Low Sugar Levels Research Articles

IoT Based E-Health Care System for Telemedicine

The Technological and economical advancement needs enhanced healthcare system. Telemedicine healthcare system provides the provision of medical treatment from a remote distance. The telemedicine research and product development has embarked immense growth during the past decade primarily due to tremendous technological advancement in automation. The aim of IoTbased health care system is to ensure and increase the welfare of patients and the quality of life in rural areas. In this paper we present a low cost Health sensor platform and sugar level without blood for rural health monitoring with a well-structured and secure interface between medical experts and Cellular and WLAN for sharing of important medical parameters. In our proposed and implemented model we developed separate interface for medical experts and medical server, Caregiver, Emergency other then physician and introduced a new algorithm for implementation. Features like live video streaming, automatic prescription generation and push notification to allotment are included. The prototype is used for trial under the supervision of medical experts and the data are compared with standard test done in pathological laboratory. The result is satisfactory with good level of acceptance.

Stress physiology and metabolism in hybrid rice.III. Puddling and soil compaction regulate water status and internal metabolism during drought

ABSTRACT Global water crisis, resulting from climate change, has become a prime concern for agricultural production. Our objectives were to determine the impact of puddling and soil compactionon drought tolerance, metabolism and antioxidative enzymes affecting growth of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought conditions. Accordingly, an experiment with three treatments, viz., puddled, compact, and control soils was conducted in pots using a completely randomized design with three replications. Both puddling and soil compaction reduced the adverse effects of drought on physiological traits. The positive effects of water stagnation because of physical modifications of soil, on drought tolerance traits and antioxidative enzymes during water stress, caused 1.2 to 2-fold increase in penetration resistance of physically modified soils and concomitantly reduced 3 to 6-fold water infiltration rate thereof. Puddling and soil compaction enabled plants maintain higher water potential than the control plants under drought conditions. Such plant conditions in puddled and compact soils caused low levels of proline and sugar, followed by higher levels of starch and protein than the control plants. Drought increased superoxide dismutase activity 2 to 2.4-fold, catalase 2 to 2.2-fold, ascorbate peroxidase 1.7 to 2-fold, and lipid peroxidase 2.3 to 3.6-fold. Adaptation to drought was apparently attributable to the cross-talk of drought event with plant metabolism, giving rise to the evolution of protective metabolic strategies. Thus, the increased water availability, through decreased water infiltration caused by puddling and soil compaction, is an important agronomic intervention for the maintenance of physiological activities andgrowth of rice under drought conditions.

Transcriptome analysis suggests mechanisms for a novel flowering type: Cleistogamous wheat

Wheat is one of the most important staple crops worldwide. Fusarium head blight severely reduces wheat yield and quality. Cultivation of a novel type of cleistogamous wheat mutant, ZK001, which was created by static magnetic field treatment, is a new strategy for controlling Fusarium head blight. However, little is known about the mechanism of cleistogamy in wheat. The present study demonstrated that anthers of ZK001 were retained on the glumes at all flowering stages, whereas those of YM18 were extruded from the paleae and lemmae. There was a clear difference in the morphological characteristics of lodicules between YM18 and ZK001. Lodicule calcium and potassium contents were significantly higher in YM18 than in ZK001 from white to yellow anther stages. In Fusarium head blight resistance, the diseased kernel rate and deoxynivalenol content of ZK001 were markedly lower than those of YM18 and QM725. Comparative transcriptome analysis of YM18 and ZK001 was performed to identify regulatory mechanisms of cleistogamy. The main differentially expressed genes identified in the spikelets of YM18 and ZK001 at the green anther stage were associated with cell walls, carbohydrates, phytohormones, water channel, and ion binding, transport, and homeostasis. These differentially expressed genes may play an important role in regulating cellular homeostasis, osmotic pressure, and lodicule development. The results indicate that ZK001 lost the ability to push the lemmae and paleae apart during the flowering stage because of the thin lodicules. ZK001 was speculated to provide structural barriers for Fusarium head blight during the flowering stage. The thin lodicule of ZK001 results from low levels of soluble sugar, calcium ions, and potassium ions in the lodicules. These levels are regulated by differentially expressed genes.

