Lower Middle Class Research Articles

Perception of Patients towards dental treatment during COVID-19

This study identifies different factors influencing the patient’s decision to receive dental treatments during the ongo-ing pandemic and identifies their expectations at the dental office during Covid-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 306 people in a dental institute. A questionnaire was used to collect primary demographic data. It consisted of questions concerning patient attitude regarding the utilization of dental services and expectations from the dental setup during the pandemic. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association between variables with a significance level set at p≤0.05. The mean age of the study population was 37±5.3 years, with the majority being males (52%). Many female patients (60.76%) and those from the lower middle class (38.59%) were appre-hensive about getting the disease during their visit. Covid19 was not considered a threat among adoles-cents/middle-aged (47.27%) and upper lower-class patients (41.81%). Spending extra during this period was ac-ceptable by 65.7% of patients, though a few (16.3%) responded or felt that the hospital should be considerate and bear the expenses. They (38.9%) had no specific complaints about the cleanliness issue of the hospital premises. All the above results were significant statistically (p≤0.05). Though apprehension of contracting the disease was observed among many patients, their dental problems were considered a priority, influencing their visit to the dental hospital

Assessment of clinic-biochemical parameters in severe acute malnutrition children admitted in a tertiary care hospital of Western Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity among children in developing countries and is an important contributing factor to deaths occurring from preventable causes in children <5 years of age. Decreasing child mortality and improving maternal health depends heavily on reducing malnutrition. Aims and Objectives: To study the prevalence, risk factors, medical complications, and outcome (morbidity and mortality) of children admitted with SAM along with biochemical changes. Materials and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, India. Indoor Patient admitted in the department of pediatrics with SAM between ages 6 and 59 months. A total of 100 children were included in the present study. This study was done from January 2019 to June 2020. Results: Approximately 59% of admitted SAM patients were under 1 year of age and 24% were between 1 and 2 years. Most of the patients have rural residences nearly 93%, as most of the vicinity of our institute belonged to rural areas. According to Modified Kuppuswamy’s socio-economic status (SES) 46% that is maximally belonged to the Lower middle class and 45% belonged to the Lower class of SES. Out of 100 children, 20% were having magnesium deficiency and 56% children were having phosphate deficiency. Conclusion: Survival of children was significantly associated with random blood sugar, mg, and PO4 level. Therefore, timely identification and intervention of biochemical derangement in SAM patients are necessary to improve the survival of SAM patients.

Solution Mapping Tools: Identifying a Bottom-Up Approach to Social Innovation

A bottom-up approach to social innovation arises from the issues at the root of the innovation, which usually originates in the lower middle class. An essential approach to design for social innovation is to manage projects with identifiable organizational stakeholders considering relationships in the context of power holders and empowering socially vulnerable and marginalized communities. In local contexts, community participation processes can support grassroots movements toward sustainable systems where the focus is on more complex situations. For a better understanding, the Solution Mapping Tool is explored in this paper through a case study of a workshop held in the least-developed region of Indonesia. The workshop focused on inventing a bamboo distillation device for Moke, a traditional alcoholic beverage made from fermented palm fruits. Using the Solution Mapping Tools, learners were inspired to explore and discover the diverse solutions that communities use and generate daily. The tool helps everyday solutions become visible and identifiable regarding needs, assets, problems and challenges, benefits, and opportunities for the future. The Solution Mapping Tools can also increase learners’ empathy towards people, including communities, by providing a place to learn about their daily lives, experiential knowledge, and context. This paper extends existing publications on distributing and learning about local assets as a pre-design process before applying a participatory-based approach.

A Cross Sectional Study to Assess Clinical Profile of Patients with Liver Abscess in Tertiary Care Centre at Central Rajasthan

