Low Levels Of Self-confidence Research Articles

Anxiety towards Statistics and Its Relationship with Students' Attitudes and Learning Approach.

Many university students have difficulties when facing statistics related tasks, leading to an increase in their levels of anxiety and poor performance. Researchers have identified negative attitudes towards statistics, which have been shaped through students’ secondary education experience, as a major driver for their failure. In this study we want to uncover the causal recipes of attitudes leading to high and low levels of anxiety in secondary education students, and the role that the learning approach plays in these relationships. We used fuzzy sets comparative qualitative analysis (fsQCA) in a sample of 325 students surveyed on the multifactorial scale of attitudes toward statistics (MSATS) and the revised two factor study process questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F). The results indicate that, respectively, a high or a low level of self-confidence is the most important and a sufficient condition by itself for achieving a low or a high level of anxiety, while the learning approaches and other attitudes are only present in other causal combinations that represent a small number of cases.

Strategi Peningkatan Keterampilan Bahasa Inggris Pelaku Wisata Di Desa Wisata Tista, Kerambitan, Tabanan

English communication is a problem faced by the human resources involved in the tourism activities in Desa Wisata Tista, Kerambitan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency, Bali. However, there had been no research that identified English problems. Then, this research was done to (1) identify the problem faced by the human resources involved in tourism activities in Desa Wisata Tista, Kerambitan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency, Bali and (2) finding out the proper and suitable English learning strategies to improve the English mastery of the human resources involved in the tourism activities in Desa Wisata Tista, Kerambitan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency, Bali. The data used in this research were gained through interviews, observation, and literature studies. The data were analyzed qualitatively. The results of the analysis reveal that (1) the numbers of the human resources who can speak English is limited, (2) the lack of speaking skills using English, (3) the lack of English vocabulary they have, and (4) low level of self-confidence to communicate in English. These problems can be overcome by implementing several strategies, namely (1) memory strategy, (2) cognitive strategy, (3) affective strategy and (4) social strategy. Based on the identification, the managers can conduct English course for the community. Keywords: English Communication, English Learning Strategies, English Communication Problems, English for Tourism Workers

KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS SISWA DIKAJI DARI SELF CONFIDENCE

The purpose of this research is to describe the mathematical communication skills of students assessed from self confidence in the material system of two-variable linear equations in SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Pontianak. The method in this research is descriptive research method with survey research. The sample of the research were the students of IX A SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Pontianak. Research subjects were 28 students. From the results of the self confidence questionnaire, obtained data of 6 students having a low level of self confidence and 22 students having a high level of self confidence. In addition to administering questionnaires, students were also given mathematical communication skills test and interview questions. From the results of tests and interviews obtained written mathematical communication skills of subjects with low levels of self confidence can fulfill one of the four indicators of mathematical communication skills. While the verbal mathematical communication skills of subjects with low self confidence levels can fulfill two of the four indicators of mathematical communication skills. In addition, subjects with high levels of self confidence can fulfill all indicators of mathematical communication skills both in writing and verbal.Keywords: Mathematical Communication, Self Confidence

Capturing a Moment in Time: A Survey of School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists' Experiences in the Immediate Aftermath of the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency

Purpose Data collected by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association in the spring of 2020 showed that most speech-language pathologists (SLPs) experienced a moderate to major impact on their work practices as a result of the COVID-19 public health emergency. This study focused on gaining a deeper understanding of the experiences of school-based SLPs at this unique moment in time. Method This study involved a survey of 280 school-based SLPs working across the United States in May 2020. The results of the survey were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to identify key themes and trends related to participants' confidence levels, workload changes, and personal challenges. Results Results indicated that SLPs faced variation in the guidance, communication, and resources they were provided by employers and variations regarding the timelines and expectations for the pivot from traditional face-to-face school services to remote services. Few SLPs had previous experience with teletherapy, and many reported low levels of self-confidence and large increases in their workload. Additionally, SLPs faced high levels of stress in their personal lives. Conclusions Despite the challenges faced, participants largely reported they were able to adapt with the support of the SLP community. Participants reported concerns regarding the relative success of their students under new service delivery models, especially for students from disadvantaged groups, and worries regarding future legal challenges. This study identifies key issues to consider with respect to speech-language services in schools as the COVID-19 public health emergency continues to unfold.

