Low Parental Education Level Research Articles

Parent report of early lexical production in bilingual children: a cross-linguistic CDI comparison

ABSTRACTThis paper compared the vocabulary size of a group of 250 bilinguals aged 24–36 months acquiring six different language pairs using an analogous tool, and attempted to identify factors that influence vocabulary sizes and ultimately place children at risk for language delay. Each research group used adaptations of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences and a specially designed developmental and language background questionnaire to gather information on risk factors for language impairment, demographic and language exposure variables. The results showed a wide range in vocabulary development which could be somewhat attributed to mothers’ education status, parental concerns about language development and amount of exposure to the second language. We looked at those children performing below the 10th and above the 90th percentile to determine what factors were related to their vocabulary size. Features of the entire group of lower performing children were fewer than 50 words and the absence of two-word combinations by 24 months, lower levels of parental education and parental concerns about language development. The implications for identifying bilingual children at risk for language impairment as well as the language enrichment that might be needed for young bilinguals are outlined.

Individual and contextual determinants of perceived peer smoking prevalence among adolescents in six European cities

BackgroundYoung people perceiving a high peer smoking prevalence are more likely to initiate smoking. It is unclear which factors contribute to perceived peer smoking prevalence and if these factors vary according to education. This study aimed to assess the determinants of perceived smoking prevalence and assessed its variation at school and country-level. MethodsData of 10,283 14–17-year-old students in 50 secondary schools in six European cities were derived from the 2013 SILNE survey. The outcome was the perceived smoking prevalence score among peers at school (0–10 scale, 10 represented 100% smoking prevalence). Multilevel linear regression models estimated the associations of factors with perceived prevalence score and variance at school and country-levels. Analyses were also stratified by academic achievement of the adolescent and parental education. ResultsDeterminants of a higher perceived prevalence score were female sex, ever smoking, having friends who smoke, low academic achievement, low parental educational level, and higher actual prevalence of smoking in the school. The perceived prevalence score was not associated with school policies or with the availability of cigarettes near the school. Determinants were very similar across levels of academic achievement and parental education. Perceived prevalence scores substantially varied between schools and countries: 10% and 11% of total variance was related to schools and countries respectively. ConclusionAcross educational levels, perceptions of peer smoking are strongly determined by both individual characteristics and school and national contexts. Future studies should assess why perceived smoking prevalence varies between schools and countries and identify modifiable factors.

Abusive Head Trauma in Turkey and Impact of Multidisciplinary Team Establishment Efforts on Case Finding and Management: Preliminary Findings

AIM: Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the most common cause of death as the result of child abuse. A task force is planned to provide training on AHT to professionals in different disciplines on clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and organization of multidisciplinary evaluation at the hospital and community levels. This study reports on the preliminary findings of the pre-intervention phase of a larger study. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, retrospective study exploring the rates of documentation of relevant data in charts, including risk factors for abuse, family demographics, completeness of diagnostic workup, and case finding. Results: Overall, 345 cases were found in hospital databases that were eligible for the retrospective study from 10 participating hospitals. In total, 305 cases (88.4%) were younger than 2 years of age. The most common documented risk factors were low parental education level in 82 families (23.8%), more than three children under 7 years of age in 76 families (22.0%), and bad child temper in 16 families (4.6%), among others. The rate of complete diagnostic workup in hospitals with a multidisciplinary team (MDT) (25.7%) was statistically significantly higher than in hospitals without an MDT (2.9%) (p=0.001). Etiology was identified as inflicted in 78 cases (22.6%), possibly inflicted in 24 (7.0%), undetermined in 79 (22.9%), and accidental in 164 (47.5%) by the researchers, compared to only three cases (0.8%) diagnosed as inflicted by the treating physicians (p Conclusion: Clinicians' knowledge of the diagnosis of AHT should be increased to improve case finding, which will allow determination of more accurate incidence/prevalence. This can be accomplished via the establishment of an MDT in teaching hospitals as well as staff training on how to recognize suspicious cases, how to utilize MDT services, and how to report and manage cases on a community level multidisciplinary basis. Language: en

