Low Loading Capacity Research Articles

Gear‐Switch‐Integrated Dual‐Mode Three‐Wheeled Exoskeleton that Empowers Cyborg Insects with Enhanced Open‐Loop Locomotion Control Precision and Load Capacity

Cyborg insects are potential alternatives to small artificial robots, with promising applications in areas such as confined space exploration. However, its low open‐loop locomotion control precision makes it difficult to perform tasks requiring precise control, while the number of sensors that can be carried is limited due to their low load capacity, which significantly limits its application scenarios. To this end, an exoskeleton is proposed herein, which significantly improves the locomotion control accuracy and load capacity of cyborg insects. The exoskeleton, with a peripheral size of 7.2 cm × 14 cm, employs three wheels to carry the load and control the direction of motion of the cyborg insect. The exoskeleton‐integrated cyborg insect excels in locomotion control precision. Without feedback control, it completes continuous circular and linear motions with minor offset errors. Compared to other cyborg insects, its load capacity is increased from less than 20–400 g or more, allowing it to be equipped with large, energy‐intensive sensors. In addition, the exoskeleton supports switching between high‐precision controlled motion and insect‐driven active exploration modes. This design broadens the application scenarios of the cyborg insect and opens the possibility of performing more complex tasks.

An effective cell-penetrating peptide-based loading method to extracellular vesicles and enhancement in cellular delivery of drugs.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been demonstrated to own the advantages in evading phagocytosis, crossing biological barriers, and possessing excellent biocompatibility and intrinsic stability. Based on these characteristics, EVs have been used as effective therapeutic carriers for drug delivery, but the low drug loading capacity greatly limits further applications. Herein, we developed a drug loading method based on cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) to enhance the encapsulation of therapeutic reagents in EVs, and EVs-based drug delivery system achieved higher killing efficacy to tumor cells. Urinary EVs and chemotherapy reagent doxorubicin (DOX) were used as model. It is easy to conjugate CPP with DOX (CPP-DOX) through the linker N-succinimidyl 3-maleimidopropionate (SMP). CPP-DOX was incubated with EVs under a mild condition, promoting the encapsulation of DOX into EV cavities. CPP-DOX-EVs showed strong anticancer ability since EVs delivery facilitated the uptake by cancer cells. EVs loading of CPP-DOX exhibited higher drug loading efficiency at 37.18%, presenting about 2.5 times increase in efficiency over EVs loading of DOX through passive incubation. Easy operation and controllable condition further reinforce the advantages compared with other loading methods. CPP-based drug loading method provides an effective strategy for EVs-based drug delivery system.

Doxorubicin-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Potential Use as Drug Delivery Systems.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of both solid and liquid tumors in patients of all age groups. However, it is likely to produce several side effects that include doxorubicin cardiomyopathy. Nanoparticles (NPs) can offer targeted delivery and release of the drug, potentially increasing treatment efficiency and alleviating side effects. This makes them a viable vector for novel drug delivery systems. Currently, DOX is commonly conjugated to NPs by non-covalent conjugation-physical entrapping of the drug using electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, or hydrogen bonding. The reported downside of these methods is that they provide a low drug loading capacity and a higher drug leakage possibility. In comparison to this, the covalent conjugation of DOX via amide (typically formed by coupling carboxyl groups on DOX with amine groups on the nanoparticle or a linker, often facilitated by carbodiimide reagents), hydrazone (which results from the reaction between hydrazines and carbonyl groups, offering pH-sensitive cleavage for controlled release), or disulfide bonds (formed through the oxidation of thiol groups and cleavable by intracellular reducing agents such as glutathione) is more promising as it offers greater bonding strength. This review covers the covalent conjugation of DOX to three different types of NPs-metallic, silica/organosilica, and polymeric-including their corresponding release rates and mechanisms.

The application of nanomaterials in drug delivery system

Drug delivery system (DDS) is a key technology platform for optimizing the distribution of drugs in the body. It improves the the efficiency of drug treatment and reduces side effects by regulating the dose, time and target location. This review focuses on the application progress of nanomaterials in DDS. Liposomes, albumin nanoparticles and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are widely used due to their good biocompatibility, targeted drug release ability and imaging application potential. However, these materials also have certain limitations. Liposomes have low drug loading capacity, and their product Doxil shows low tolerance and certain adverse reactions. New nanomaterials are being developed and tried to be used in DDS. Innovative materials such as nano gels and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have the capacity of reprinting a large number of drugs and low toxicity and application potential. These materials are in the research stage and are expected to play a significant role in future clinical applications.

