Lower Limit Of Norm Research Articles

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА МОЛОКА КОРОВ ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ БРИКЕТОВ-ЛИЗУНЦОВ

The aim of the study is to investigate the degree of influence of environmentally friendly lick briquettes Amirasol G(S)-Z and Amirasol G(S)-L on the mineral composition of milk, milk productivity and milk fat content of Caucasian brown cows of the mountain biogeochemical province of the Republic of Dagestan in the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods of keeping. During the use of lick briquettes in the diets of cows during the year, their positive effect on the mineral composition of milk, milk productivity and milk fat content was revealed. Moreover, a reliable increase was established in the milk of the experimental group of cows in the concentration of macroelements potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, respectively, by 12.17; 155.10; 52.82; 46.18; 93.96 %; microelements iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, iodine (CBI), selenium, respectively, by 101.84; 113.96; 256.01; 130.47; 265.85; 530.0; 275.91 % compared to the control group, compared to the average level of the physiological norm – by 19.66; 39.70; 5.84; 82.12; 92.96; 98.94; 83.17; 80.11; 94.08; 47.67; 210.89;109.73 %. In the control group of cows, the concentration of macro- and microelements was below the lower limit of the norm, with the exception of potassium and manganese, which were higher by 29.01 and 10.04 %, respectively, compared to the lower limit of the physiological norm. The use of lick briquettes in the diets of dairy cows during the year also contributed to an increase in milk productivity by 6.23 %, milk fat content by 5.0 % (0.20 abs.%), an additional 0.49 liters of milk per head per day were obtained on average for the group. The economic effect was 80,460 rubles, or 2,682 rubles per head during the experiment.

Метаболічний гомеостаз та рівень продуктивності нетель-первістка в умовах промислового комплексу

Collection of primary information and research was conducted on a herd of cows at the dairy production complex «Yekaterynoslavskyi» Dnipropetrovsk region of Ukraine. To study the productive qualities of Brown Swiss cows were selected 75 heifers of the same age, live weight and pregnancy period. For biochemical studies in healthy heifers (9 goals), and after their calving, blood was taken from the median caudal vein of the tail in vacuum tubes before the morning distribution of feed . Studies of the biochemical composition of the blood of cows were performed at 8 months of pregnancy, and the first heifers – at 2 months of lactation. After calving of heifers took into account the level of milk yield per day and lactation (kg), the mass fraction of fat and protein (%). Researches have shown that the concentration of albumin in the serum of experimental heifers was insignificant, as it averaged 22.6 g/l and was slightly lower than normal. The level of albumin in the serum of first heifers was inferior to the lower limit of normal by 13.5% and was, respectively, 26.33 g/l, while exceeding indicate of heifers by 14.2%. The globulin fraction of heifer exceeded the index after calving and during lactation by 16.7%. Despite the significant difference in the indicators of albumins and globulins, the protein coefficient in experimental first heifers was satisfactory and averaged 0.65 units. Indicate of serum nitrogen in urea during pregnancy and during the first lactation was practically at the lower limit of norm and averaged 7.30–7.34 mg%. Thus, metabolic homeostasis in the first pregnancy is naturally dynamic and corresponds to the level of physiological processes of the organism and the provision of vital nutrients of the general-mixed ration. The metabolic homeostasis of first heifers is in a tense state, which is determined by the first lactation function and adaptation to the harsh conditions of the industrial complex. This allows animals to realize their genetic potential of milk productivity for 376.4 days at the level of 9228.5 kg with a mass fraction of fat 4.15% and protein – 3.45%. Brown Swiss first heifers were characterized by satisfactory indicators of reproductive function. The reproductive ability was at the level of 0.87, and the insemination index did not exceed 2.83 units.