Introduction: A liver abscess is infective disease of liver parenchyma having collection of purulent material that can develop as a consequence of injury to the hepatic tissue or via portal vein from any source of infection within abdominal cavity. Mostly liver abscess are either due to amoebic infection or pyogenic bacterial infection but in some cases, etiologies like fungal, tubercular or sometimes mixed infections is also seen. Material and Methods: This present cross-sectional study was carried out by recruiting 137 patients diagnosed of having liver abscess at medical OPD at JLN Hospital, Ajmer during the year December 2019 – June 2021. All the patients with confirmed liver abscess were included in this study. Patients age below 18 years, critically ill patient (Including patients having ruptured liver abscess at the time of presentation and requiring surgical intervention), Pregnancy and GI Malignancy Results: 137 liver abscess patients were studied and males from lower middle class with a mean age of 38.41±8.81 years were more affected. Biochemical, serological, stool test, radiological and Mantoux test were performed and the mean alkaline phosphatase, GGT, SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin (Total/Direct/Indirect) and PT/INR were found to be raised. Discussion: Right lobe of liver abscess was solitary. Right side pleural effusion followed by elevation of right hemidiaphragm was the abnormality diagnosed through X-ray. The survival rate was higher either with percutaneous needle drainage or pigtail drainage. E.coli followed by group A beta hemolytic streptococcus, tubercular and fungal etiologies were the most commonly isolated bacteria on pus culture. Blood, urine and stool culture showed positive cultures and some patients with tubercular liver abscess had mantoux test and sputum AFB positive. Conclusion: Liver abscess is most commonly seen in male from lower middle class mostly in 4th decade of life who are non-vegetarian and alcoholic. As non-vegetarian diet and alcoholism were found to be the most common risk factors, it is suggestible to avoid/restrict their intake to avoid liver abscess. Keywords: Liver abscess, usg, Entamoeba histolytica

Class, capital and social mobility: Israeli football players in the Egged Transport Cooperative

ABSTRACT During Israel’s first three decades, Israeli football adopted the amateurism principle which prohibited football players from receiving any monetary or other compensation for playing football. Despite this prohibition, many top football players obtained sought-after jobs at Egged, Israel’s leading transport cooperative, along with shares in the cooperative. Using a Bourdieusian theoretical framework, this paper examines Israeli football players’ ability, most of whom came from the working or lower middle classes, to use the types of capital they amassed to improve their economic and social positions.

Utilization of antenatal services and related factors in aspirational tribal district of eastern Gujarat

Background: The number of antenatal visit & timing of first visit are important for health of mother and outcome of pregnancy, it is proved by research studies that earlier registration and regular ANC visits helps in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Various study shows that ANC utilization varies with mothers age, occupation, education, income, parity, place of resident, availability and cost of services. Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted. The Anganwadi centres were taken as the study area, the study participants were postnatal women up to 42 days after delivery. The primary data collection was done using semi-structured questionnaire by recall method after taking written informed consent. The details of antenatal visits and service utilization were asked. Results: Most of the participants uses the ANC packages however optimal utilization is lacking. 49.24% has taken ≥4 ANC visits. 58.97% have taken ≥180 IFA tablets while 30.40% have visited for their first Ante-natal visit within 12 weeks. Ante-natal mothers who were working and those belonging to lower middle class visited less than 4 times for ante-natal visits. Ante-natal mother below 20 years of age were having lower consumption IFA tablets. >12 weeks for 1st Ante-natal visit was taken by Ante-natal mothers who were working and belonging to middle class. Conclusions: There is suboptimal utilization of the ante-natal service package. Pregnant woman who were daily wage worker as well as middle class and lower class reported less visits and delay in reporting health facility.

SOSIALISASI PROGRAM KARTU INDONESIA PINTAR KULIAH DI DESA PAKISJAJAR KABUPATEN MALANG

The socialization of the Indonesia Smart College Card is one of the government's programs to facilitate and assist lower-middle class people about the benefits of the Indonesia Smart College Card for students who will continue on to tertiary institutions by taking advantage of the Indonesia Smart College Card scholarship to help pay for Study Fees at tertiary institutions.

Enhancing Car Showroom Profitability through K-Means Clustering for Customer Segmentation

Indonesia is known to be one of Southeast Asia’s largest markets for used cars. Used car showrooms in Indonesia are numerous and varied, some focus on one car brand, some focus on the lower middle class, some focus on the upper middle class, and some provide all types of cars. One of them is PQR Showroom, Even though PQR Showroom was able to generate such a great amount of sales, the profits generated by the PQR showroom are not proportional to the amount of capital invested. To increase the profit, we proposed the solution using descriptive analytics and prescriptive analytics using K-Means. We also carry out simulations by comparing sales in existing years with the results of the descriptive and prescriptive analytics that have been made for the expected profit. The results show that the simulation comparison with the data we have obtained from descriptive and prescriptive analysis gives the best-expected profit compared to the initial sales results at the PQR Showroom. It shows that the data using descriptive and K-Means is great than before. The fastest cars that have been sold is LCGC and the most wanted car is MPY Toyota Avanza and the best profit that can generate is SUV Toyota Fortuner.