Self-assembled doxorubicin prodrug riding on the albumin express train enable tumor targeting and bio-activation.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a vital anthracycline chemotherapeutic drug, yet presenting significant challenges due to its severe cardiotoxicity. While Doxil enhances the pharmacokinetics and reduces the cardiotoxicity of DOX solution (DOX sol), it shows limitations of low drug loading capacity and inadequate cellular uptake. To overcome these issues, this study developed a novel disulfide bond-linked DOX-maleimide prodrug (DSSM). DSSM could self-assemble into nanoparticles (NPs) with a high drug loading capacity (58.89%, w/w). DSSM could rapidly bind to endogenous albumin through the maleimide group. Compared to DOX sol, DSSM had increased area under the curve (AUC) by approximately 60-fold, and similarly, quadrupled tumor accumulation after 4h of administration, achieving efficient tumor targeting. With only 5% DSPE-mPEG2K, the cellular uptake of DSSM NPs was better than Doxil. Furthermore, the high reduction sensitivity of the disulfide bond enabled bio-activation of DSSM at the tumor site, while maintaining stability in normal cells. Compared with DOX sol and Doxil, DSSM NPs significantly improved safety and demonstrated better anti-tumor effect at tolerated doses. Our findings present a promising strategy for achieving effective tumor targeting and bio-activation, addressing key limitations of current DOX nanoformulations.

Design and kinematic analysis of cable-driven underactuated manipulator on spacecraft

Cable-driven manipulators present significant dexterity and compliance in highly complex environments, which shows potential advantages for its application in the aerospace engineering. However, the application of the manipulators is still constrained by their inherent limitations, such as the large size and mass of the driving base, low load capacity and nonlinear complex models. In this paper, we design a novel cable-driven underactuated manipulator (CDUM) with high load capacity and less actuator motor, and propose a multi-level kinematic model for the proposed CDUM. The CDUM with 7 degrees of freedom is driven by three motors, which is composed of two segments. The segment 2 is capable of both telescoping and rotational movements, which is driven by two cables. To enhance its load capacity, a novel worm joint is designed for segment 1. Moreover, the joints of each segment can move with equal rotation angle and translational displacement by utilizing synchronous mechanism. Based on the structural features of the manipulator, the multi-level kinematics from the actuator variables to manipulator end-effector are expounded, including the actuator-joint kinematics and joint-end kinematics. Especially, the decoupled kinematic equation is derived to illustrate the coupling motion principle between joint variables of a single joint of segment 2. Finally, computational simulations are conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed mechanism and verify the method proposed in this work. The numerical results demonstrate that the cable-driven manipulator moves smoothly and the proposed nonlinear kinematics model is effective.

A General "Two-Lock" Strategy to Enhance Drug Loading and Lysosomal Escape in Intelligent Boronate Ester Polymer Nanoparticles for Improved Chemotherapy.

Boronate ester can be used to prepare intelligent polymer nanoparticles (NPs). However, the traditional boronate ester polymer NPs made of boronic acid and diols using a "single-lock" strategy (B-O NPs) exhibit low drug loading capacity (DLC) and insufficient lysosomal escape ability, resulting in limited antitumor efficacy. We develop a "two-lock" strategy that combines dodecanamine and boronic acid using boron-nitrogen (B ← N) coordination to enhance the formation of a boronate ester polymer. Through this strategy, amphiphilic dextran and poly(vinyl alcohol) are synthesized through conjugation with the phenylboronic acid (PBA)/dodecanamine complex. The amphiphilic dextran encapsulates paclitaxel (PTX) to form B-N-O NPs with a higher DLC than their "single-lock" compartments due to enhanced boronate ester stability and improved hydrophobic drug-polymer interactions. Moreover, the B-N-O NPs release more PTX under acidic conditions compared with the B-O NPs. To demonstrate the generality of this "two-lock" strategy, eight polymer prodrug B-N-O NPs employing poly(vinyl alcohol) or dextran, along with PBA-modified gemcitabine, fluorouracil, and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, or boronic acid-containing bortezomib and dodecanamine, are prepared, showing overall enhanced DLC and higher responsive drug release efficiency compared to B-O NPs. Importantly, B-N-O NPs with a combination of dodecanamine and boronic acid show a better lysosomal escape capability than B-O NPs. Moreover, B-N-O NPs exhibit stronger cytotoxicity compared to B-O NPs and free drugs in vitro. Their enhanced drug loading, responsive drug release, and lysosomal escape abilities contribute to enhanced antitumor efficacy in vivo. This "two-lock" strategy can be a general and convenient method to prepare responsive polymer NPs with enhanced anticancer efficacy.