Features of the exchange of connective tissue and certain microelements in pregnant women with a risk of postterm pregnancy

Purpose of the study: to investigate the serum content of certain trace elements and synthesis markers (Total P1NP) and collagen resorption (β-CrossLaps) in pregnant women with a risk of postterm pregnancy and their role in this pathology.Materials and methods. Main group included 80 pregnant women with a risk of postterm pregnancy. Control group consisted of 34 pregnant women without a risk of postterm pregnancy demostrating physiologic cervical maturation. Enzyme immunoassay was used for measurement of synthesis markers (Total P1NP - N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen), connective tissue resorption (ß-CrossLaps), and trace elements - Na, K, Mg, P, total and ionized Ca.Results. Significant decrease in the concentration of Total P1NP was noted In pregnant women with a risk of postterm pregnancy compared with the control group (50.90 ± 4.27 ng/ml, p <0.05). The average value of connective tissue resorption marker β-CrossLaps in pregnant women of the main group was significantly higher than in the control ones (0.420 ± 0.02 ng/ml and 0.300 ± 0.02 ng/ml respectively). The total Ca was 1.98 ± 0.03 mmol/L that is 7.9% and 10.4% less than the lower limit of the physiological norm and in the control group (2.21 ± 0.04 mmol/l, p < 0.05) respectively. Mg in the main group was 0.68 ± 0.02 mmol/L, that is at the lower limit of the norm, and 20.9% less than in the control group (0.86 ± 0.03 mmol/L; < 0.05). The total serum vitamin D in pregnant women of the main group was 25.4% less than in the control group (23.62 ± 1.61 ng/ml, p <0.05).Conclusions. An imbalance of the most microelements significant for the normal functioning of connective tissue and processes of transmission of nervous excitation in combination with a deficiency of vitamin D contributes to a cascade of reactions that inhibit the timely restructuring of the cervix structure before childbirth. Pregnant women with a risk of overexposure are characterized by a predominance of type I collagen resorption processes over its synthesis processes, which is probably one of the reasons for the insufficient maturation of the cervix on the eve of childbirth.

Management of thyroid disorders during and after pregnancy

Сучасний огляд нещодавніх рекомендацій Американської тиреоїдної асоціації та Ендокринного товариства США висвітлює найважливіші питання обстеження та ведення пацієнток із захворюваннями щитоподібної залози на тлі вагітності. Показано, що не тільки вагітність впливає на перебіг тиреоїдної патології, але й функціональні зміни тиреоїдного гормоногенезу становлять серйозну проблему для матері та плода. У вагітних під впливом плацентарного хоріонічного гонадотропіну рівень тиреотропного гормону значно знижується на 0,1–0,4 мкМО/мл для нижньої межі норми та на 1,0 мкМО/мл для верхньої у I триместрі вагітності. У зв’язку зі значним зростанням тироксин-зв’язуючих глобулінів рівні загального тироксину та трийодтироніну суттєво підвищуються з перших тижнів вагітності і можуть збільшуватися у 1,5 раза. Концентрація вільних трийодтироніну і тироксину знижується у другій половині вагітності, під час пологів вона в середньому на 10–15% нижча, ніж у загальній популяції. Часто при вагітності визначаються позитивні рівні антитіл до тиреопероксидази і тиреоглобуліну. Згідно з міжнародними клінічними стандартами не рекомендується здійснювати тотальний скринінг рівня тиреоїдних гормонів у I триместрі вагітності. Визначення тиреотропного гормону проводять лише у групах ризику наявності патології щитоподібної залози. В Україні визначення рівня цього гормону може бути рекомендоване кожній вагітній у I триместрі вагітності або на момент першого звернення. Гіпотиреоз виникає приблизно у 0,5% вагітних, а основною його причиною є аутоімунний тиреоїдит. Препаратом вибору для лікування гіпотиреозу є левотироксин. Інші препарати не мають підґрунтя для використання. Найпоширенішою причиною аутоімунного гіпертиреозу є дифузний токсичний зоб, що виникає у 0,1–1% усіх вагітностей, а серед неаутоімунних причин перше місце посідає гестаційний гіпертиреоз (1–3%). Вважається, що субклінічний гіпертиреоз будь-якого походження не потребує лікування упродовж усієї вагітності. Лікування селеном не рекомендоване жодними клінічними настановами, навіть у жінок із позитивними антитиреоїдними антитілами. Доброякісні вузли щитоподібної залози не потребують лікування впродовж вагітності, а у випадках диференційованого раку щитоподібної залози можна застосовувати помірну супресивну терапію препаратами тироксину.