인터넷 사용목적에 따른 인터넷 과다 사용 청소년들의 일반적 특성과 건강수준 및 건강행태의 차이

Objectives: This study aimed to identify general characteristics of health status and health behavior of adolescents in accordance with their purposes with internet. Methods: Based on Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey (KYRBS) in 2014, a total of 57,333 adolescents who had used internet were examined in this study. Results: Users for non-academic purposes were associated with male, low grades, low education level of parents, low income level, being apart from parents, being without any consulting partners, being with one parent families, low perceived health status, the experience suicidal ideation and negative health behavior such as alcohol and tobacco. In particular, these trends were appeared strongly by internet users for the purpose of the non-academic purposes. Male among high grades is shown to be mostly Academic internet users and they were more likely to have problems with some health behaviors such as exercise frequency and smoking. Conclusions: Target population should be internet users for only non-academic purposes to prevent internet addiction of adolescents. Internet addiction prevention program should be provided in terms of mental health and problematic behavior. Additionally, health behavior of internet over user for only academic purposes should be concerned.

Prognostic Factors for Poor Cognitive Development in Children Born Very Preterm or With Very Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review.

Cognitive delay is the most common form of impairment among children born very preterm (VPT) at 32 weeks or less or with very low birth weight (VLBW) of 1250 g or less. It is important to identify factors that are robust predictors of long-term outcome because the ability to predict future prognosis will assist in health care and educational service planning and provision. To identify prognostic factors for poor cognitive development in children born VPT or with VLBW. A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PyscINFO databases to identify studies published between January 1, 1990, and June 1, 2014, reporting multivariable prediction models for neurodevelopment in VPT or VLBW children. Thirty-one studies comprising 98 risk factor models for cognitive outcome were identified. Two independent reviewers extracted key information on study design, outcome definition, risk factor selection, model development, and reporting and conducted a risk-of-bias assessment. There was evidence that male sex, nonwhite race/ethnicity, lower level of parental education, and lower birth weight were predictive of global cognitive impairment in children younger than 5 years. In older children, only the influence of parental education was sustained. Male sex was also predictive of language impairment in early infancy, but not in middle childhood. Gestational age was a poor predictor of cognitive outcome, probably because of a reduced discriminatory power in cohorts restricted to a narrow gestational age range. The prognostic value of neonatal brain injury was unclear; however, studies adopted mixed strategies for managing children with physical or neurosensory disability. The influence of perinatal risk factors on cognitive development of VPT or VLBW children appears to diminish over time as environmental factors become more important. It is difficult to isolate cognitive outcomes from motor and neurosensory impairment, and the strategy for dealing with untestable children has implications for risk prediction.

Prevalence, correlates, and associated psychological problems of substance use in Korean adolescents.

BackgroundSubstance use among Korean adolescents has been increasing, but little is known about the correlates of substance use in this population. Identification of the correlates is required for development of preventive approaches that aim to reduce or eliminate risk. Therefore, we examined the prevalence and correlates of substance use including psychological problems in a nationwide sample of Korean adolescents.MethodsData from the 2014 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, collected from 72,060 adolescents aged 12–18 years (mean age 14.94 ± 1.75 years), were analyzed. Participants’ lifetime experiences with substances (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) were assessed. Participants’ perceived stress, depressive mood, and suicidality during the previous 12 months were also investigated.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence estimates of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use were 43.0, 19.9, and 0.4 % of the participants, respectively. The most commonly used illicit drugs were inhalants. Older age, male gender, non-residence with family, low parental educational level and socio-economic status, and low academic achievement were positively and significantly associated with substance use. Substance (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug) use was positively and significantly associated with severe stress, depressive mood, and suicidality during the previous 12 months, with the highest odds ratios obtained from illicit drug use.ConclusionsThese results indicate that the use of substances (alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs) among Korean adolescents is associated with socially disadvantaged families, psychological problems, and risky behavior. Health education including dependency prevention programs is needed for these high-risk groups.

