Lower Limb Movement Research Articles

Design and simulation of dynamic hip prosthesis based on remote motion center mechanism

The rotation center of traditional hip disarticulation prosthesis is often placed in the front and lower part of the socket, which is asymmetric with the rotation center of the healthy hip joint, resulting in poor symmetry between the prosthesis movement and the healthy lower limb movement. Besides, most of the prosthesis are passive joints, which need to rely on the amputee's compensatory hip lifting movement to realize the prosthesis movement, and the same walking movement needs to consume 2-3 times of energy compared with normal people. This paper presents a dynamic hip disarticulation prosthesis (HDPs) based on remote center of mechanism (RCM). Using the double parallelogram design method, taking the minimum size of the mechanism as the objective, the genetic algorithm was used to optimize the size, and the rotation center of the prosthesis was symmetrical with the rotation center of the healthy lower limb. By analyzing the relationship between the torque and angle of hip joint in the process of human walking, the control system mirrored the motion parameters of the lower on the healthy side, and used the parallel drive system to provide assistance for the prosthesis. Based on the established virtual prototype simulation platform of solid works and Adams, the motion simulation of hip disarticulation prosthesis was carried out and the change curve was obtained. Through quantitative comparison with healthy lower limb and traditional prosthesis, the scientificity of the design scheme was analyzed. The results show that the design can achieve the desired effect, and the design scheme is feasible.

Research on feature classification of lower limb motion imagination based on electrical stimulation to enhance rehabilitation

Motor imaging therapy is of great significance to the rehabilitation of patients with stroke or motor dysfunction, but there are few studies on lower limb motor imagination. When electrical stimulation is applied to the posterior tibial nerve of the ankle, the steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials (SSSEP) can be induced at the electrical stimulation frequency. In order to better realize the classification of lower extremity motor imagination, improve the classification effect, and enrich the instruction set of lower extremity motor imagination, this paper designs two experimental paradigms: Motor imaging (MI) paradigm and Hybrid paradigm. The Hybrid paradigm contains electrical stimulation assistance. Ten healthy college students were recruited to complete the unilateral movement imagination task of left and right foot in two paradigms. Through time-frequency analysis and classification accuracy analysis, it is found that compared with MI paradigm, Hybrid paradigm could get obvious SSSEP and ERD features. The average classification accuracy of subjects in the Hybrid paradigm was 78.61%, which was obviously higher than the MI paradigm. It proves that electrical stimulation has a positive role in promoting the classification training of lower limb motor imagination.

Cueing Changes in Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force to Improve Coordination Dynamics in Walking

s Biofeedback has been effectively implemented to improve the mediation and distribution of joint loads during gait, however, the inability to effectively coordinate lower limb movement by altering loading patterns may increase pathological stress and risk of injury and deleterious joint changes. This study examined the influence cueing an increase or decrease in lower extremity loading has on inter- and intralimb joint coordination during gait, applied herein for 12 persons following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction across three loading conditions (control, high, and low). Visual biofeedback was presented on a screen via a force-measuring treadmill with targeted changes prescribed based on stride-to-stride peak vertical ground reaction forces bilaterally. The pattern and stability of coordination dynamics among each of the ankle, hip and knee joint pairs were assessed via discrete relative phase and cross-recurrence quantification analyses for each condition. High and low loading altered the pattern and stability of intralimb coordination; low loading led to decreased coordination stability (20° greater than control condition) and high loading resulted in a more tightly coupled coordination pattern (higher %CDET). With thoughtful consideration for movement control, biofeedback can be used to target mechanisms leading to long-term deleterious joint adaptations.