Rare causes of stroke in young people

One of the reasons that can lead to a stroke in young people is Fabry’s disease. This is one of the rare, genetically determined diseases of the X – linked type of inheritance, belonging to the group of lysosomal diseases of accumulation (synonyms: diffuse universal angiokeratoma, hereditary dystonic lipidosis, deficiency of alpha galactosidase A). The genetics of Fabry disease is due to mutations in the GLA gene characterized by a significant decrease in the activity or absence of the enzyme α-galactosidase A. These deviations result in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, namely, ceramide accumulated in the cytoplasm or lysosomes of cells of various organs and tissues, disrupting their function, causing ischemia and tissue fibrosis. A specific laboratory diagnosis is the determination of the activity of alpha-galactosidase A. In Fabry’s disease, the activity of alpha-galactosidase A in men in men is always reduced, and in women, the activity of GLA may be near the lower limit of norm, or slightly lower, or normal. In Fabry disease symptomatic therapy and enzyme replacement therapy are used to reduce the severity and prevent the symptoms of Fabry disease. Antiplatelet therapy should be the basis of treatment. With timely access to enzyme replacement therapy, the prognosis is favorable.

The Physiological Status of Acclimatized Simmental Cattle of the Austrian Selection in the Biogeochemical Conditions of the Lower Volga Region

The Lower Volga region, including Astrakhan, Volgograd and Saratov regions of the Russian Federation, is characterized by a deficit of iodine, selenium and cobalt in the main components of biogeocenoses. In 2000-2016 in soil, plants, water, organs and tissues of ruminants (total 2911 samples), selected in the Astrakhan region, the atomic adsorption spectrophotometry (Hitachi 180-50, Japan) was used to determine the content of manganese, cobalt, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, calcium, phosphorus. In addition to iodine, selenium and cobalt deficiency, low copper (from 1.1 to 19.0 mg/kg of dry matter) and molybdenum (within 0.2±12.8 mg/kg of dry matter) were found in the plants of the region. In the hay of natural lands an increased content of calcium and phosphorus was found – 2.6 and 1.2 times higher compared to the recommended norms. In the studied water samples the excess of hydrochemical parameters on hardness – in 4.4 times, magnesium content – 2.4 times, chlorides – 1.4 times, and the presence of ammonia salt was established. The current biogeochemical situation in Astrakhan region is stressful for Simmental cattle imported from Austria, where the climate and composition of plant feed is different. To assess the physiological status of imported animals 5 different age groups of Simmentals were selected 10 heads in each: 1-4 months old calves, bulls on fattening, heifers and cows. The hematological parameters, alkaline reserve, total calcium content in the blood plasma (serum), inorganic phosphorus, vitamins A, E, ascorbic acid, total protein, total lipids, cholesterol, glucose, adrenocorticosterone, cortisol, thyroxine, diene conjugates, malonic dialdehyde, Schiff bases, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in blood, peroxide resistance of erythrocytes were determined in the animals. The number of erythrocytes in the blood of cows exceeded the upper limit of the physiological norm by 17.2%, the concentration of hemoglobin – by 42.1, in all observed animals there was a shift of leukoformula to the right. Biochemical parameters of blood in all age groups of cattle were on the lower limit of norm (vitamin A, total protein, alkaline reserve, and the antioxidant enzymes activity) or below norm (glucose, thyroxine, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus), that along with an imbalance in the system “lipid peroxidation-antioxidant protection” was the evidence of incomplete adaptation to new climatic and geochemical conditions of the environment. Changes in the endocrine and metabolic profile of animals are considered as the main reasons for reducing their milk production and incomplete use of genetic potential.

Природна резистентність і відтворювальна здатність корів за дії малих доз радіації

The purpose. To study state of natural resistance and breeding capacity of cattle in conditions of moderate chronic radioactive irradiation in the remote period after Chernobyl disaster. Methods. Radiological probes are carried out of surface contamination of animals, milk, litter, feedstuffs, water as well as clinical-and-gynecologic examination of cows. Duration of independence-, service- and between- pregnancy periods is specified. Biochemical and hematological indexes of blood are studied. Results. At animals delivered from “clean” zone and grown in radioactively contaminated area in due course the amount of erythrocytes is diminished. Indexes of the leukocytic blood count at animals from “low-purity” zone were within the limits of norm, with offset to minimum values. Conclusions. At animals grown under the influence of radiation effect of small intensity indexes of blood are on lower limit of norm. Adult animals delivered in zone of radioactive impurity are more stress resistant as compared to aboriginal ones, but in the course of time this variance almost peters. Animals grown in “low-purity” zone were unhealthier, more often and longer were ill with various forms of endometritis and mastitis.