Sectio Casarea as Risk Factor of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia

Neonatal hypoglycemia can damage brain tissue and impair neurodevelopment with 81% occurring within the first 24 hours of life. Neonatal hypoglycemia is a condition in which the blood sugar level of BBL <47 mg / dL in the first 48 hours of life. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the casarea section as a risk factor for neonatal hypoglycemia. The sources used in this paper consist of 35 articles from literature searching in NCBI, PubMed, GoogleSchoolar, and ResearchGate using keywords in the form of: hypoglicemia neonates, caesarean section, risk factors with the provisions of the 2010-2020 publication. The sources of the readings that have been collected are then analyzed using the systematic literature review method which includes the activities of collecting, evaluating and developing research with a specific topic focus. The results of this literature review show that babies born with the casarea section method have lower sugar levels than babies born spontaneously vaginally because babies born with sectio casarea have less time to transition to glycemic control than babies born normally and initiate breastfeeding. early, which is one of the measures to prevent neonatal hypoglycemia, becomes more difficult to do in the operating room.

Dietary Patterns and Childhood Obesity Risk: A Systematic Review.

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity are recognized as predictors of the risk of obesity in adulthood. The aim of this systematic literature review was to determine the association between dietary pattern and obesity risk among children. Methods: Articles were selected from databases (Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Eric, Livivo, and PubMed/Medline), without limitations regarding language or date. Database-specific search terms included the key words "obesity," "diet," "dietary pattern," "childhood," "children," "adolescents," and relevant synonyms. The review included studies that reported the assessment of the dietary pattern in childhood and that correlated eating patterns with the obesity risk through cluster analysis (CA) and/or factor analysis and/or principal component analysis and presented odds ratios (ORs). The methodology of the selected studies was evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Owing to the heterogeneity among the assessments of the association of dietary patterns and obesity, the results are described narratively. Results: Using a selection process in two phases, 16 articles were included. Fifteen studies used a cross-sectional design, and one case-control study. The included studies showed variation in sample size (range = 232 to 10,187 children/adolescents) and age (range = 1-19 years old). The studies reported between two and five dietary patterns each. The OR for the relationship between the dietary pattern and the risk of childhood obesity ranged from OR = 1.02; confidence interval (95% CI) (0.91-1.15) to OR = 3.55; 95% CI (1.80-7.03). In this study, the dietary patterns identified by the studies were given different names. The food intake patterns identified could, in most factor or CA studies, be categorized as (1) potentially obesogenic foods that increased risk of becoming overweight (including fatty cheeses, sugary drinks, processed foods, fast food, candies, snacks, cakes, animal products, whole milk, and refined grains) or (2) food classified as healthy with the weakest association with the risk of becoming overweight or obese (including low levels of sugar and fat and high levels of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, nuts, legumes, and yogurt). Conclusion: Overall, the results indicated from most studies that a diet with a lower percentage of obesogenic foods should be effective in reducing the risk of developing obesity.

Sugar labeling: How numerical information of sugar content influences healthiness and tastiness expectations.