Whole-body kinematics during a simulated sprint in flat-water kayakers

ABSTRACT Success in sprint kayaking depends on the propulsive power generated by trunk, pelvis, shoulder and lower limb movements. However, no studies have examined whole-body kinematics over a simulated distance. We aimed to study the changes in movement patterns of kayakers performing a 500-m kayak sprint. Eleven young K1 sprint kayakers (three females; age: 16.5 ± 1.9 years, height: 174.1 ± 7.1 cm and weight: 66.1 ± 6.2 kg) performed an incremental test on a kayak ergometer to assess their Peak Oxygen Uptake (V̇O2peak). They then performed a 500-m sprint trial on the same ergometer, and the positions of 40 reflective markers were recorded to assess whole-body kinematics. Joint angles over time were computed for the trunk and right shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle. Changes of joint kinematics during the test were assessed with Statistical Parametric Mapping, calculating at each time node the linear regression between joint angles waveforms and the time of the rowing cycle, p < .05. Cardiometabolic responses confirmed that the participants achieved a maximal effort (V̇O2 and HR reached 99 ± 11% and 94 ± 6% of peak values, respectively). Paddle velocity negatively correlated with sprint time. The shoulder (elevation, rotation and flexion), trunk (lateral flexion and rotation) and hip (abduction) angles significantly changed over time in different phases of the stroke cycle during the simulated sprint. No significant differences over time were found for knee and ankle flexion. A high-intensity sprint may affect the shoulder, trunk and hip kinematics of kayak paddling. The kinematic analysis of kayakers’ paddling during simulated metabolic-demanding tasks can provide useful insights to coaches and athletes.

Runners with a history of injury have greater lower limb movement regularity than runners without a history of injury

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the regularity of the lower limb joint kinematics in runners with and without a history of running-related injuries. The second aim was to verify if the movement pattern regularities are different among the lower limb joints. Eighteen asymptomatic recreational runners with and without a history of running-related injury participated in this study. Lower limb kinematics in the sagittal plane were recorded during running on a treadmill at a self-selected speed. The regularities of the time series of hip, knee, and ankle were analysed using sample entropy (SampEn). A mixed analysis of variance was used to investigate differences between groups and among joints. Runners with a history of injury had lower SampEn values than runners without a history of injury. Ankle kinematics SampEn was higher than that of the knee and hip. Knee kinematics had higher values of SampEn than that of the hip. Runners with a history of running-related injury had greater joint kinematic’s regularity. This result suggests that, even in asymptomatic runners, previous injuries could influence the movement pattern regularity. Also, the regularity was different among joints. The ankle demonstrated the lowest regularity, reinforcing the different functions that lower limb joints perform during running.

Skeletal Muscle of Molecular Motor and Its Application in Active Rehabilitation of Human Lower Limbs

Nanotechnology is an innovative science and technology that has the most opportunity to be applied in the market, and its intrinsic value is immeasurable. Some developed countries have invested a lot in research activities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the biomechanical principle of the skeletal muscle of the molecular motor and its application in the active rehabilitation of the lower limbs. In this paper, based on the force generation mechanism and biomechanical model of skeletal muscle, and guided by the mechanical principle equation of skeletal muscle contraction of the collective operation mechanism of a molecular motor, and combined with the experiment of active rehabilitation design of human lower limbs, it is demonstrated in the results that the angle error after yaw angle fitting can be controlled within −1° − 1°, which has a strong effect, and in the rehabilitation effect in fruit, the swing phase accounts for about 40% and the support phase accounts for about 60%. It can be concluded that the accuracy of rehabilitation data collection and the effectiveness of gait parameters detection in the process of human rehabilitation, as well as the actual recognition effect of lower limb movement pattern recognition, is good and efficient. Molecular materials play an important role in biology or medicine. With the development of technology, they contribute to the recovery of skeletal muscle.

Evaluating Lower Limb Kinematics Using Microsoft's Kinect: A Simple, Novel Method.

Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate the Microsoft Kinect sensor (MKS) as a markerless system for motion capture and analysis of lower limb motion, compare it with a state-of-the-art marker-based system (MBS), and investigate its accuracy in simultaneously capturing several lower limb joint movements on several planes while participants walked freely. Method: Participants were asked to walk while gait data were simultaneously recorded by both the MKS and the MBS. Software for analysing the Kinect data stream was developed using Microsoft Visual Studio and Kinect for Windows software development kits. Visual three-dimensional (3D) C-Motion software was used to calculate 3D joint angles of the MBS. Deviation of the joint angles calculated by the two systems was calculated using root-mean-square error (RMSE) on the basis of a designated formula. Results: The calculated RMSE average was <5° between the two systems, a level of difference that has practically no clinical significance. Conclusions: Quantitative measurements of the joint angles of the knee and hip can be acquired using one MKS with some accuracy. The system can be advantageous for clinical use, at the pre- and post-treatment stages of rehabilitation, at significantly lower costs. Further evaluation of the MKS should be performed with larger study populations.