الثقـــة بالنفـــس لـدى طــالبــات الجـامعــة ذوات اضطــرابـــات النطـــق والــکلام Self confidence among university students with speech and speech articulation disorders

هدفت الدراسة لمعرفة الثقة بالنفس لدى بعض الطالبات الجامعيات ذوات اضطرابات النطق والکلام، ويتضمن ذلک فحص العوامل الکامنة وراء تدنى مستوى الثقة بالنفس لديهم والتي تؤدى إلي إيجاد حلول ممکنة لمعالجة الظواهر النفسية المرتبطة بانخفاض کل من مستوى اللغة المنطوقة والثقة بالنفس نتيجة لوجود اضطرابات في النطق والکلام مما يزيد من فعالية هذه الفئة علي التواصل اجتماعيا وتحصيليا ويسهم بتقديم الدعم النفسي للجهود الرامية إلى علاج وتأهيل هذه الفئة، وسوف يستخدم في الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، وتتکون العينة النهائية للدراسة من (20) طالبة تتراوح أعمارهن من (19 – 22) عاما موزعات وفق ما يلي (10) طالبات يعانون من اضطرابات في النطق والکلام بناء على تشخيصهم طبيا، (10) من الطالبات العاديات طبق عليهم جميعا مقياس ستانفورد - بينية (الصورة الخامسة)، ومقياس جودة النطق والکلام (إعداد الباحثة)، واختبار نمو وظائف اللغة إعداد الرفاعي (2009)، ومقياس الثقة بالنفس (إعداد الباحثة)، وأسفرت النتائج عن تنمية اللغة المنطوقة والثقة بالنفس لدى طالبات الجامعة المضطربات في النطق والکلام من خلال عدة عوامل تتمثل في (التواصل اللغوي، التواصل الاجتماعي، الثقة بالنفس، القدرة على حل المشکلات، الشعور بالرضا النفسي)، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الطالبات المضطربات والعاديات في اتجاه العاديات، ويمکن التنبؤ بمستوى الثقة بالنفس لدى مضطربات النطق والکلام من خلال درجة اضطراب النطق The aim of the study was to find the self-confidence of some university students with speech and language disorders. This includes examining the factors behind their low level of self-confidence which lead to finding possible solutions to the psychological phenomena associated with low level of spoken language and self-confidence due to speech and language disorders. The effectiveness of this group on social communication and achievement and contribute to provide psychological support for efforts to treat and qualify this category, will use the study will use descriptive method, and the final sample of the study consists of (20) students aged 19-22 years (10) students suffering from disorders of speech and language based on their medical diagnosis, (10) of the normal students will be applied to them all Stanford - Intermediate (the Fifth picture), and the quality of speech and language (researcher preparation), and test the growth of jobs The results have proven the development of spoken language and self-confidence among university students who are troubled by speech and language through several factors (linguistic communication, social communication, self-confidence, ability to solve problems, Feeling of psychological satisfaction), and there are significant differences counted Vision among students with impairments and regular students in the direction of regular students, and predictable level of self-confidence in the students speech and language impairments through the degree of disorder pronunciation.

Analysis of pre-competitive state anxiety levels in artistic gymnastics athletes

Anxiety can be assessed from the perspective of three dimensions: somatic anxiety refers to physiological changes, cognitive anxiety associated with the degree of worry or negative thoughts, and self-confidence is related to a belief in facing a challenge. The study aimed to identify pre-competitive state anxiety levels in artistic gymnastics athletes, to compare pre-competitive anxiety levels of these participants between age groups and their competitive experience levels. 115 female artistic gymnastics athletes were analyzed, with a mean age of 13.61 ± 2.12 years. The results demonstrate that in the analysis of the three dimensions, there was a statistically significant difference only in the dimension Self-confidence (p=0.012). In the pairwise comparison, Self-Confidence showed a statistically significant difference in the 16-19 years and 13-15 years groups and also in the 16-19 years and 9-12 years groups. In the variable competitive experience, we can also notice a statistically significant difference in national competitions between groups 9-12 and 16-19. It can be concluded that the athletes participating in the older age group have lower self-confidence levels compared to the other groups. These results indicate that the older the athletes, the greater their concern with their performance, fear of failure and expectation of performance, leading to low levels of self-confidence.