Overconsumption of highly sugary foods contributes to increases in obesity and diabetes in our population, and initiatives are issued worldwide to reduce sugar content in food products. However, it is unclear how the presentation of reduced sugar content on food packages affects taste expectations of consumers. Based on the learned knowledge about negative health effects of sugar and the common belief that unhealthy food tastes better than healthy food, consumers might conclude that lower sugar levels are associated with higher healthiness and lower tastiness. Addressing this concern, we examined how quantitative information about sugar content without any verbal description influences consumers’ health and taste expectations of dairy desserts. We asked participants to indicate the expected healthiness and tastiness of randomly sampled dairy desserts, while varying systematically the quantitative sugar information provided in a label presented with the desserts (numerical sugar level in grams per 100 grams of product: low vs. original vs. high). We assumed that quantitative sugar content is not equally associated with healthiness and tastiness of products and that numerical information about sugar content informs health more than taste expectations. Therefore, we predicted that consumers expect higher healthiness, but not to the same degree lower tastiness for products with reduced sugar contented compared to products with higher sugar content. The results of the present study are in line with this hypothesis. We found that consumers expected desserts with less sugar to be healthier than desserts with higher levels of sugar. The experimentally varied sugar levels did not affect the tastiness expectations. Notably, consumers did not follow the unhealthy = tasty intuition and did not devaluate the tastiness of desserts because of heightened healthiness expectations. Our findings suggest that sole numerical information about sugar content—an important nutritional value—is more diagnostic in the construction of healthiness rather than tastiness expectations of food products.

Starch accumulation does not lead to feedback photosynthetic downregulation in girdled coffee branches under varying source-to-sink ratios

Leaves were forced to accumulate starch as much as possible but maintained relatively low soluble sugar levels with no evidence of photosynthetic feedback downregulation. Here, we examined whether the regulation of photosynthesis in coffee depends on sink activity or carbohydrate build-up in source leaves and how the coffee tree adjusts its photosynthetic performance and primary metabolism to varying source-to-sink ratios. We designed a field experiment by girdling coffee branches that were further manipulated by controlled defoliation and/or defruiting such that three highly varying source-to-sink ratios were created. Under markedly high source-to-sink ratios, photosynthesis rates were primarily limited by diffusional factors, and feedback downregulation contributed a maximum of 7% of the photosynthetic reduction. Such responses were accompanied by a relatively enormous capacity for starch accumulation coupled with the maintenance of low levels of soluble sugars. Chronic photoinhibition and photodamage could be avoided by increases in nonphotochemical energy dissipation, photorespiration and respiration rates, thus diminishing the excitation pressure on photosystems. Overall, the activities of key enzymes (and their transcript abundance) associated with carbon metabolism varied only marginally across treatments. Leaf metabolic adjustments were more evident under high sink demand conditions, and nitrogen metabolism was more affected than carbon metabolism. In conclusion, our results offer novel insights into the high coordination between the source supply and sink demand in coffee, with a minor role of photosynthetic downregulation even under dramatically low sink conditions.

Using collaborative community care to deal with the emergency department frailty epidemic.

Mr R.B. smiled at me, eyes dull in his shrunken face. ‘I just want to go home’ , he said. Exasperation radiated from his daughter. ‘But Dad, you’ll fall again. The carers are only there twice a day. Who’s going to help the rest of the time? Take the community hospital bed, Dad.’ A long pause. ‘I just want to go home’ , he said. One day after discharge, Mr R.B. had returned to A&E. Deconditioned after a long surgical admission he had waited hours for transport home, declining sandwiches — he didn’t like egg or cheese. Once home, too tired to eat, he nevertheless took his insulin. Worried about his new catheter bag overflowing, he slept poorly. The following morning, tired and weak with low sugar levels, he suffered an almost inevitable fall struggling to juggle sticks, catheter bag, and hearing aids. His pendant alarm signalled his return to hospital. Mr R.B, (although fictitious) captures perfectly the conundrum of the frail patient. Multiple comorbidities and reduced physiological reserve conspire against their independence. Until recently, hospital admission has been their default destination. However, with ever tighter budget constrictions, an ageing population, and the over-representation in resource utilisation among frail older patients, innovative relationships are needed to promote individual autonomy and minimise the toll on public services. The ‘frailty phenotype’ is a relatively recent concept. Despite the operational definition as an ‘age-related state of decreased physiological reserves characterized by a weakened response to stressors and an increased risk of poor …