Kinematic analysis of gait in an underwater treadmill using land-based Vicon T 40s motion capture cameras arranged externally

Aquatic therapy for rehabilitation can be performed in a variety of environments, which can vary from a traditional swimming pool to a self-contained underwater treadmill. While kinematic analysis has been performed in large volume swimming pools using specific underwater motion capture systems, researchers may only have access to a land-based motion-capture system, which is not waterproof. Additionally, underwater motion capture systems may not fit within the confines of a smaller underwater treadmill. Thus, the purpose of this study was to design and analyze methodology to quantify lower limb kinematics during an aquatic treadmill session, using a land-based motion capture system. Kinematics of lower limb motion at different speeds was studied while walking on an underwater treadmill in comparison to walking on the same treadmill without water (empty tank). The effects of the presence of water on walking kinematics was analyzed and interpreted using parametric and non-parametric testing procedures. The results suggest significant influences of speed on knee and ankle angles (p < 0.05) in both dryland and aquatic scenarios. Knee and ankle angle measures revealed no significant differences between the dryland and water treadmill scenarios (p > 0.05). The increased time requirement in water for the full gait cycle found in this study indicates influence of resistive effects. This finding can be especially suited for muscle strengthening and stabilizing treatments for lower limbs. Also, a framework was developed to realize a potential methodology to use land-based motion capture cameras to successfully analyze the kinematics of gait in constrained aquatic volumes.

Lower Limb Movement Pattern Differences Between Males and Females in Squatting and Kneeling.

Movement pattern differences may contribute to differential injury or disease prevalence between individuals. The purpose of this study was to identify lower limb movement patterns in high knee flexion, a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis, and to investigate kinematic differences between males and females, as females typically develop knee osteoarthritis more commonly and severely than males. Lower extremity kinematic data were recorded from 110 participants completing 4 variations of squatting and kneeling. Principal component analysis was used to identify principal movements associated with the largest variability in the sample. Across the tasks, similar principal movements emerged at maximal flexion and during transitions. At maximal flexion, females achieved greater knee flexion, facilitated by a wider base of support, which may alter posterior and lateral tibiofemoral stress. Principal movements also detected differences in movement temporality between males and females. When these temporal differences occur due to alterations in movement velocity and/or acceleration, they may elicit changes in muscle activation and knee joint stress. Movement variability identified in the current study provides a framework for potential modifiable factors in high knee flexion, such as foot position, and suggests that kinematic differences between the sexes may contribute to differences in knee osteoarthritis progression.

SEMG-based consecutive estimation of human lower limb movement by using multi-branch neural network

Surface electromyography (sEMG) has the potential for human lower limb movement analysis, including gait phases recognition and joint angle estimation, which can provide a great level of human interaction with the exoskeleton orthotic devices. In this paper, a method based on deep learning is proposed, which maps the multichannel sEMG signals to human lower limb movement, including 4 different gait phases and 3 flexion/extension joint angles. First, five time-domain features and spectrogram data as frequency domain features are extracted from the sEMG data from 8 muscles of right legs. Then, a multi-branch neural network (MBNN) with convolutional neural layers and recurrent neural layers is constructed, which uses both the extracted features and raw data as input to analyze human movement. Experimental results show that the mean accuracy of classification of our proposed methods can reach high level (90.92 ± 3.58% for speed dependent and 85.04 ± 5.14% for speed independent). Meanwhile, average of the root mean square error between estimated and real joint angles is (3.75 ± 1.52 degree for speed dependent and 6.12 ± 2.54 degree for speed independent). These results indicate that the proposed method can be used to facilitate adoption of exoskeleton orthotic device in real-life applications, with gait phases determining impedance characteristic of devices and angles estimating joint movement.

Bimodal Data Fusion of Simultaneous Measurements of EEG and fNIRS during Lower Limb Movements.

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have temporal and spatial characteristics that may complement each other and, therefore, pose an intriguing approach for brain-computer interaction (BCI). In this work, the relationship between the hemodynamic response and brain oscillation activity was investigated using the concurrent recording of fNIRS and EEG during ankle joint movements. Twenty subjects participated in this experiment. The EEG was recorded using 20 electrodes and hemodynamic responses were recorded using 32 optodes positioned over the motor cortex areas. The event-related desynchronization (ERD) feature was extracted from the EEG signal in the alpha band (8–11) Hz, and the concentration change of the oxy-hemoglobin (oxyHb) was evaluated from the hemodynamics response. During the motor execution of the ankle joint movements, a decrease in the alpha (8–11) Hz amplitude (desynchronization) was found to be correlated with an increase of the oxyHb (r = −0.64061, p < 0.00001) observed on the Cz electrode and the average of the fNIRS channels (ch28, ch25, ch32, ch35) close to the foot area representation. Then, the correlated channels in both modalities were used for ankle joint movement classification. The result demonstrates that the integrated modality based on the correlated channels provides a substantial enhancement in ankle joint classification accuracy of 93.01 ± 5.60% (p < 0.01) compared with single modality. These results highlight the potential of the bimodal fNIR–EEG approach for the development of future BCI for lower limb rehabilitation.