Why Do So Many Children of Immigrants Attend University? Evidence for Canada

The children of Canadian immigrants from some source regions, Asia, Africa and China in particular, attend university at extraordinarily high rates. Most others participate at lower rates, but still compare favourably with non-immigrant Canadians. In this paper the Youth in Transition Survey is used to analyse the role of various background factors on these outcomes, including parental education, family income, parental expectations, high school grades, and PISA test scores. To some degree, the children of immigrants go to university because they have higher levels of the background attributes associated with university attendance, parental education in particular. But by allowing these effects to vary by immigrant group, this research finds that the high immigrant university participation rates are largely driven by those possessing “unfavourable” characteristics (low levels of parental education in particular) attending university in spite of these apparent disadvantages.

Are children born through Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) having a lower intelligence quotient?

Abstract Background: There is still concern about delayed mental development for children born through Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). In the present study, the intelligence quotient (IQ) of ICSI children at the age of 5–6 years was compared with that of the control group of naturally born (NB) children. Outcome measure: Full-scale IQ of the mental development in children born through ICSI in 5–6 years. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Fatemehzahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center of Babol – Iran. Participants: 28 live-birth singleton children 5–6 years of the first generation born after ICSI treatment. Methods: The mental development of 28 born through ICSI children at 5–6 years compared with 32 naturally born children as control using intelligence quotient (IQ) test obtained from the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) (Iranian version). Results: The mean full-scale IQ was 105.9 ± 14 for ICSI and 107.2 ± 12.9 for NB children which showed no significant difference. The only significant possible predictors of slightly lower full-scale IQ in ICSI children were lower parental education level and longer childcare in day center. Conclusion: Our finding provides some reassurance for parents of children born through ICSI regarding the child’s preschool IQ.

Levels of Urbanization and Parental Education in Relation to the Mortality Risk of Young Children.

Background: The establishment of the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan in 1995 effectively removed the financial barrier to access health care services of Taiwanese people. This population-based cohort study aimed to determine the independent and joint effects of parental education and area urbanization on the mortality risk among children under the universal health insurance coverage in Taiwan since 1995. Methods: We linked 1,501,620 births from 1996 to 2000 to the Taiwan Death Registry to estimate the neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality rates, according to the levels of parental education and urbanization of residential areas. We used a logistic regression model that considers data clustering to estimate the independent and joint effects. Results: Lower levels of parental education and area urbanization exerted an independent effect of mortality on young children, with a stronger magnitude noted for areas with lower levels of urbanization. Children whose parents had lower levels of education and who were born in areas with lower levels of urbanization experienced the highest risk for neonatal (odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.46–1.76), infant (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.48–1.70), and under-five (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.61–1.82) mortality. Conclusions: Even with universal health insurance coverage, lower levels of area urbanization and parental education still exerted independent and joint effects on mortality in young children. This finding implies the inadequate accessibility to health care resources for children from socially disadvantaged families and less urbanized areas.

Profile of Social, Environmental and Biological Correlates in Intellectual Disability in A Resource-Poor Setting in India.

Background:Intellectual disability (ID) is a major public health issue in India. Social, environmental and biological factors all contribute to the nation's high rate of ID.Objective:We aimed to investigate the distribution, differences and the association of social, environmental and biological factors with different types of ID in a mixed (tribal and non-tribal) population in India.Materials and Methods:Secondary data was collected during a community-based rehabilitation project and analyzed with descriptive statistics: Frequency, percentage and χ2.Results:Poverty, low levels of parental education and a family history of epilepsy and ID were all associated in both tribal and non-tribal populations (P < 0.05).Conclusion:The outcome of this study may be helpful in planning public health initiatives that aim to reduce the burden of ID in mixed populations.

Risk and Marginalization in the Norwegian Welfare Society: a National Cohort Study of Child Welfare Involvement

This study provided a comprehensive investigation of sociodemographic background characteristics of Norwegian families involved in child welfare services (CWS) during either of the two periods 1993–1999 or 2001–2007 and examined how the strong client growth over this period was accompanied by changes in client characteristics. Child welfare clients in two distinct age groups were considered: 0–5 and 13–18 years. Data were drawn from Norwegian longitudinal population registers, and records of CWS involvement for the period 1993–2007. Each birth cohort was evaluated for differences in sociodemographic background through the use of bivariate cross-tab analyses. The unique contribution of each background factor to the odds of CWS involvement was estimated through logistic regression. Separate regression models were constructed for child welfare involvement during pre-school years (0–5) and adolescence (13–18). The results indicated distinct sociodemographic differences between child welfare clients and the general child population throughout the sample and revealed that CWS involvement risk increased with single parent status, number of children born of the mother, low parental educational level, non-Western ethnic background, household income below the poverty line, low maternal age at first birth and age. The findings also indicated a distinct decrease in the statistical influence of most parental risk factors with increasing age and increasing, although relatively moderate differences between CWS clients and the general population from the first to the second period - above all in parental education and ethnic origin.