Assessment of Organic Pollutant Index and Biodegradability Index in Determining River Pollution Load

Abstract The Kupang River, a major watershed in Batang and Pekalongan, spans 53 kilometres and has been experiencing significant water quality degradation. Notably, the river’s colour changes to black and emits foul odours, especially during the dry season. This deterioration is attributed to extensive batik industries and residential areas along its banks, leading to severe pollution. This study aims to identify the primary factors contributing to the pollution of the Kupang River from 2021 to 2024 using organic pollutant and biodegradability index. Pollution loads were calculated across five monitoring segments to determine the river’s waste disposal capacity. The findings reveal potential agricultural pollution in the upstream segment, indicated by slow-biodegradable and non-biodegradable degradation. Thus, the downstream segment shows high levels of organic pollution, with degradation ranging from moderate to very strong polluted levels. Pollution load calculations indicate that Kupang River can accommodate pollution loads for TSS up to 30294,49 kg/day, BOD up to 763,03 kg/day, and COD up to 5935,96 kg/day. However, BOD’s low pollution load capacity should be a serious concern, highlighting severe contamination issues that necessitate immediate attention and remediation.

Electroactive supramolecular nanoprobes for electrochemical detection of rituximab in non-Hodgkon’s lymphoma patients

Polymeric supramolecular assemblies (PSAs) exhibit excellent chemical stability, mechanical integrity, and multifunctionality, which could drive the development of biosensors. However, trapped by the significant differences in the physicochemical properties and structures of recognition ligands and signal tags, PSAs that simultaneously carry ligands and signals have rarely been reported for bioanalysis. In this study, an amphiphilic block copolymer (PVIM-b-PFMMA) was controllably synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization for the first time. The resultant copolymer can self-assemble into highly electroactive supramolecular nanoprobes (eSNPs) with integrated target recognition and signal amplification functions. Compared to traditional electroactive probes based on conductive nanomaterials or enzyme catalysis, these versatile eSNPs avoid disadvantages including high cost, tedious modification, low load capacity and leakage of signal tags. For the rapid, sensitive and accurate monitoring of rituximab in biological fluids, a new electrochemical biosensor was constructed by coupling eSNPs with mimotope peptide CN14-modified screen-printed gold electrodes. The developed biosensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 25 pg/mL and was successfully used to monitor rituximab concentration in a series of serum samples from non-Hodgkon’s lymphoma patients. Compared with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and previously reported methods, the proposed biosensor demonstrated higher sensitivity, lower cost, simpler operation and more efficient preparation, owing to the unique superiority of eSNPs. Overall, this study presents a promising pathway for developing PSAs-based biosensors and their applications in bioanalysis.

3D printed TC4 titanium alloy bone scaffolds with TNTs-VA-PLGA composite coating on the surface: Improved infection resistance and biocompatibility

Titanium-based bone scaffolds are prone to aseptic infection and loosening after implantation,which seriously limits their clinical applications. Preparation of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) on the surface of the scaffolds and loading of anti-infective drugs is an effective method to solve this problem, but the current TNTs prepared on the surface of titanium-based scaffolds have a high internal and external variability in morphology and low drug loading capacity. In this study, we prepared TNTs on the surface of three kinds of TC4 titanium alloy scaffolds with TPMS structure with controllable morphology, tube diameter of 90–125 nm and tube length of 14–35 μm,and the difference between inner and outer diameters of the tubes was less than 2 μm,and the drug released from the composite scaffolds was maintained at a concentration of more than 1.5 μg/ml within 11 days after loading anti-infective drug Vancomycin-polylactic acid-hydroxyacetic acid copolymer(VA-PLGA) on the surface of the TNTs. Based on the simulation of drug release, the TNTs-VA-PLGA drug delivery system conforms to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Cell experiments confirmed that the composite scaffolds significantly increased cell proliferation by 65.33 % compared with the unmodified scaffolds. The results indicated that the TNTs coating containing vancomycin and polylactic acid-hydroxyacetic acid copolymer had a promising application in orthopedic implants.