Analyzing the performance of segmented trajectory reconstruction of lower limb movements from EEG signals with combinations of electrodes, gaps, and delays

ObjectiveBrain–machine interfaces have performed continuous trajectory reconstruction of limb movements from brain signals relying on multiple linear regression. Most reported approaches deal with the reconstruction of the entire motion trajectory using a single regression and choosing its parameters arbitrarily. This study proposes the reconstruction of trajectories dividing them on phases and proposing a regression for each phase. The parameters for each regressor were selected according to their influence in the performance of the trajectory reconstruction. MethodsIsotonic flexions and extensions of the hip and knee were segmented in phases and a linear regressor was proposed for each phase. The number of electrodes, gaps, and delays of these regressors were selected using an exhaustive comprehensive search to improve the correlation coefficient, normalized root mean square error, and signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed trajectory. ResultsThe most frequent electrodes in the trajectory reconstructions between subjects with good performance were electrodes Fz, C3, C4, Cz, P3, P4, and Pz. The combination of a delay of 3 s with 9 gaps gave better performances in general. ConclusionsIn this study it was appreciated that the electrodes that mainly contribute to the trajectory reconstruction are located around the mid-scalp. Also, it was appreciated that the information of movement in the electrical activity is located around 3 s before the movement. SignificanceThe set of parameters obtained could be helpful to define a limited numbers of electrodes. The delay and number of data samples could also be helpful to establish better experimental setups.

Lower-limb kinematic characteristics of Taekwondo kicks at different attack angles

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate the variation of lower-limb kinematic characteristics and movement patterns in elite taekwondo competitors when performing roundhouse kicks at various attack angles. Nineteen male elite athletes specialising in roundhouse kicks were asked to kick a target at 90°, 60°, and 30°. A three-dimensional (3D) motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data. Kinematic parameters were compared among the conditions using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05). The variables; peak linear velocity at the pelvis, maximum left-pelvis tilt, posterior pelvis tilt, left pelvis internal rotation angles, posterior pelvic tilt angular velocity, and left pelvis rotation velocity; were greater at the larger attack angles. Moreover, the maximum distal knee joint flexion was greater whereas the maximum flexion angle of the proximal hip joint was smaller at a larger attack angle. This study identified the kinematic differences in lower-limb motion between roundhouse kicks performed at different attack angles. Taekwondo athletes should adjust not only their rotational but also their linear kinematics at the more proximal segments and joints to cope with different attack angles.

Analysis Choices Impact Movement Evaluation: A Multi-Aspect Inferential Method Applied to Kinematic Curves of Vertical Hops in Knee-Injured and Asymptomatic Persons.

Three-dimensional human motion analysis provides in-depth understanding in order to optimize sports performance or rehabilitation following disease or injury. Recent developments of statistical methods for functional data allow for novel ways to analyze often complex biomechanical data. Even so, for such methods as well as for traditional well-established statistical methods, the interpretations of the results may be influenced by analysis choices made prior to the analysis. We evaluated the consequences of three such choices when comparing one-leg vertical hop (OLVH) performance in individuals who had ruptured their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), to that of asymptomatic controls, and also athletes. Kinematic data were analyzed using a statistical approach for functional data, targeting entire curve data. This was done not only for one joint at a time but also for multiple lower limb joints and movement planes simultaneously using a multi-aspect methodology, testing for group differences while also accounting for covariates. We present the results of when an individual representative curve out of three available was either: (1) a mean curve (Mean), (2) a curve from the highest hop (Max), or (3) a curve describing the variability (Var), as a representation of performance stability. We also evaluated choice of sample leg comparison; e.g., ACL-injured leg compared to either the dominant or non-dominant leg of asymptomatic groups. Finally, we explored potential outcome effects of different combinations of included joints. There were slightly more pronounced group differences when using Mean compared to Max, while the specifics of the observed differences depended on the outcome variable. For Var there were less significant group differences. Generally, there were more disparities throughout the hop movement when comparing the injured leg to the dominant leg of controls, resulting in e.g., group differences for trunk and ankle kinematics, for both Mean and Max. When the injured leg was instead compared to the non-dominant leg of controls, there were trunk, hip and knee joint differences. For a more stringent comparison, we suggest considering to compare the injured leg to the non-dominant leg. Finally, the multiple-joint analyses were coherent with the single-joint analyses. The direct effects of analysis choices can be explored interactively by the reader in the Supplementary Material. To summarize, the choices definitively have an impact on the interpretation of a hop test results commonly used in rehabilitation following knee injuries. We therefore strongly recommend well-documented methodological analysis choices with regards to comparisons and representative values of the measures of interests.