Proactive Complex Hormone Therapy in the Clinical Guideline for the Managing the Potential Donor Organs in BrainDead Donors

Goal of study: to improve hemodynamics, respiratory exchange and metabolism of potential donor organs by using combination of Lthyroxin, triiodothyronine, methylprednisolone, desmopressin acetate and insulin. Material and Methods: The clinical study included 98 potential donors (PD) with confirmed diagnosis of brain death. Braindead PD were divided into two groups: the 1st group included 43 PD with traumatic brain injury; the 2nd group included 55 PD with a stroke. PD from the 1st and 2nd groups were divided into two subgroups: main subgroup (n=18 and n=30) included those who received Lthyroxine, triiodothyronine and dessom pressin orally; control subgroup (n=25 and n=25) included those who did not receive these drugs. Hemodynamics, electrolytes, biochemical parameters, respiratory exchange and free triiodothyronine and thyroxine in blood were determined during the study. Results and discussion : In the course of the intensive therapy in control subgroups of both groups of PD the doses of noradrenalin and dopamine were not changed. However, the doses of noradrenalin and dopamine were decreased significantly in main subgroups of both groups during the course of the hormone therapy. There were no significant changes in hemodynamics in PD from both control subgroups, whereas in main groups hemodynamics parameters were decreased due to hormone therapy. Significant changes of blood pressure were observed in the main subgroups. Despite exogenous administration, in the main subgroups T3 remained at the lower limit of norm, whereas T4 increased. Improved hemodynamics and gas exchange were revealed in PD following hormone therapy that was important for the blood flow in organs. Following transplantation, in recipients of organs from control subgroup of PD the rejections of the transplants were significantly more frequent than rejections of organs from PD which comprized the main subgroup receiving hormones. Conclusion. Hormone administration to braindead PD with confirmed brain death led to significantly reduced doses of noradrenalin and dopamine and improved hemodynamics and gas exchange parameters. Oral administration of thyroid and hypophisis hormones to PD with confirmed brain death seems feasible.

Показатели функциональной активности лимфоцитов и нейтрофилов у больных ге- нерализованным пародонтитом

According to the research data of the immune status in 37 patients with the generalized parodontitis 3 types of immune response were selected: with high reactivity of the T-system and low reactivity the normal reactivity of the T-system. While the first variant T-system indications as a whole were characterized at the level of high limit of normal, by high activity of phagocytic cells and by the reaction blast transformation of lymphocytes higher the upper limit of the norm. The second immunologic variant of the periodontal disease development was characterized by the distribution of the main immunologic parameters of T-system on the level of the lower limit of norm, by the decreased activity of phagocytic cells and with the reaction of blasttransformation in the low limit of the norm.

LOOKING AHEAD OR REALITY: REFERENCE VALUES IN SPIROMETRY

Spirometry is the key method for the detection of airway obstruction. This article discusses the criteria by which the normal values of spirometric indices are defined and introduces the concept of the lower limit of norm (LLN) to define age-related cut-off values.

The annual cycle of the pituitary-thyroid axis activity in healthy men under prolonged cold air exposure

The monthly investigations of military guards ((19.1 ? 0.9) years, n = 20) in northern European region (62?N lat.) that daily spent outdoors from 6 to 10 h were carried out during the year (from November to October). In examined subjects, the serum FT4 levels were high enough during all period of research espe-cially from April till October when the hormone levels exceeded norm. The concentration of serum FT3 was rather stable during the year and corresponded to the normal level. At the same time, the levels of total form of thyroid hormones (TT4 and TT3) displaced to lower limit of norm. Thus, staying outdoors of military guards in the North for all the year round is accompa-nied by activization of thyroid hormones use.