One more year of schooling or work: Grade-transition and child labor in rural Bangladesh

This paper aims to identify the main factors hindering the achievement of universal primary education (Millennium Development Goal 2) for children in Rural Bangladesh using a large household survey data. It empirically examine factors affecting the grade-transition and the labor force participation of children aged 7-14 years in rural Bangladesh using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 3 2005-2006 data. It addresses following important questions: (i) effects of family background and resources and child-specific characteristics on the grade-transition and child labor and (ii) whether these effects vary across grade levels. It uses the bivariate probit model to jointly estimate the grade-transition and the labor force participation equations. Results show that parental education has a significant positive effect on the grade-transition and a significant negative effect on the labor force participation. Children of more educated parents are more likely to transit to the next grade and just study and are less likely to participate in the labor force, combine study and work, and just work. It also finds that the positive effect of mother’s education on the probability of grade-transition and just study is larger on children in higher grades. On the other hand, it has a greater negative effect on the probability of just work on children in higher grades. Overall results show that father’s education has greater effect on the grade-transition in lower grades, while mother’s education has greater effect on the grade-transition in higher grades. Results suggest that birth-order has larger effect on the grade-transition and the labor force participation of children in lower grades. First-born children in lower grades are less likely to transit to the next grade and just study. On the other hand, they are more likely to participate in the labor force, combine study and work, and just work. Similarly, results show that children who experienced interruptions in schooling in lower grades are more likely to participate in the labor force and combine study and work, and are less likely to just study compared to children who experienced interruptions in schooling in higher grades. Results suggest that low parental education level and significant resource constraints both in terms of wealth and time are main obstacles in achieving the goal of universal primary education for children. Many children lack adequate learning environment at home, in part due to low parental educational attainment. There is an urgent need to focus on increasing the capacity, financial and non-financial, of rural households. Conditional cash transfers, micro-finance programs, interest-free educational loans, and scholarships, particularly targeted towards poorer households and female students, will enhance educational investments and reduce child labor.

Denver Developmental Test Findings and their Relationship with Sociodemographic Variables in a Large Community Sample of 0-4-Year-Old Children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of developmental problems and relationship with sociodemographic variables in a community sample of young children. Participants included 1000 children (558 males, 442 females, age range 1-48 months, mean 18.4 months, SD 7.8 months). Children were referred generally by their parents for developmental evaluation and consultation in response to a public announcement in a district area in Istanbul, Turkey. An interview form and the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST) were used for sociodemographic data and developmental evaluation. The χ2 test and Pearson's correlation test were used for data analysis. Seven hundred forty-one out of 1000 children (74.1%) had normal, 140 (14%) had risky, and 119 (11.9%) had abnormal findings on the DDST results. The probability of abnormal findings on the DDST results was significantly higher in males (p=0.003), the 2-4-year-old group (p<0.05), families with more than one child (p=0.001), consanguineous marriages (p<0.01), low parental educational levels and low household income (p<0.01), and in children without a history of breastfeeding (p=0.000). Immigration status and delivery mode did not have a significant effect on the probability of abnormal findings on the DDST results (p>0.05). Sociodemographic factors have a noteworthy impact on development. Determining these factors is important especially during the first years of life.