Bilateral Septic Hip Epiphyseal Detachment in Children: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: Diagnosed and treated fairly early, children’s septic arthritis of the hip has few or no complications. Septic epiphyseal detachment of the hip in children is a rare complication due to delayed treatment. Unilateral forms have been reported, but bilateral involvement has never been described in the literature. Case presentation: We report the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with hip pain associated fever and diminished lower limb movements, approximately 4 months after the onset of symptoms. The diagnosis of bilateral septic epiphyseal detachment of the hips was made and computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed osteonecrosis of both femoral heads. The necrotic epiphyses required removal in order to control the infection. Conclusion: This report highlights the importance of early diagnosis of septic arthritis of the hip in the neonatal period. Any delay in presentation, diagnosis or management can result in irrecoverable sequelae for the developing hip and seriously impact long-term function. Keywords: Septic arthritis, Bilateral, Epiphysis detachment, Hip, Ablation.

Management of Acute Lateral Condyle Fractures of Humerus

Background: Diagnosed and treated fairly early, children’s septic arthritis of the hip has few or no complications. Septic epiphyseal detachment of the hip in children is a rare complication due to delayed treatment. Unilateral forms have been reported, but bilateral involvement has never been described in the literature. Case presentation: We report the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with hip pain associated fever and diminished lower limb movements, approximately 4 months after the onset of symptoms. The diagnosis of bilateral septic epiphyseal detachment of the hips was made and computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed osteonecrosis of both femoral heads. The necrotic epiphyses required removal in order to control the infection. Conclusion: This report highlights the importance of early diagnosis of septic arthritis of the hip in the neonatal period. Any delay in presentation, diagnosis or management can result in irrecoverable sequelae for the developing hip and seriously impact long-term function. Keywords: Septic arthritis, Bilateral, Epiphysis detachment, Hip, Ablation.

Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Virtual Reality Training for Older Adults and People With Disabilities: Single-Arm Pre-Post Study.

BackgroundUnlike most virtual reality (VR) training programs that are targeted at homogenous populations, a set of VR games for rehabilitation purposes targeted at a heterogeneous group of users was developed. The VR games covered physical training, cognitive training (classification and reality orientation), community-living skills training, and relaxing scenery experiences. Special considerations for local older adults and people with disabilities were made in terms of hardware choice and software design.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptance, and efficacy of VR training among users with varying abilities.MethodsA single-arm pretest-posttest evaluation study was conducted. The participants of the evaluation study were encouraged to undergo 30-minute VR training three times a week for 6 weeks. The 30-minute session consisted of 10 minutes of upper-limb motion games, 10 minutes of lower-limb motion games, and 10 minutes of cognitive games/community-living skills training/relaxing scenery experiences, as appropriate. On completion of each session, usage statistics were documented via the built-in VR software, whereas feedback on the experience of the VR games and adverse events was collected via self-reports and staff observations. Feasibility was reflected by usage statistics, and acceptance was reflected by positive feedback. In addition, health outcomes, including upper-limb dexterity, functional mobility, cognitive function, and happiness, were assessed at baseline, as well as 6 weeks and 3 months after baseline. The primary outcomes were upper-limb dexterity and acceptance of playing VR games.ResultsA total of 135 participants with a mean age of 62.7 years (SD 21.5) were recruited from May 2019 to January 2020, and 124 (91.9%) completed at least one follow-up. Additionally, 76.3% (103/135) of the participants could attend at least 70% of the proposed 18 sessions, and 72.5% (1382/1906) of the sessions had a training time of at least 20 minutes. Linear mixed effect models showed statistically significant effects in terms of upper-limb dexterity (small effect) and cognitive function (moderate effect). Among the 135 participants, 88 provided positive comments. Additionally, 10.4% (14/135) reported mild discomfort, such as dizziness, and none reported severe discomfort.ConclusionsA set of VR training games for rehabilitation could be applied to users with heterogeneous abilities. Our VR games were acceptable to local older adults and those with different disabilities. Benefits in upper-limb dexterity and cognitive function were observed despite partial compliance to the training protocol. Service providers could refer to our experiences when developing VR training systems for their clients.