Potential biochemical, genetic and molecular markers of deterioration advancement in seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Seed aging occurs relatively fast in crops and it is a process that delays germination as well as reducing its rate and even causing total loss of seed viability. Hence, it is a problem for seed banks, farmers and seed companies that deal with seed storage. The purpose of the research was to unravel genetic, biochemical and molecular events accompanying natural oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) seed aging and thus to find potential markers of seed deterioration advancement, in order to facilitate the checking of seed quality and the ability to quickly take measures to protect them from dying. In this study, it is shown that low seed vigour is characterised by low intensity of DNA synthesis, which can quickly be measured by means of flow cytometry, changes in RNA quality, low sugar levels, increased proline content and superoxide dismutase activity, decreased ascorbate peroxidase activity, as well as abscisic acid content. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the expression of BnRSH1 and BnRSH3, encoding for enzymes responsible for metabolism of the effectors of the stringent response (guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate) that function in chloroplasts to regulate transcription, translation and metabolites levels, is downregulated in seeds of low vigour. Besides indicating potential markers of oilseed rape seed quality, we also propose a mechanism of seed dormancy regulation via the abscisic acid-stringent response module.

Hypoglycemia incidence and awareness among insulin-treated patients with diabetes: the HAT study in Brazil

BackgroundHypoglycemia affects patient safety and glycemic control during insulin treatment of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The Hypoglycemia Assessment Tool study in Brazil aimed to determine the proportion of patients experiencing hypoglycemic events and to characterize patient awareness and fear about hypoglycemia, among insulin-treated T1DM or T2DM patients.MethodsThis was a non-interventional, multicenter study, with a 6-month retrospective and a 4-week prospective evaluation of hypoglycemic events. Patients completed a questionnaire at baseline and at the end of the study, and also a patient diary. The answers ‘occasionally’ and ‘never’ to the question ‘Do you have symptoms when you have a low sugar level?’ denoted impaired hypoglycemia awareness. Fear was reported on a 10-point scale, from ‘not afraid at all’ to ‘absolutely terrified’.ResultsFrom 679 included patients, 321 with T1DM and 293 T2DM, median age of 33.0 and 62.0 years, 59% and 56% were female, and median diabetes duration was 15.0 and 15.0 years, respectively. Median time of insulin use was 14.0 and 6.0 years. During the prospective period, 91.7% T1DM and 61.8% T2DM patients had at least one hypoglycemic event. In the same period, 54.0% T1DM and 27.4% T2DM patients had nocturnal hypoglycemia, 20.6% T1DM and 10.6% T2DM patients had asymptomatic hypoglycemia, and severe events occurred in 20.0% and 10.3%, respectively. At baseline, 21.4% T1DM and 34.3% T2DM had hypoglycemia unawareness. The mean score of hypoglycemia fear was 5.9 ± 3.1 in T1DM and 5.4 ± 3.9 in T2DM. The most common attitude after hypoglycemic events were to increase calorie intake (60.3%) and blood glucose monitoring (58.0%) and to reduce or skip insulin doses (30.8%).ConclusionsReferred episodes of hypoglycemia were high, in both T1DM and T2DM insulin users. Patient attitudes after hypoglycemia, such as reduction in insulin and increase in calorie intake, can affect diabetes management. These findings may support clinicians in tailoring diabetes education and insulin treatment for patients with diabetes, in order to improve their glycemic control while reducing the risk of hypoglycemic events.