Identification of Oppa Box Msme Problems and Solutions in Padang City

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a form of productive economy run by the lower middle class. There are various benefits obtained from the MSME sector, including in improving the economy, reducing poverty, providing employment, and culminating in the development of social facilities. But in fact, MSMEs in Indonesia, including Oppa Box Padang MSMEs, still experience various obstacles in development activities, one of which is the issue of business legality. In this case, MSMEs need to adapt so that the problems experienced can be resolved. One of those who needs this adaptation plan is the Oppa Box MSME located on Jalan Aru No. 6 Lubuk Begalung nan XX, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25221, next to Putra Indonesia University YPTK Padang. This community service activity begins with surveys and interviews, mapping and identifying problems, formulating solutions, and implementing mentoring activities. The impact of this activity is the expansion of product marketing and business development of Oppa Box Padang MSME Actors.

Analisis Prosedur Gadai Emas Syariah Dan Penerapannya Pada Pegadaian Syariah UPS Mandailing Natal

Sharia pawning is called rahn in Islamic law where the meaning is a contract with the detention of valuables as collateral for debts carried out by sharia pawnshops. In my opinion, as a writer, this sharia gold mortgage is the best choice when there are pressing financial matters. This is what makes the author interested in the topic of sharia gold pawning to be studied more deeply. This study discusses the description of the pawnshop itself and the conditions and procedures for pawning gold in sharia at the UPS Mandailing Natal pawnshop. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative problem approach used is direct interviews and observations. The data used is secondary data including primary, secondary and tertiary data. All data was collected through interviews with managers and service users at UPS Mandailing Natal Sharia Pegadaian as well as literature study. All data is processed by examining data and data settings and then analyzed. The procedure uses a rahn contract and an ijarah contract. Factors that make Islamic Gold Pawning a solution for the lower middle class in Mandailing Natal Regency are because there is no usury or interest and it is more cost-effective as well as collateral items are safer.

Affect, ethnic boundaries and social mobility: transforming identities in the acculturation of Ashkenazi immigrants in Israel

This study investigates how affects – uncontrollable feelings that tacitly influence humans – transform, rather than reify, intergroup relations. Taking immigrant families as a case in point, we explore the role of circulating identity-affects in shaping ethnoclass identifications and boundaries over time. Proceeding from the prevailing (Jewish-sector) identity discourse in Israel, where ethnic categories (Ashkenazi vs. Mizrahi) still frame a major culture-class divide, we analyse the affects produced by those who are regarded as the mainstream – the Ashkenazim. Given the common identification of Ashkenazi immigrants, including those of lower and lower-middle class, with the Israeli ruling class, their gradual acculturation experience and social ascent have been under-researched. Addressing this lacuna, we examine these families’ changing emotion discourse from an intergenerational perspective, to uncover phases of their integration. The analysis is based on 53 interviews with individuals in three generations of Ashkenazi families (the first generation arrived after the Second World War). Using nuanced discourse and conversation analysis, we trace changing affective patterns in these individuals’ emotion talk, corresponding with their upward mobility. Two conflicting affects shape Ashkenazi identities from the second generation onwards: counteracting the first generation’s tacit racism, coupled with intensifying class elitism towards the Mizrahim. Ethnoclass boundaries persist, yet not as a static, seemingly ‘natural’ inter-ethnic animosity. Rather, they are constructed and reconstructed through the interplay between transforming affects, conducive to the different generations’ identity and status formation as native Israelis and middle-class members.

Hegemoni Kelas Menengah Atas Pada Buku Teks: Studi Analisis Dominasi Kelas Atas Terhadap Kelas Bawah Pada Buku Teks TK B

This study aims to find out how far the upper middle class dominates the lower class and to find out and analyze the narratives built in textbooks when interacting with the lower class. This research uses qualitative research based on library research, where the source of data used as research material is Kindergarten B textbooks. The data is analyzed using content analysis, namely; pragmatic content analysis, semantic content analysis, and analysis of sign means. The results of the study show that the dominance of the upper middle class over the lower class is drawn through lifestyles, such as; vacation to the beach, sitting on soft sofa chairs, diving, and so on. The narrative developed in the Kindergarten B textbook focuses more on urban lifestyles and the balancing narrative that can fit into the upper and lower middle social class is not too significant. Or in another language not apple to apple. Keywords: Hegemony, Upper Middle Class, Textbooks

Aktualisasi Distribusi Risiko dan Kelas Sosial Ulrich Beck: Studi Kasus Kabut Asap di Riau

This study aims to analyze the contextualization of Beck's thoughts about the distribution of risk and social class in the case of the haze that hit the people of Riau. This study uses qualitative research methods with Ulrich Beck's theory of risk distribution as a tool to analyze research findings. This study shows that the effects of industrialization of palm oil and the haze are the risk from the haze in Riau is not only experienced by a group of people, but the risk is consumed by everyone. The existence of a class has no effect in terms of the spread of this risk consumption, it's just that there is a difference in consuming it. This can be seen from the ability of those from the upper middle social class to be better able to minimize risk exposure than those in the lower middle social class.