End-Group Dye-Labeled Poly(hemiacetal ester) Block Copolymers: Enhancing Hydrolytic Stability and Loading Capacity for Micellar (Immuno-)Drug Delivery.

Polymers with hemiacetal esters integrated in their backbone provide beneficial degradation profiles for (immuno-) drug delivery. However, their fast hydrolysis and low drug loading capacity have limited their applications so far. Therefore, this study focuses on the stability and loading capacity of hemiacetal ester polymers. The hydrophobicity of the micellar core has a tremendous effect on the hemiacetal ester stability. For that purpose, we introduce a new monomer with a phenyl moiety for stabilizing the micellar core and improving drug loading. The carrier functionality can further be expanded by post-polymerization modifications via activated ester groups at the polymer chain end. This allows for covalent dye labeling, which provides substantial insights into the polymers' in vitro performance. Flow cytometric analyses on RAW dual macrophages revealed intact micelles exhibiting significantly higher cellular uptake compared to degraded species, thus, highlighting the potential of end group functionalized poly(hemiacetal ester)s for (immuno)drug delivery purposes.

Development of polymer-encapsulated microparticles of a lipophilic API-IL and its lipid based formulations for enhanced solubilisation

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-Ionic liquids (API-ILs) have the potential to improve the bioavailability of BCS Class IV Drugs. However, the problematic physical handling properties of room temperature API-ILs have impaired clinical and commercial exploitation to date. Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) are used to improve the absorption of drugs with limited bioavailability. Nonetheless, LBFs face limitations such as low drug loading capacity and sub-par physical stability. A platform for transforming API-ILs into solid forms at high loadings via spray encapsulation with polymers has been developed and previously demonstrated for hydrophilic API-ILs. The current work demonstrates that this platform technology can be applied to a lipophilic API-IL of the BCS Class IV API, chlorpromazine, and to multi-component solutions comprising API-IL and a LBF. Furthermore, solidification of a type IIIB, liquid LBF was achieved via spray encapsulation with cellulose- and methacrylate- based polymers for the first time. The spray-encapsulated formulations had excellent physical handling properties, and successfully eluted the API-IL in aqueous media. The chlorpromazine release profiles from the API-IL, the API-IL containing LBF, and the solidified formulations, were evaluated in vitro using phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF). Spray-encapsulated formulations exhibited improved release profiles compared to the liquid formulations. Overall, these findings indicate that phase-separated, polymeric, solid formulations of liquid API forms represent a promising platform technology for developing oral solid dosage forms of poorly bioavailable drugs.

Carrier-Free Biomimetic Organic Nanoparticles with Super-High Drug Loading for Targeted NIR-II Excitable Triple-Modal Bioimaging and Phototheranostics.

Multimodal near-infrared II (NIR-II) theranostics combined with nanotechnology have emerged as promising treatments for cancer due to their noninvasive and high spatiotemporal nature. Traditional NIR-II theranostics typically comprise useless and massive inert carriers, resulting in low drug loading capacity, reduced therapeutic effects, and potential biotoxicity. To overcome these limitations, this work reports carrier-free NIR-II theranostics simultaneously with high drug loading capacity and multimodal NIR-II imaging capabilities for cancer phototheranostics in the NIR-II window. Carrier-free BTA nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared by self-assembling the NIR-II responsive conjugated oligomer BTA without adding coating agents; these NPs exhibited 100% drug loading and high-performance NIR-II theranostic capabilities. Cancer cell membranes are camouflaged on carrier-free BTA NPs to provide homologous targeting ability, enhanced stability, and 77.8% drug loading. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that biomimetic NPs provide efficient triple-modal guidance for NIR-II fluorescence, photoacoustic, and photothermal imaging and complete tumor elimination via photothermal therapy (PTT). Additionally, theranostics-based treatments with good biosecurity are demonstrated. This study contributes a new strategy for the design of high-drug-loading NIR-II theranostics and further promotes the clinical translation of theranostic agents.