Association of parental education with tooth loss among Korean Elders

There are few reports showing an association between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and tooth loss among the elderly. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the association between early childhood socioeconomic position (parental education level) and tooth loss and (ii) to determine the relative effects of the subjects' education level, occupation, and income on tooth loss in Korean elders. Data from the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey on 8814 Korean elders (age ≥65years) were analyzed. Demographic factors (age, survey year, marital status, and residence area), health behaviors (dental check-up during the past year and cigarette smoking), and the presence of a somatic health problem (diabetes) were included in our gender-specific analyses. Tooth loss was defined as edentulism or severe tooth loss (<20 teeth). For our analyses, chi-square test and Student's t-tests and multiple logistic regressions were performed. A low parental education level was associated with elevated odds of edentulism (OR=1.87 for father's education and 1.52 for mother's education among male elders and OR=1.73 for father's education and 1.55 for mother's education among female elders) and with severe tooth loss (OR=1.58 for father's education and 1.53 for mother's education among male elders and OR=1.25 for father's education and 1.48 for mother's education among female elders). The association between parental education level and tooth loss was attenuated after adjusting for the subject's education level, occupation, and income. Relative magnitude of attenuation varied with personal factors (education>income>occupation). In a fully adjusted model, father's education level was significantly associated with edentate status (OR=1.96 for male elders and 1.46 for female elders), but not with severe tooth loss. Our results indicate that early life socioeconomic circumstances measured by the father's education level were independently associated with the edentate status of Korean elders.

School refusal behavior in South Korean first graders: A prospective observational community-based study

Refusing to attend school is a serious problem that could lead to psychopathology. We aimed to: (1) prospectively observe the actual development of school refusal behavior according to a history of separation anxiety symptoms (SAS) and (2) explore factors for predicting school refusal behavior in children who were just beginning primary school. The participants were 277 children, aged 6–7 years, who were expected to enter primary school in 2 months. The parents were surveyed about the child׳s history of SAS and their behavior. The children were questioned about anxiety symptoms. The children were surveyed about whether school refusal behavior developed or not after they entered primary school. Of the 248 children who responded to the follow-up survey, 7.66% of children met the criteria for school refusal behavior during the 3 months after entering school. We found no significant differences in the occurrence of school refusal behavior according to the children׳s SAS history. Familial risk factors for school refusal behavior included low parental educational level and a working mother. School refusal behavior by first graders cannot be fully explained by the expression of SAS and could be implicated in a more complex psychopathology.

Associations of intergenerational education with metabolic health in U.S. Latinos.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the association of intergenerational education and country of birth with waist circumference, metabolic syndrome, and type-2 diabetes among older adult Latinos in the United States.Design and MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, a cohort of older adult Mexican-American Latinos (mean age=70 years). At baseline, we measured waist circumference and assessed metabolic syndrome and diabetes according to established guidelines (N=1,789). We classified participants as US-born or foreign-born based on self-reported birth country. Participants reported their parents’ education level (≥6 years vs.<6) and their own educational attainment (≥12 years vs.<12).ResultsUS-born participants who achieved high adult education, regardless of their parents’ education, had 37% lower odds of type-2 diabetes, compared to US-born participants with both low parental and personal education levels (e.g., multivariable-adjusted OR (Parental Low/Adult High)=0.63; 95%CI=0.40, 0.99). Among the foreign-born, only those with both high parental and high personal education levels had 55% lower odds of large waist circumference (OR=0.45; 95%CI=0.23, 0.88), compared to foreign-born participants with both low parental and personal education levels.ConclusionsIntergenerational exposure to low education levels may increase central obesity and type-2 diabetes differentially among US-born and foreign-born Latinos.

Quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes

INTRODUCTION:Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent chronic disease. Type 1 diabetes mellitus usually develops during infancy and adolescence and may affect the quality of life of adolescents.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a metropolitan region of western central Brazil.METHODS:Adolescents aged 10–19 years who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at least 1 year previously were included. Patients with verbal communication difficulties, severe disease, and symptomatic hypo- or hyperglycemic crisis as well as those without an adult companion and who were <18 years of age were excluded. The self-administered Diabetes Quality of Life for Youths instrument was applied.RESULTS:Among 96 adolescents (57% females; 47% white, and 53% nonwhite), 81% had an HbA1c level of >7%. In general, the adolescents consistently reported having a good quality of life. The median scores for the domains of the instrument were as follows: “satisfaction”: 35; “impact”: 51; and “worries“: 26. The total score for all domains was 112. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations among a lower family income, public health assistance, and insulin type in the “satisfaction” domain; and a lower family income, public health assistance, public school attendance, and a low parental education level in the “worries“ domain and for the total score. A longer time since diagnosis was associated with a lower total score. Multivariable analysis confirmed the association of a worse quality of life with public health assistance, time since diagnosis, and sedentary lifestyle in the “satisfaction” domain; female gender in the “worries” domain; and public health assistance for the total score.CONCLUSIONS:Overall, the adolescents evaluated in this study viewed their quality of life as good. Specific factors that led to the deterioration of quality of life, including public assistance, time since diagnosis, sedentary lifestyle, and female gender, were identified.