POLA ASUH ORANG TUA KETURUNAN ETNIS TIONGHOA DALAM MEMBERIKAN PENGARAHAN KEPADA GENERASI BERIKUTNYA DI KABUPATEN CIAMIS

Ethnic Chinese are a minority community group in Ciamis. Its existence can be seen through the inheritance of existing culture. However, not all Ethnic Chinese families carry out cultural inheritance as they should. This is related to the differences in parenting patterns applied by each family. The purpose of this study is to determine the parenting patterns of ethnic Chinese parents in Ciamis. The method in this research is a qualitative research method. The concept used is the concept of culture according to Koentjaraningrat, that society is a complex system consisting of parts that are interconnected and dependent on each other, and each part has a significant effect on the other parts. The results showed that there are three types of parenting patterns: democratic, authoritarian, and permissive. In this study, it was found that totok Chinese families tend to use authoritarian parenting, while lower middle class peranakan Chinese families tend to use permissive parenting, and upper middle class peranakan Chinese families use democratic parenting.

A Study on the Customers Perception About Advertisement of Organic Toddler Food

Purpose: This study assesses the impact of organic toddler food labelling on customer attitudes towards advertising, brand loyalty, and purchase intentions as well as consumer perceptions of healthiness and tastiness. Theoretical Framework: These advertisements negative effects on the lower middle class are significantly more severe. Quite frequently, these food products develop snob appeal, and people from less affluent backgrounds are persuaded to buy them as dietary supplements and a means of ascension. Design/methodology/approach: Researcher used Purposive sampling technique This study concentrates on the impact and awareness of advertisement in organic toddler foods. Both ancillary and principal data were used in this study. Researcher has taken 384 as a sample for research study which is greater than the minimum statistically accepted sample size. The data were analyzed using the SPSS_22. Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation Chi-square Findings: Study reveals that there is no association between demographic variables and legal consideration of advertisement. It depicts that unlike gender and age, qualification has association opinion about legal consideration of advertisement. There exists a high positive relation between attitude toward advertising of toddler organic foods and awareness about legal issues related to toddler organic foods. Research, Practical and Social Implication: Customers should evaluate the value of advertisement and take buying decision. They should be given a clear picture on the myths and reality and identify the source and authenticity of advertisement. They should understand the legality related to advertisement. Originality/value: The importance of health in customers food shopping decisions has increased as their interest in health-related problems has increased.

Profiles of travelers to intermediate-high health risk areas following the reopening of borders in the COVID-19 crisis: A clustering approach

BackgroundThe reactivation of international travel in 2021 has created a new scenario in which the profile of the traveler to medium-high health risk areas may well have changed. However, few studies have analyzed this new profile since the reopening of borders in that year. MethodsWe designed an ad hoc questionnaire that was administered face-to-face by our medical team during appointments with 330 travelers in the second half of 2021. Information was collected on the following topics: sociodemographic and socioeconomic status; type of travel and previous travel experience; health status and risk perception (of COVID-19 and tropical infectious diseases). Using all features simultaneously, an unsupervised machine learning approach (k-means) is implemented to characterize groups of travelers. Pairwise chi-squared tests were performed to identify key features that showed statistically significant differences between clusters. ResultsThe travelers were clustered into seven groups. We associated the clusters with different intensities of perceived risk of acquiring COVID-19 and tropical infectious diseases on the trip. The perceived risk of both diseases was low in the group "middle or lower middle class young inexperienced male tourist" but high in the group "middle or lower middle-class young with children inexperienced business traveler". ConclusionsBroadening our knowledge of the profiles of travelers to intermediate-high health risk areas would help to tailor the health advice provided by practitioners to their characteristics and type of travel. In a changing health context, the k-means approach supposes a flexible statistical method that calculates travelers’ profiles and can be easily adapted to process new information.

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the primary variables causing COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among residents of Pune. The general population was sampled through simple random sampling. The minimum sample size was determined to be 1246. The questionnaire inquired about the individuals' sociodemographic information, vaccination status, and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. In total, there were 5381 subjects, 1669 of whom were unvaccinated and 3712 of whom were partially vaccinated. Fear of adverse effects (51.71%), fear of losing a few days of work (43.02%), and inability to secure a vaccine slot online (33.01%) were the most frequently cited reasons. An older population (>60 years, p = 0.004), males (p = 0.032), those who were literate (p = 0.011), those of lower middle socioeconomic status (p = 0.001), and smokers were significantly associated with fear and mistrust of the COVID-19 vaccine, while mistrust of the vaccine was greatest among individuals from the upper and lower middle classes (p = 0.001). Vaccine hesitancy due to concerns about the side effects and long-term complications was prevalent among the elderly, males, those from the lower middle class, and smokers. This study emphasizes the importance of communicating effectively about the vaccine's efficacy, its distribution, and vaccination sites.