Effect of Combined Chilling and GA3 Treatment on Bud Abortion in Forced ‘Luoyanghong’ Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)

This research investigated the effect of combined chilling and GA3 treatment on bud abortion of tree peony under greenhouse conditions to determine the dynamics of exogenous hormones and chilling effects on bud abortion. Research of such nature will increase the understanding of the effects of GA3 and chilling level on flower development thereby, promoting off-season cultivation techniques in tree peonies to increase production that meets market demand. Hormone and sugar levels in the ‘Luoyanghong’ tree peony were respectively determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometer. Non-potted chilling with 200 mg·L−1 GA3 treatment reduced bud abortion rate. Flowering rate in non-potted chilling with 200 mg·L−1 GA3 plants was 58%, as against 21% in potted chilling plants with 200 mg·L−1 GA3 treatment. Sugar accumulation in retained or aborted flower buds was conversely related to ABA level. Low ABA and high sugar levels were noted in retained buds whereas the reverse induced bud abortion. ABA level apparently inhibited sucrose and reducing sugar uptake in aborted buds whereas GA3 enhanced sucrose uptake in retained buds. GA3 and IAA levels were higher in retained than in aborted buds, which made plants with retained bud more competitive in nutrient uptake (by root) for growth and development. Overall, combined chilling and GA3 treatment enhanced plant growth and development, particularly bud sprouting, growth and flowering.

Nutrient Content of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Eggs and Comparisons Between Experimental Uses

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), has become a major pest. Seven experiments examined the nutrient content of their eggs in the context of female reproductive investment and use for experiments. Among 542 clusters examined, an average egg contained 23.50 ± 0.561 µg lipid, 3.17 ± 0.089 µg glycogen, and 3.08 ± 0.056 µg sugar. Mature eggs within a female’s ovary can make up 61% of her total lipid, 35% of glycogen, and 20% of sugar levels. Eggs obtained from a colony reared on a steady diet are expected to have consistent nutrient content. The age of a parental female only slightly affected the lipid level of oviposited eggs but did not affect glycogen or sugar levels. However, egg nutrient content can differ substantially by the source of the parental females; wild eggs had higher lipid but lower sugar content than colony-produced eggs. Further, the length of time that eggs are frozen influenced egg nutrient content. Freshly laid eggs had higher lipid and lower sugar levels than eggs frozen for 1 or 2 yr. Whether an egg turned grey following removal from cold storage did not affect nutrient content, nor did being frozen within 1 or 3 d of oviposition. The temperature at which eggs were left exposed did not impact egg nutrient content, but glycogen decreased and sugar increased with deployment time. This information combined with how factors affect host selection by natural enemies will help refine future experiments that use BMSB egg clusters.

Cucurbit extrafascicular phloem has strong negative impacts on aphids and is not a preferred feeding site

Cucurbits have long been known to possess two types of phloem: fascicular (FP) within vascular bundles and extrafascicular phloem (EFP) surrounding vascular bundles and scattered through the cortex. Recently, their divergent composition was revealed, with FP having high sugar content consistent with conventional phloem, but EFP having much lower sugar levels and a very different proteome. However, the evolutionary advantages of possessing both FP and EFP have remained unclear. Here, we present four lines of quantitative evidence that together support the hypothesis that FP represents a typical phloem and is an attractive diet for aphids, whereas aphids avoid feeding on EFP. First, aphid stylet track endings were more abundant near the abaxial FP element of minor veins, suggesting a feeding preference for FP over EFP. Second, sugar profiles from stylet exudates were wholly consistent with FP origins, further supporting preference for FP and avoidance of EFP. Third, supplementation of EFP exudate into artificial diets confirmed an aversion to EFP in choice experiments. Finally, EFP exudate had negative effects on aphid performance. On the basis of aphids' inability to thrive on EFP, we conclude that EFP is atypical and perhaps should not be classed as a phloem system.