고령자와 젊은 성인의 선호속도보행 시 보행리듬 제한에 따른 보행 패턴의 변화: 기초연구

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the age-specific changes according to the gait rhythm restriction using a metronome when walking at a preferred speed for older and young adults.<BR> Method: Twenty-nine healthy young adults (age: 22.8±2 years old, 15 males & 14 females) and 24 elderly people (age: 76.5±1 years old, 11 males & 13 females, BBS score: 54.3±1) participated in the experiment. The gait experiment was configured to walk twice pre subject at a preferred speed for 6 minutes in a 50m long corridor. The gait consisted of two conditions: walking at the preferred speed (PWS) and walking at the preferred speed with metronome rhythm(PWS+met). For the analysis, 19 variables composed of 4 categories (7 spatiotemporal variables, 3 lower limb movement variables, 6 upper body movement variables, and 3 turning variables) were used. An inertial sensor system was used to measure the gait variables. Repeated measures ANOVA were performed to compare gait variables by age according to gait conditions. The significant level of hypothesis verification is set up as α =.05.<BR> Results: There was a difference in all gait categories compared between healthy older and young adults when walking at the preferred speed (p<.05). However, in the within-group comparison according to the gait rhythm restriction, there were significantly statistical differences in the time variable and the turning variable categories during metronomic walking in the case of young adults p(<.05), while there were significant differences in the spatial variable and lower limb movement categories in the case of the elderly (p<.05).<BR> Conclusion: In summary, this study provides basic data that can confirm gait adaptation patterns by age when walking using a simple cognitive-motor dual task such as a metronome.

Pregnancy/abortion induced intracerebral hemorrhage during the first trimester in a young female

Intracranial hemorrhage is a relatively infrequent but devastating complication of pregnancy. Pregnancy-associated intracranial hemorrhage is a rare but severe complication. Mostly, the incidence of ICH occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy. In our case, an 18-year-old girl who had Glasgow coma scale score of 5/15, admitted to the hospital with no movement of left-sided upper and lower limb with right-sided facial deviation. Computed tomography (CT) brain revealed that the patient has right-sided temporoparietal bleed. The patient underwent right-sided hemicraniotomy. An obstetrical ultrasound report suggested a gestation of 12 weeks. The history of the patient highlighted an attempt of unsupervised termination of pregnancy using off-the-counter pills. In this case, we reported the rare intracerebral hemorrhage during the first trimester. Pregnancy has not been shown to be a direct cause of intracerebral bleed; hence, this case draws attention to the hazards of unsupervised termination of pregnancy.

Neuromechanical Signal-Based Parallel and Scalable Model for Lower Limb Movement Recognition

Individual who have lost their lower limb because of amputation can use the prosthesis to restore daily living activities. The amputee intent recognition during locomotion modes can be used as source to control lower limb prosthesis. Due to continuous data recording from multiple sensors, the timely recognition of activities of daily living have become a challenging issue for traditional technology and conventional machine learning algorithms. This work hypothesize that parallel discriminant features can be learned from large amount of data generated by aggregating the neuromechanical signals from multiple subjects with parallel and distributed computing platform. Consequently, this paper apply three classifiers including support vector machine, decision tree and random forest on large data sets. The model performance is extensively evaluated in terms of different performance measurement parameters such as accuracy, efficiency, scalability and speedup in sequential and distributed environment. The experimental results show that the parallel approach achieved 3.9x computation speedup as compared to the sequential approach without affecting accuracy level. The parallel support vector machine algorithm demonstrated high speedup and scalability in comparison with random forest and decision tree algorithms. The outcome of this study could promote parallel based model for the unobtrusive recognition of lower limb locomotion modes and could promote the future design for the intelligent control of prostheses and exoskeleton.