Feto-Maternal Outcome of Moderate Anaemia in Term Pregnancy at DMCH

Background: Anaemia is a major public health problem throughout the world especially in developing countries and it is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the world. High prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women persists despite the availability of effective and low-cost interventions for prevention and treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse maternal and fetal outcome in women diagnosed with moderate anaemia at term pregnancy. Methods: This Descriptive type of observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital; from 16th September 2021 to 15th March 2022. Samples were collected by purposive sampling. Sample size was 96. Detailed demographic data were collected from the hospital case records in structured data collection form. History, clinical examination, and investigations were done meticulously. Then all information were collected in data collection sheet. Data processing work consist of registration schedules, editing computerization, preparation of dummy table, analyzing and matching of data by number of SPSS version 24. Results: This study was attempted to observe the feto-maternal outcome of moderate anaemia. Among 96 study patients, majority (37.5%) were between 21-25 years age group. There was rural predominance with 66.56%. Socio-demographic data showed that 45.8% came from lower class and 40.6% from lower middle class. Majority patients (59.28%) were housewives. According to level of education, 42.64% had only school education followed by 37.44% had no education. Among the patients, 89.6% were Muslims and 9.4% were Hindus. Among the 53 multiparous women, 21 patients (39.62%) had no history of fetal loss, 16 patients (30.18%) had history of previous abortion & 5 (9.43%) had previous ectopic pregnancies. According to the type of anaemia 81.12% had normocytic normochromic anaemia, 79.04% had Iron deficiency, 8.32 & had folic acid ..

Pattern of Suicidal Deaths in Cases Coming to a Tertiary Center in Bangladesh

Background: Anaemia is a major public health problem throughout the world especially in developing countries and it is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the world. High prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women persists despite the availability of effective and low-cost interventions for prevention and treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse maternal and fetal outcome in women diagnosed with moderate anaemia at term pregnancy. Methods: This Descriptive type of observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital; from 16th September 2021 to 15th March 2022. Samples were collected by purposive sampling. Sample size was 96. Detailed demographic data were collected from the hospital case records in structured data collection form. History, clinical examination, and investigations were done meticulously. Then all information were collected in data collection sheet. Data processing work consist of registration schedules, editing computerization, preparation of dummy table, analyzing and matching of data by number of SPSS version 24. Results: This study was attempted to observe the feto-maternal outcome of moderate anaemia. Among 96 study patients, majority (37.5%) were between 21-25 years age group. There was rural predominance with 66.56%. Socio-demographic data showed that 45.8% came from lower class and 40.6% from lower middle class. Majority patients (59.28%) were housewives. According to level of education, 42.64% had only school education followed by 37.44% had no education. Among the patients, 89.6% were Muslims and 9.4% were Hindus. Among the 53 multiparous women, 21 patients (39.62%) had no history of fetal loss, 16 patients (30.18%) had history of previous abortion & 5 (9.43%) had previous ectopic pregnancies. According to the type of anaemia 81.12% had normocytic normochromic anaemia, 79.04% had Iron deficiency, 8.32 & had folic acid def

Studi Komparatif terhadap Batasan Usia Pernikahan Dini Perspektif Undang-undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perkawinan dan Undang-undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Anak

This research examines the problems that have always occurred in society and are difficult to eliminate, both from the past to the present, which is none other than the case of early marriage. Where this case penetrated all over the country where the perpetrators were not only for the upper middle class but also the lower middle class as happened to the fishing community in Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. Marriage actors are not only caused by deviant associations, but sometimes there are indications from certain persons who instead use children as objects to take advantage of them. In fact, if you look deeper into the practice of underage marriage, it will certainly have a significant impact on the child. Moreover, the government has also stipulated terms and conditions for the permissibility of carrying out marriages through laws such as Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage and Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection which the author will examine in more depth. The problems raised in this study contain how according to the provisions of Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage and Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection in deciding the age limit for early marriage and knowing the relevant opinions between the two provisions of the Law will problems that occur in fishing communities in Pantai Cermin District. The method used is comparative juridical empirical method. The main data sources in this study are Law Number 16 of 2019 and Law 35 of 2014 as well as interviews with fishing communities and several informants, namely the community/community leaders in Pantai Cermin District. In addition to the main data, the authors also include other additional data sources in the form of books, journals, previous research studies and other scientific works as data reinforcement.