Phenotypic Characterization and Serotypes Identification of CSF isolates in Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Background and Aim: Bacterial meningitis is a fatal disabling disease which needs prompt antibiotic management. As it causes a significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, every developing country should have accurate information regarding the common etiological agents in bacterial meningitis cases. In the present study, we have serotyped the obtained agents in order to predict the usefulness of existing vaccines against bacterial meningitis. Materials and Methods: Two thousand nineteen cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained prospectively from suspected meningitis from January 2011 to July 2013 out of which 76 cases were approved by cytological, microbiological, molecular, and biochemical analysis as per the standard techniques. The isolated bacteria were serotyped to determine the predominant strain. Results: On the whole, 2019 CSF samples were collected, and bacterial etiology was isolated in 76 cases; S. pneumoniae in 31.5%, N. meningitides in 18.4%, and H. influenza in 10.5% of culture positive samples. Gram stained smears were positive in 63 samples. Among pneumococcal meningitis the most common serotype was 1, (29 %), followed by 19F, (25%), 18F, (8.3%), 6, (16.6%), 14, (12.5%), and 20 (8.3%). Out of the N. meningitidis positive CSF samples, 35.7%, 21.4%, and 35.7%, belonged to serogroups A, C, and W-135, respectively, and one non-groupable isolate were involved as S. pneumoniae meningitis. In the H. influenzae group only serotype b (87.5%), and untypable, 1, (7.5%) cases have been identified. Only 17, (0.8%) soluble antigens were detected from culture negative CSF samples. High protein and low sugar levels associated well with the features of ABM. The mean sugar and protein level in the CSF samples were 22.3 ± 9.8 mg/dl, 85.3 ± 51.29 mg/dl, respectively. Conclusions: The isolation rate of bacteria causing meningitis is 3.8%. Out of the total pneumococcal serotypes three of them were not included in the current vaccine in Ethiopia. Unusual findings and high a proportion of serogroup W-135 meningococci are observed in our study area The role of clinical presentations, routine CSF analysis in the rapid diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in cases of negative gram stained smears and a good knowledge of the bacterial epidemiology of meningitis can serve as a guide to start a rapid treatment as early as possible. Recommendation: the result of this study can be used to improve the existing vaccines to cover the detected serotypes and consequently reduce the incidence of bacterial meningitis.

Comparing Blood Sugar Levels Measured by the Glucometer in Healthy and Crushed Fingers to Predict Gangrene in Tehran, Iran

Background Crushed fingers are one of the most common reasons that patients visit the emergency centers for hand surgery, and based on the level of injury, it can cause many disabilities for patients. It is difficult to decide the treatment strategies (amputation, aggressive revascularization, immediate or delayed complex reconstruction and immediate conservative treatment) for crushed fingers. Objectives The current study aimed to compare the blood sugar (BS) levels measured by the glucometer in healthy and crushed fingers to predict gangrene in patients referred to 15 Khordad Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Methods This cohort study was conducted on 265 patients with crushed fingers referred to the emergency center of 15 Khordad hospital in Tehran, Iran, from March 2015 to March 2016. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucometer in the crushed fingers and in the finger of the opposite side at the same time and measurements were recorded. Data were analyzed using t-test and chi-square test with SPSS software version 22. Results The results showed that 317 crushed fingers of 265 patients were ischemic based on the color, temperature, capillary refill time and pulse oximetry and accordingly the vascular reconstruction was not possible. Of 317 crushed fingers, 61 (19.24%) became gangrene (all with sugar levels lower than 37). The mean BS levels of the amputated and non-amputated fingers were 33.5 ± 1.52 and 111.04 ± 15.27 mg/dL, respectively. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the mean BS level between the patients with amputated and non-amputated fingers (P < 0.001). Conclusions The lower levels of sugar in crushed fingers compared to healthy fingers can help to diagnose gangrene in crushed fingers.

Obesity in children: recent NICE guidance

Despite a levelling off in obesity rates, 3 out of 10 children in England aged 2–15 years were either overweight or obese in 2011.1 Seventy-nine per cent of children who...

Cross-sectional survey of the amount of free sugars and calories in carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages on sale in the UK

ObjectivesTo investigate the free sugars and calorie content of carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (CSSB) available in the main UK supermarkets.Study designWe carried out a cross-sectional survey in 2014 of 169 CSSB.MethodsThe...

