to Portuguese and examined its factor structure, validity, and reliability in a college student sample (sample 1: N = 262). Exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis suggested a two-factor structure. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in a second sample to cross-validate the AAQ-US factor structure (sample 2: N = 260). One higher-order factor (psychological inflexibility) with two lower-order factors (cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance) revealed a very good fit to the data. The AAQ-US total and dimensions showed good reliability, convergent and incremental validity. Overall, the Portuguese version of the AAQ-US is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing context-specific psychological inflexibility in university students.

How to measure compassion in coaches? The validation of a new scale to assess the compassion coaches’ experience towards their athletes

ABSTRACT The current study aimed to validate The Compassionate Coach Scale-Coaches Version (CCS-CV) that assesses the compassion coaches’ experience towards their athletes. Two independent samples of coaches completed self-reported measures. The calibration sample (N = 196) was used to test the structure of the CCS-CV through a confirmatory factor analysis, and the validation sample (N = 287) was used to confirm its structure, through cross-validation, and examine aspects of its validity. One higher-order factor with two lower-order factors presented an adequate fit to the data. CCS-CV demonstrated high internal consistency, convergent, discriminant, and external validity. CCS-CV is a reliable measure that allows the assessment of the compassion coaches’ experience towards their athletes and seems to be a significant contribution for practical and research fields in sports context. The present study contributes to the availability of a new instrument that allows an assessment of qualities that could be beneficial to coaches and their athletes.

Big Five Aspect Personality Scales and social anxiety severity in a nonpsychiatric sample

Personality can be explored hierarchically with higher- and lower-order factors. Recent research suggests the personality hierarchy is comprised of higher-order Big Five traits with two lower-order “aspects” for each Big Five trait. There appears to be a lack of research examining the relationship between these lower-order aspects and social anxiety (SA) severity. To better understand these relationships, 443 university undergraduate students (72.2 % female; mean age = 20.48, SD = 4.64) completed the Big Five Aspects Scale (BFAS) and the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory-23, and were retained following exclusionary criteria. Path analysis, covarying for sex, age, and general anxiety severity, was used to examine the relationship between social anxiety severity and the 10 aspect scores from the BFAS (i.e., volatility, withdrawal, compassion, politeness, industriousness, orderliness, enthusiasm, assertiveness, intelligence, openness). Significant relationships with SA severity were found for withdrawal (positive), orderliness (positive), enthusiasm (negative), and assertiveness (negative). Findings suggest that a unique pattern of lower-order personality is associated with SA severity. Further research is needed to clarify whether personality profiles differ according to diagnostic versus dimensional social anxiety.

Psychometric properties of the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM) in the Polish population.

PurposeThe goal of the research was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM; general version, SMM-G, and specific version, SMM-S).MethodsStudy 1 was an online survey conducted among 1651 adults (81% women, aged 18–84 years). To assess the theoretical validity of the SMM, the following constructs were also measured: Big Five personality dimensions, positive orientation, self-control, perceived stress at work, depressiveness, assessment of one’s own health, and ego-resiliency. Study 2 was a test-retest reliability measurement and took place 10 months later among 344 participants.ResultsA factor validity was examined using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis. EFA revealed a two-factor structure for the SMM-G and a one-factor structure for the SMM-S. However, these models obtained unsatisfactory goodness-of-fit indices in the CFA. Among the alternative models, the four-factor hierarchical model was best fitted to the data for both the SMM-G (RMSEA = .038, CFI = .996, TLI = .985) and the SMM-S (RMSEA = .041, CFI = .996, TLI = .990). These results were supported in the test-retest sample (SMM-G: RMSEA = .066, CFI = .990, TLI = .968; SMM-S: RMSEA = .056, CFI = .994, TLI = .983). Thus, four lower-order factors were identified: General, Health and Vitality, Performance and Productivity, Learning and Growth. The reliability of the overall general and specific indices measured with Cronbach’s alpha was high and repeatable in both studies (Study 1: SMM-G α = .88; SMM-S α = .91; Study 2 (SMM-G, α = .87; SMM-S, α = .91). The stability for the SMM-G was satisfactory (r = .62; p < .001), and moderate for SMM-S (r = .46, p < .001). The theoretical validity analysis showed low (< |.40|) correlations in the expected directions with the majority of the selected tools.ConclusionThe Polish adaptation of the SMM has very good psychometric properties. However, the unidimensional character of the original scale is not confirmed, which was also the case in other existing adaptations. The analyses in a sample several times larger than in previous studies revealed a greater complexity of the construct, identifying one higher-order factor and four lower-order factors.

Novel and familiar object recognition rely on the same ability.

There is recent evidence for a domain-general object recognition ability, called O, which is distinct from general intelligence and other cognitive and personality constructs. We extend the study of O by characterizing how it generalizes to the ability to recognize familiar objects and to the ability to make judgments of the average identity of ensembles of objects. We applied latent variable modeling to data collected from a sample of adults (N = 284) in three different tasks and for six different object domains (three novel and three familiar). The results replicated prior work in finding that on average 88% of the variance of lower-order factors could be accounted by O for novel objects. The latent constructs recruited by the higher-order factor for novel objects and for familiar objects were almost perfectly correlated and therefore functionally identical. A latent factor for ensemble perception shared about 42% of the variance with O, suggesting at least strong overlap between abilities supporting judgments about individual objects and ensemble of objects. This work extends the theoretical reach of O by showing generalization across two dimensions (familiar vs. novel objects; individual vs. ensemble object perception). With respect to the structure of individual differences in high-level vision, researchers would benefit from accounting for the contribution of O when seeking to understand various domain-specific abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).