What students do schools allocate to a cognitive-behavioural intervention? Characteristics of adolescent participants in Northern Sweden

BackgroundAdolescents are a vulnerable group when it comes to the risk of developing depression. Preventing the onset of depressive episodes in this group is therefore a major public health priority. In the last decades, school-based cognitive-behavioural interventions have been a common primary prevention approach. However, evidence on what girls actually are allocated to such interventions when no researchers are involved is scarce.ObjectiveTo explore how a selective cognitive-behavioural program (Depression In Swedish Adolescents) developed to prevent depression in adolescents, was implemented in a naturalistic setting in schools in northern part of Sweden. The focus was on characteristics of participants allocated to the intervention.DesignCross-sectional baseline data on depressive symptoms, school environment and socio-economic factors were collected in 2011 by means of questionnaires in schools in a municipality in the northern part of Sweden. Intervention participants were identified in a follow-up questionnaire in 2012. Students (n=288) included in the analyses were in the ages of 14–15.ResultsSixty-six girls and no boys were identified as intervention participants. They reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, lower personal relative affluence, more sexual harassment victimization and less peer support compared to female non-participants (n=222). Intervention participants were more likely to attend schools with a higher proportion of low parental education levels and a lower proportion of students graduating with a diploma.ConclusionsThe developers of the intervention originally intended the program to be universal or selective, but it was implemented as targeted in these schools. It is important for school administrations to adhere to program fidelity when it comes to what students it is aimed for. Implications for effectivenss trials of cognitive-behavioural interventions in the school setting is discussed.

Adaptive functioning in pediatric epilepsy: Contributions of seizure-related variables and parental anxiety

Young people with epilepsy are less likely to achieve the level of independence attained by their peers. We examined the seizure-related variables that placed a group of 97 pediatric patients with intractable seizures at risk for poor adaptive functioning. Analyses evaluated both the direct effects of the medical variables and indirect effects that were mediated through increased parental anxiety about their child's epilepsy. Higher numbers of anticonvulsants, presence of seizures that secondarily generalize, longer duration of seizure disorder, and younger age at onset were all identified as risk factors for poor adaptive functioning. Depending on the specific behavioral domain of adaptive functioning, the effects were sometimes direct and sometimes indirect. Lower levels of parental education and positive family history of seizures were associated with higher levels of parental anxiety. Interventions that target parental anxiety about seizures may mitigate the deleterious effects of epilepsy on social development.

Children With Disability Are More at Risk of Violence Victimization: Evidence From a Study of School-Aged Chinese Children.

Although research tends to focus on whether children with disability are more at risk of violence victimization, conclusive evidence on the association, especially in non-Western settings, is lacking. Using a large and representative sample of school-aged children in Hong Kong (N = 5,841, aged 9-18 years), this study aims to fill the research gap by providing reliable estimates of the prevalence of disability and the direct and indirect experiences of violence among children with disability. The study also compares the prevalence of child maltreatment, parental intimate partner violence (IPV), and in-law conflict to explore the factors related to the association between disability and violence victimization. The prevalence of disability among children was about 6%. Children with disability were more likely to report victimization than those without disability: 32% to 60% of the former had experienced child maltreatment, and 12% to 46% of them had witnessed IPV between parents or in-law conflict. The results of a logistic regression showed that disability increased the risk of lifetime physical maltreatment by 1.6 times. Furthermore, low levels of parental education and paternal unemployment were risk factors for lifetime child maltreatment. The risk of child maltreatment could have an almost sixfold increase when the child had also witnessed other types of family violence. Possible explanations and implications of the findings are discussed.