Cognitive failure susceptibility and personality: Self-directedness predicts everyday cognitive failure

Susceptibility to everyday cognitive failure is often assessed in clinical and vocational settings to estimate the effectiveness of interventions or to predict performance and performance decline in stressful situations. Comparatively little is known about the relationship between cognitive failure susceptibility as quantified by the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) and personality factors. We examined the relationships between the CFQ and the seven personality dimensions as assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Through regression analyses with out-of-sample prediction in two samples, we explained around 18% of the variance in cognitive failure from personality scores. We established the character trait self-directedness as the main inversely related predictor of everyday cognitive failure. High cognitive failure thus seems to reflect low levels of self-confidence, self-acceptance, and responsibility for one's own actions which are the key aspects of self-directedness. This result provides evidence for the previously stated ‘complaint’ hypothesis that cognitive failure results from a poor self-image rather than a vulnerability to stress.

Entrepreneurial Behavioural Characteristics of Tribal Livestock Farmers in Kolhan Region of Jharkhand

The entrepreneurship is a critical input of socio-economic development of society. The entrepreneurs not only bring economic change in financial system but also socially and culturally. In present study, an attempt was made to understand entrepreneurial behavioral characteristics of tribal livestock farmers. For this purpose two districts were purposively selected viz; East Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan in Kolhan region of Jharkhand state (India). From these two district further four blocks viz; Potka and Patamda of East Singhbhum, Gamharia and Kharsawan of Saraikela-Kharsawan were also randomly selected. The data were collected using structured interview schedule from 120 randomly selected farmers. The results of the study revealed that respondents were found to possess medium level of decision making ability (57.50%), risk taking ability (52.50%), achievement motivation (44.33%), level of knowledge (51.66%), leadership ability (44.16%) and cosmopoliteness (49.16%) innovativeness (64.16%), planning ability (48.33%). However, it was observed that majority of the farmers had low level of self confidence (41.66%). Majority of farmers had high information sources utilization (44.17%) and medium level of aspiration (60.83%) which was found to influence entrepreneurial behavior of the farmers. Entrepreneurship development programme based on the attributes identified in the study would further boost entrepreneurial interest of the state in future.

“Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Emotional Maturity of Employees at Resin Manufacturing Organizations”

The present study investigated the Emotional Intelligence Impact on Emotional Maturity of Employees in the Manufacturing Industry. 100 employees from the Manufacturing Industry from Munbai and Navi Mumbai area were chosen for the present study. Simple Random Sampling Technique was used to select the samples for the study. The findings of the study reported that there is positive Association among Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Maturity of Employee in manufacturing organizations. The Employees who are emotionally mature show high level of self-confidence while Employees who are Emotionally Immature show low level of self-confidence. There are three psychological dimension related to Emotional Intelligence which include Emotional Competency, Emotional Sensitivity as well as Emotional Maturity. All these three factors guide a person in handling the complex dynamics of human behaviour in a better way. For the present study an extensive well designed questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from the manufacturing industry employees. Also various HR departments from the same manufacturing industries were approached in order to collect the secondary data.