Study of incidence, clinical profile and risk factors of neonatal hypoglycemia in a tertiary care hospital

Background: The reported incidence of hypoglycemia varies with its definition. The clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia are nonspecific and similar to those of many disorders in newborn infants. Persistent hypoglycemia is more likely to be associated with possible neurologic sequelae. However, its definition, clinical significance, and management remain controversial. Methods: This prospective observational study was done over a period of 2 years. Babies admitted to Neonatal intensive care unit with whole blood sugar levels <40 mg/dl and fulfilling inclusion criteria were taken up for the study. These babies were subjected to detailed history taking, thorough clinical examination and investigations. The babies were observed for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Results: Neonatal hypoglycemia constituted about 8.26%. Majority of hypoglycemic babies were preterm babies. Asymptomatic hypoglycemia was predominantly noticed in preterm babies (65.21%). Term babies (58.82%) showed more symptoms with hypoglycemia than preterm babies. The major clinical manifestations are jitteriness, lethargy, convulsions and apneic spells. PIH and prematurity are most associated risk factors. Significantly low Sugar levels (p value <0.005) were noticed in symptomatic hypoglycemic babies. Conclusion: Hypoglycemia in neonates can have variable presentations indicating the need for detailed and thorough examination for evidence of hypoglycemia. Identification of risk factors of hypoglycemia and proper monitoring blood glucose levels should be done to plan early treatment and prevent neurological damage.

Lactose, galactose and glucose determination in naturally "lactose free" hard cheese: HPAEC-PAD method validation.

A chromatographic method by HPAEC-PAD was developed and in-house validated for the quantification of low sugar levels in hard cheese, specifically Grana Padano PDO cheese. Particular attention was paid to the extraction procedure, due to residual microbial and enzymatic activities. Specificity in detection and linearity were verified. Recoveries ranged from 93% for lactose to 98% for glucose and galactose. The obtained LOD and LOQ values were, respectively, 0.25 and 0.41mg/100g for lactose, 0.14 and 0.27mg/100g for galactose, and 0.16 and 0.26mg/100g for glucose. The method was applied to 59 samples of Grana Padano PDO cheese: galactose showed the highest concentration and variability among the samples (1.36±0.89), compared to both lactose (0.45±0.12) and glucose (0.46±0.13). Considering the very low levels of sugars detected, authentic PDO Grana Padano could be safely included in the diet of people suffering from lactose intolerance.

Physicochemical characteristics and lipid profile of the bacaba Occurring in the western Amazon

Brazil stands out for its diversity of native palm trees, with about 37 genres and 387 species described. Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. Commonly known as bacabeira, it is an oleaginous fruit, usually eaten by the riverside and indigenous population in the Amazon region. This study aimed to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics and the lipid profile of the eatable part of bacaba, from Pimenta Bueno - RO. It was conducted physical assessments of the length, diameter, and weight. For the physical and chemical analyze it was characterized according to the Total titratable acidity, pH, reducing sugar, non-reducing and total sugar, moisture, total soluble solids, ashes, protein, lipids and fatty acids. The results for titratable acidity was 0,22g/100g of citric acid, pH 5,83, reducing sugar 4,64g /100g of glucose, total sugar 4,75g /100g of glucose, moisture 30,36%, total soluble solids 69,63g/100g, ashes 1,53g/100g, protein 4,61g/100g, lipids 21,02g/100g. The results demonstrated that the main components of the eatable parts from bacaba are lipids with lower levels of sugar and proteins, making it possible to classify bacaba as a fruit with high oleaginous content slightly acid and low moisture. Bacaba oil showed greater abundance of fatty acid oleic, the main constituent of olive oil. Therefore, considering the obtained data from this study with the nutritional and sensory characteristics described in the literature related to the similarities to the olive oil, the bacaba oil inserted into the feeding to replace the olive oil and other vegetable oils as a source of omega 9.