Numerical investigation and seismic performance evaluation of an innovative prefabricated structural system

This paper focuses on an innovative structural system with separated gravity and lateral resisting systems (SGLR system), which is suitable for multi-story prefabricated buildings and demonstrates different seismic performance from the traditional rigid frame system (RF system). Elaborate three-dimensional (3D) finite element models for RF and SGLR systems are established and verified by test results. Based on the numerical models, the load-displacement relationship, force mechanism, energy dissipation capacity, local buckling, and stress and strain distribution of SGLR system are investigated in detail in comparison with RF system. In order to conduct the seismic performance evaluation, four groups of RF and SGLR substructures are designed with different lateral stiffness. Pushover analysis and response spectrum analysis are carried out, and safety factors are calculated on the basis of the incremental N2 method. It is indicated that SGLR system has lower loading capacity, smaller safety margin but larger deformation capability than RF system with the same lateral stiffness. Considering that the inter-story drift ratio is a common design index, more stringent design requirements should be proposed for SGLR system to obtain seismic performance equivalent to that of RF system.

Development of barley proteins into peptides nanomicelles for encapsulation of hydrophobic bioactive ingredient.

As natural polymer materials, barley proteins have been utilized to fabricate nanocarriers to encapsulate and delivery hydrophobic bioactive ingredients. However, as a result of the high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids and structural rigidity, barley protein-based nanocarriers tend to aggregate easily and have a low loading capacity, which greatly limits their application. In the present study, barley proteins were enzymolyzed to fabricate nanomicelles and then applied to encapsulate hydrophobic bioactive ingredient. Self-assembled barley peptides could be obtained by controllable enzymolysis of barley proteins. The obtained barley peptides could self-assemble into nanomicelles (BPNMs) with a diameter of approximately 90 nm when the concentration was > 2.1 μg mL-1. Hydrophobic interaction, disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds were involved in maintaining the structure of BPNMs. Six self-assembled peptides (QQPFPQ, QTPLPQ, QLPQIPE, QPFPQQPQLPH, QPFPQQPPFGL and QPFPQQPPFWQQQ) were identified and they were characterized by alternating arrangement of hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids. Moreover, BPNMs were utilized to encapsulate hydrophobic bioactive ingredient quercetin. When quercetin was encapsulated by BPNMs, its water solubility was significantly increased, being approximately 30-fold higher than free quercetin. Meanwhile, encapsulation of BPNMs could greatly increase quercetin stability. The interaction between BPNMs and quercetin occurred spontaneously, mainly driven by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. In the present study, BPNMs were successfully developed and could be used as a promising delivery system to improve the water solubility and stability of hydrophobic bioactive ingredients. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Boron nitride quantum dots supported hollow NH2-MIL-125 drive photo-Fenton-PMS system for photocatalytic tetracycline degradation: Contribution of tannic acid etching

NH2-MIL-125(Ti) materials had great potential for photocatalytic applications but had low activity due to exciton effect and narrow absorption range of visible light. The surface oxygen-containing negative functional groups of boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) could overcome these defects, but due to the low load capacity, a higher specific surface area of the substrate was usually required. In this paper, a hollow Ti-MOF material was developed by etching technology. The hollow structure formed by tannic acid etching broadened the absorption range of visable light and provided more alternative surfaces for loading BNQDs. The 85.2% of high tetracycline (TC) removal efficiency for the best sample (BNQDs-5@20-Ti-MOF + PMS) was obtained, which was about 56.8 and 1.9 times of the 20-Ti-MOF and BNQDs-5@20-Ti-MOF, respectively. BNQDs-5@20-Ti-MOF + PMS system showed a great TC degradation efficiency in a wide pH range (pH = 5–9). In addition, reaction temperature and the inorganic ions did not show significant inhibition effect for TC removal. Both free radical and non-free radical pathways were involved in the TC degration by BNQDs-5@20-Ti-MOF + PMS system, among which O2•− and 1O2 played the key roles. Interestingly, multiple 1O2 production paths contributed to the high efficiency and stability of BNQDs-5@20-Ti-MOF + PMS system. This study revealed a reasonable combination of Ti-MOF and BNQDs, which provided a new efficient photocatalyst for environmental remediation.