Sınıf Öğretmenlerinin Beden Eğitimi ve Oyun Dersi Öğretimindeki Güven Seviyelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı sınıf öğretmenlerinin beden eğitimi ve oyun dersi öğretimi sırasındaki güven seviyelerinin araştırılmasıdır. Buna ek olarak; cinsiyet, okutulan sınıf ve hizmet yılı gibi faktörlerin öğretmenlerin güven seviyesine etkisi olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya Ankara’nın Çankaya ilçesinde görev yapan 320 (147 Kadın ve 173 Erkek) sınıf öğretmeni gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sınıf öğretmenlerinin beden eğitimi ve oyun dersi öğretimi sırasındaki güven seviyelerini ölçmek için Spittle, Watt ve Spittle (2011) tarafından geliştirilen ve Türkçeye adapte edilen 6’lı likert yapıya sahip, 2 alt boyutlu (yönetim ve planlama becerileri, spor becerileri öğretimi) kendine güven ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Sınıf öğretmenlerin ders öğretimi sırasındaki kendilerine güven seviyesi orta düzeyde bulunmuştur (X=4.00, SS=0.95). Öğretmenlerin beden eğitimi ve oyun dersindeki yönetim ve planlama becerileri konusundaki güven seviyeleri (X=4.24, SS=0.93), spor becerileri öğretimi (X=3.23, SS= 1.29) konusundaki güven seviyesinden daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Kadın ve erkek sınıf öğretmenlerinin beden eğitimi ve oyun dersindeki güven seviyeleri arasında anlamlı bir fark çıkmamıştır. Öğretmenlerin hizmet yılı (Wilks’λ= .969, F (6, 630) = 1.65, p > .05) ve okuttukları sınıf düzeyi (Wilks’ λ= .987, F (6, 632) = .682, p > .05) ile bu dersin öğretimi sırasındaki kendine güven seviyeleri arasında da anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Farklı branşlara yönelik spor öğretim becerileri konusunda sınıf öğretmenlerine hizmet içi eğitimlerin verilmesi, yönetim ve planlama konusunda öğretmenlere alan uzmanları yardımı ile destek sağlanması dersin etkinliğinin artırılması için yararlı olacaktır.

Dysfunctional coping is related to impaired skin‐related quality of life and psychological distress in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 with major skin involvement

Low skin-related quality of life (QoL) is usually associated with low levels of self-confidence and self-esteem and with high levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. The way patients cope with a physical disease impacts significantly on their psychosocial adjustment to the disorder and on their emotional functioning. To explore how coping strategies, skin-related QoL, psychological distress and self-esteem interact in a sample of individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Seventy-two adult patients with NF1 completed the following questionnaires: Coping Orientation to Problem Experiences (COPE), Skindex-29, Padua Skin-Related QoL questionnaire (PSRQ), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-X2 form (STAI-X2), Depression Questionnaire (DQ) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The k-modes algorithm was used to identify clusters of patients based on four variables: sex, NF1 severity, number and distribution of cutaneous neurofibromas. Individuals in different clusters were compared with regard to their scores; correlations between scores were analysed within each cluster. Two main clusters were identified: individuals in Cluster 1 had a larger number and more widespread distribution of neurofibromas compared with Cluster 2. Patients in Cluster 1 scored higher only on several PSRQ and Skindex-29 scales. Among patients in Cluster 1, the COPE 'avoidance strategies' scale was significantly correlated with the PSRQ 'physical distress and impairments' scale, the Skindex-29 'physical symptoms' and 'functioning' scales, the STAI-X2, the DQ and the RSES. Patients with major skin involvement have reduced skin-related QoL. Among them, current findings tentatively suggest that the higher the use of dysfunctional coping, the more impaired are QoL, psychological distress and self-esteem. What's already known about this topic? Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) can affect the quality of life (QoL) in adolescent and adult patients. Low skin-related QoL is usually associated with low levels of self-confidence and self-esteem and with high levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. Questionnaires evaluating skin-related QoL, anxiety, depression, self-esteem and coping are available. What does this study add? Patients with a large number and a widespread distribution of cutaneous neurofibromas have reduced skin-related QoL compared with patients with minor skin involvement. The newly developed Padua Skin-Related QoL questionnaire allows the simultaneous evaluation of discomfort and comfort skin-related QoL dimensions in patients with NF1. Among patients with major skin involvement, the higher the use of dysfunctional coping, the more impaired are skin-related QoL, psychological distress and self-esteem. Our data suggest that patients with NF1 with major skin involvement who endorse dysfunctional beliefs about their own coping abilities might benefit from psychological counselling and coping skills treatments aiming to both improve perceived self-efficacy and learn more adaptive coping strategies.