Rubberized reinforced concrete columns under axial and cyclic loading

The experimental study presented in this research was conducted to understand the performance of rubberized concrete columns under axial loads and numerically analyze the conduct of rubberized reinforced concrete (RRC) columns under cyclic loads. Twelve large-scale columns with square and circular cross sections were utilized to carry out experimental testing. Under axial loading, fine aggregate was replaced in percentages of 0%, 10%, and 15% with crumb rubber (CR). Square RRC columns were examined by a finite element program (ABAQUS) under cyclic loading. The experimental results indicated that the columns with crumb rubber had a lower load capacity than those without crumb rubber when exposed to axial loads. The numerical results were in good alignment with the experimental results, indicating that the simulated model may simulate the behavior of rubberized concrete columns under both axial and cyclic loads. According to the numerical analyses, the lateral displacement was significantly improved for rubberized reinforced concrete columns with 10% and 15% replacement of fine aggregates compared to columns without CR. Adding 10% and 15% of crump rubber to the fine aggregate in reinforced concrete columns increased the displacement ductility. The equivalent viscous damping ratio was enhanced by 33.67% when increasing crumb rubber (CR) from 0% to 10%, and when crumb rubber (CR) replacement became 15%, the damping ratio increased to 44.02%.The rubberized reinforced concrete columns showed a more ductile reaction than the traditional reinforced concrete columns, as evidenced by their softer post-peak response.

Glucose-Responsive Microneedle Patch with High Insulin Loading Capacity for Prolonged Glycemic Control in Mice and Minipigs.

Transdermal microneedle-mediated glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems can modulate insulin release based on fluctuations in blood glucose levels, thus maintaining normoglycemia effectively in a continuous, convenient, and minimally invasive manner. However, conventional microneedles are limited by the low drug loading capacity, making it challenging to be applied on human skin at a reasonable size for a lasting glucose-controlling effect, thus hindering their clinical translation. Here, we design a microneedle patch with a solid insulin powder core to achieve a high loading capacity of insulin (>70 wt %) as well as a glucose-sensitive polymeric shell to realize glucose-responsive insulin release. Once exposed to hyperglycemia, the formation of negatively charged glucose-boronate complexes increases the charge density of the shell matrix, leading to swelling of the shell and accelerating insulin release from the core. We have demonstrated that this glucose-responsive microneedle patch could achieve long-term regulation of blood glucose levels in both type 1 diabetic mice and minipigs (up to 48 h with patches of ∼3.5 cm2 for minipigs >25 kg).

Modular Assembled Localized Hybridization Chain Reaction for In Situ mRNA Amplified Imaging.

As a nonenzymatic DNA signal amplification technique, localized hybridization chain reaction (LHCR) was designed to improve the limitations in response speed and low sensitivity of conventional free diffusional HCR (hybridization chain reaction). However, it is still confronted with the challenges of complicated DNA scaffolds with low loading capacity and a time-consuming process of diffusion. Herein, we introduced modular assembly of a DNA minimal scaffold for coassembly of DNA hairpins for amplified fluorescence imaging of mRNA in situ. DNA hairpins were spatially bound to two Y-shaped modules to form H-shaped DNA modules, and then multiple H-shaped DNA modules can further assemble into an H-module-based hairpin scaffold (HHS). Benefiting from highly spatial localization and high loading capacity, the HHS system showed higher sensitivity and faster speed. It has also been proven to work perfectly in vitro and in vivo, which could provide a promising bioanalysis system for low abundance biomolecule detection.

Treating Deep-Seated Tumors with Radiodynamic Therapy: Progress and Perspectives.

Radiodynamic therapy (RDT), as an emerging cancer treatment method, has attracted attention due to its remarkable therapeutic efficacy using low-dose, high-energy radiation (such as X-rays) and has shown significant potential in cancer treatment. The RDT system typically consists of scintillators and photosensitizers (PSs). Scintillators absorb X-rays and convert them to visible light, activating nearby PSs to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Challenges faced by the two-component strategy, including low loading capacity and inefficient energy transfer, hinder its final effectiveness. In addition, the tumor microenvironment (TME) with hypoxia and immunosuppression limits the efficacy of RDTs. Recent advances introduce one-component RDT systems based on nanomaterials with high-Z metal elements, which effectively inhibit deep-seated tumors. These novel RDT systems exhibit immune enhancement and immune memory, potentially eliminating both primary and metastatic tumors. This review comprehensively analyzes recent advances in the rational construction of RDTs, exploring their mechanisms and application in the treatment of deep-seated tumors. Aimed at providing a practical resource for oncology researchers and practitioners, the review offers new perspectives for potential future directions in RDT research.