Evaluating the implementation of English communication therapy (ECT): An objective structured clinical assessment (OSCA) approach

This study is aimed at evaluating the implementation of the English Communication Therapy (ECT) instructional program oriented to the Objective Structured Clinical Assessment (OSCA) for the students of the D-3 Nursing Study Program at STIKES Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah, Cilacap. Three research problems are put forward concerning (1) the fit of the program in terms of the variables context, input, process, and product; (2) obstacles faced by students; and (3) attainment of the ECT learning objectives. The study is evaluation research using the qualitative and quantitative CIPP model. The research subjects are 168 students of the Nursing Study Program of STIKES Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah. Data were collected using interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The findings show that (1) evaluation of the four variables of context, input, process, and product shows that ECT can be stated as in the good or fit category; (2) main obstacles faced by students are lack of vocabulary and low level of self-confidence; and (3) students are able to achieve the passing grade of 74 at each station on the competency of English speaking about nursing matters.

Effect of Consumer Self-Confidence and Previous Experience on Information Source Preference

Despite the importance of personal factors in information search behaviour, very few researches have been conducted that explore the influence of personal characteristics such as consumer self-confidence on information source preference in the Indian context. To fill the gap, this study aims to investigate the information source preference of Indian consumers. After analysing quantitative data from a cross-sectional survey of 527 Indian consumers, we have revealed several interesting findings. Consumer's utilisation of internal search is significantly different as per the level of previous experience in case of goods but not in the case of services. In addition, consumers, high in self-confidence, are more likely to search for information from different sources as compared to consumers who have a low level of self-confidence. The study contributes to the existing literature of consumer behaviour in the Indian context.

Effect of consumer self-confidence and previous experience on information source preference

Despite the importance of personal factors in information search behaviour, very few researches have been conducted that explore the influence of personal characteristics such as consumer self-confidence on information source preference in the Indian context. To fill the gap, this study aims to investigate the information source preference of Indian consumers. After analysing quantitative data from a cross-sectional survey of 527 Indian consumers, we have revealed several interesting findings. Consumer's utilisation of internal search is significantly different as per the level of previous experience in case of goods but not in the case of services. In addition, consumers, high in self-confidence, are more likely to search for information from different sources as compared to consumers who have a low level of self-confidence. The study contributes to the existing literature of consumer behaviour in the Indian context.

The Correlation between Speaking Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and Speaking Achievement of Undergraduate EFL Students of Private University in Palembang

Speaking in a foreign language can be influenced by such psychological aspects as anxiety and self-confidence. The students who have high level of anxiety, worry, fear and low level of self-confidence in foreign language classes may have difficulties in developing their speaking ability. The objective of this research was to find out whether there was a significant correlation between students’ speaking anxiety, self-confidence, and their speaking achievement. The research used correlation design. The data were collected through interviews that were scored by two raters and two questionnaires that were administered to fifth semester students (n = 28) from a Teacher and Training Faculty in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational analysis. The results indicated that speaking anxiety has no significant correlation with speaking achievement. Self-confidence has a significant correlation with speech achievement (p = .01). That is, students with self-confidence have higher achievement. So, it is important for teachers and lecturers to encourage students and practice speaking English in front of class, especially to improve the self-confidence when the students are communicating in English.

Level of Self-confidence among Female Students of Hail University in Saudi Arabia in Relationship with some Variables

This study aimed to detect the level of self-confidence among female students of Hail University, and whether there were significant differences at the level of the students' self-confidence attributed to the variables of age and specialization. The study sample, which was randomly selected, consisted of 802 students from various disciplines at the university (medicine, engineering, psychology, and Islamic culture) enrolled for the second semester of the academic year (2015/2016). To achieve the objectives of the study a confidence Scale developed by Kawasmeh and Farah (1996). The scale was checked for its validity and reliability. The statistical package SPSS was used to extract the results. Results of the study revealed a low level of self-confidence for the students of the university, whereas there were no statistically significant differences due to the variables of age and specialization.
 Keywords: Self-confidence, Students of Hail University, Saudi Arabia, Some variables.

Impact of reduction mammaplasty on sexuality in patients with macromastia and their partners

Women with breast hypertrophy often experience a number of physical symptoms and psychological difficulties. The breasts are very important for the psychological well-being of women, which might be affected negatively because of breast size and shape distortions. Self-body dissatisfaction and, in this background, the breasts can lead to low levels of self-confidence and self-esteem, which might affect sexuality. Thirty-five women with macromastia and their partners were evaluated for their sexual function and surgery satisfaction before and 6 months following reduction mammaplasty. Physical status and sexual satisfaction were assessed using a questionnaire. In addition, the sexual function of the women and their partners was evaluated using the Index of Female Sexual Function (IFSF) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). There was a significant improvement in the mean IFSF and IIEF scores after surgery in both patients and their partners. In addition, patients expressed high levels of satisfaction with the results of surgery in terms of physical and psychological scores. Reduction breast surgery has a positive impact on the health status and psychological function as well as on the sexual activity of patients and their partners.

Barriers and Challenges of Female Adult Students Enrolled in Higher Education: A Literature Review

<p>The present study is a review of the literature concerning the barriers and challenges of female adult students enrolled in colleges and universities in the United States. Findings indicated that the commitments of multiple roles, lower level of self-confidence, and insufficient family and social support were the most significant variables related to the barriers and challenges of this population. Suggestions and implications of assisting this student group are discussed. The purpose of the current study is to raise people’s awareness and to understand the difficulties female adult students endure. It is also expected that family, peers, schools, and communities will offer more help to this special student group.</p>

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ДУХОВНО-НРАВСТВЕННОГО САМОСОЗНАНИЯ ЛИЧНОСТИ ПЕДАГОГОВ

The issue of the spiritual and ethical aspect of a personality turns out to be one of the most important and is caused, first of all, by massive and global changes in the Russian society in common and of each person in particular. This work studies and analyzes peculiarities of spiritual and ethical self-awareness of teachers. The significance of the topic is closely connected with dynamic changes of the Russian educational system, which leads to the changes in the system of perception and self-awareness of all the entities of the educational process: students, their parents, and teachers. The authors use I.V. Ezhov’s methodology of the personality spiritual and ethical self-awareness research in their work. The sample involved 61 teachers working at secondary schools of Togliatti. The paper reveals psychological peculiarities of spiritual and ethical self-awareness of the teacher personality, such as responsibility, purposefulness, empathy, spiritual and ethical focusing in their activity and interaction with other people, low level of self-confidence and self-reliance, external determination of their personal and professional development. The authors specify and analyze each component of teachers’ spiritual and ethical self-awareness: cognitive-ontological, motivational-value, relation-behavioral, and self-esteem. Moreover, the types of teachers’ self-awareness are characterized based on the dominating idea of the subjective “I”: ego-pragmatic self-awareness, spiritual self-awareness of the personality, and religious self-awareness of the personality. The teachers participating in this research have demonstrated spiritual self-awareness of the personality as the dominating type of spiritual and ethical self-awareness. Ego-pragmatic self-awareness is represented to a less extent. The analysis of the age peculiarities of teachers’ spiritual and ethical self-awareness allowed the authors to reveal the changes in components of the personality spiritual and ethical self-awareness depending on the age and professional experience.

Predictors of trauma in bank employee robbery victims.

In the literature, there are many studies that have investigated the psychological reactions resulting from traumatic events of varying degrees, such as wars, natural disasters, and acts of violence. Few, however, are the searches performed on employees who are victims of robbery. We carried out a research to assess the psychological reactions of 644 bank employees who had been victims of robbery, especially with regard to the possible development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the variables pre-, peri-, and postrobbery trauma in relation to the development of psychopathological symptoms. The exploration of the reactions after the robbery was carried out on 644 employees of a banking institution, present throughout the national territory, through a survey, consisting of a general description of the event, the Impact of Event Scale Revised-6 scale, and the General Health Questionnaire-12, during the days after the robbery. The analysis showed that the development of pretrauma variables is not significant and that peritrauma variables are partially significant. In particular, being directly involved in the robbery, the thought of being hurt, and the feeling of intense fear are associated with posttraumatic symptoms. Finally, among the posttrauma variables, anxiety and depression played a major role. Surprisingly, a lower level of self-confidence seems to be related negatively to the PTSD symptomatology.