Low-level Skills Research Articles

Mathematical connection skills of junior high school students in solving system of linear equations in two variables problems

Students mathematical connection skills are valuable dimension that teachers must put into consideration so that students can develop and link their mathematical skills with knowledge beyond Mathematics. This research aimed to analyze the mathematical connection skills of Junior High School students when solving the System of Linear Equations in Two Variables (Sistem Persamaan Linear Dua Variabel/SPLDV) problem. Students mathematical connection skills are valuable dimension that teachers must put into consideration so that students can develop and link their mathematical skills with knowledge beyond Mathematics. This research aims to analyze the mathematical connection skills of Junior High School students when solving the SPLDV problem. This research made use of Qualitative approach by which 18 students of grade VIII from SMP Argopuro 1 Panti Jember, East Java, participated. Mathematical connection skill test and interview guideline were conducted for this research. Data triangulation technique was used to process and compile data for the research report. The findings of the research discovered that students with high level of mathematical connection skills were able to relate and implement their knowledge to different kinds of situations, and students with medium level of mathematical connection skills were only able to apply their knowledge to simple situations, meanwhile students with low level of mathematical connection skills were unable to relate and implement their knowledge to a variety of situations.

Development Of Sociological-Based Social Science Teaching Materials to Improve Students’ Humanistic Attitudes and Multicultural Skills in Elementary School in Denpasar City

This research was initiated due to the low level of humanistic attitudes and multicultural skills of students in Social Science subjects in the Fifth Grade. This research aims to create a product in the form of sociological-based teaching materials (e-modules). The type of this research is Research and Development (R&D). This research applied the Borg and Gall development model. The Borg and Gall development model has relatively long stages; there are 10 implementation stages. The instrument of this research is questionnaires. The data analysis which was conducted on the developed teaching materials shows that it can be categorized as "excellent". The results of the tests show that there is an effect between the developed sociological-based teaching materials and each dependent variable. Besides, a further test was implemented to determine the simultaneous effect of sociological-based teaching materials on students' humanistic attitudes and multicultural skills. The results of significant treatment by Pillai's Trace, Wilks' Lambda, Hotelling's Trace, and Roy's Largest Root procedures show a significant value was 0.000, where 0.000 < 0.05; according to the criteria, H0 (rejected) and H1 (accepted), the independent variable of sociological-based teaching materials shows an effect on the dependent variables (humanistic attitudes and multicultural skills). The results of this research indicate that sociological-based teaching materials are feasible to be used.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВІРТУАЛЬНОЇ ЛАБОРАТОРІЇ LABSTER ДЛЯ ВИВЧЕННЯ ХІМІЇ В ТЕХНІЧНОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ

Immersive virtual labs represent a digital paradigm in education that meets the needs and preferences of today’s students. The main advantage is the ability to conduct laboratory and practical work in the physical absence of educational equipment or the inability to use it, which is especially important in the context of martial law restrictions in Ukraine. The article analyzes the experience of using the Labster web platform, which provides virtual laboratory simulations of natural sciences. The virtual laboratory was used in the educational process of Lutsk National Technical University when teaching chemical disciplines in the autumn semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. The virtual simulation tasks "Introduction to Groups of the Periodic Table" were offered to students as an alternative option for extracurricular independent work. 146 1st year students were registered, of which 99 (67.8%) completed the test, and 47 (32.2 %) partially passed it. The results of the surveys are presented, the first was conducted immediately after work, the second was a questionnaire on the comprehensibility of the content and the perception of the usefulness of Labster modeling – about three weeks after the completion of the Labster simulation. Based on the analysis of the answers of students, the main advantages of using a virtual laboratory are established - gaining new educational experience, improving the knowledge and digital skills of students. Virtual simulations increased students' engagement and confidence. The advantage of working in a virtual laboratory is personalized learning. The main obstacles to using Labster are highlighted: low level of English proficiency (Labster does not involve the use of Ukrainian content) and insufficient digital skills to navigate in the virtual space. It is recommended to use virtual simulations not as a substitute for classroom practical exercises, but as a modern tool to supplement them.

English language teacher educators’ knowledge and skills on early grade reading instruction

This study investigated English language teacher educators' knowledge and skills on early grade reading instruction. It employed a quantitative design, particularly the descriptive comparative one, utilizing cluster random sampling method to include all (N = 43) English language teacher educators from three teacher education colleges (15 from Arba Minch, 11 from Hosana and 17 from Hawassa) in Ethiopia. The study used test and years of teaching experience as instruments to collect data. It employed descriptive statistics and One sample t-test to identify level of knowledge and skills English language teacher educators had on early grade reading, Multiple regression and Beta weights to determine the combined and relative contributions of domains of the early grade reading for English language teacher educators' knowledge and skills while Spearman's rho Correlation to examine the relationship between English language teacher educators' years of teaching experience and their knowledge and skills test score. Findings revealed that majority of English language teacher educators were at low level of knowledge and skills; they scored the skills test better than the knowledge one. Moreover, English language teacher educators in the current study had significantly low’ level of early grade reading knowledge and skills compared to participants' early grade reading knowledge and skills in the hypothesized population, indicating that there are substantial differences on early grade reading knowledge and skills between the two groups. Although early grade reading domains together significantly contributed to English language teacher educators' level of content knowledge and skills, phonemic was the most while morphology was the least contributor. However, English language teacher educators' years of teaching experience did not show any significant correlation with their early grade reading knowledge and skills. The study concluded that English language teacher educators might not fully equip the preservice English language teachers with the content knowledge and skills to teach the early grade reading.

Exploring the impact of makerspace-based learning materials on students’ computational thinking skills: Using machine learning to address challenges in smart coffee agroforestry

This research aimed to develop teaching materials to improve students' computational thinking skills in solving smart coffee agroforestry problems through machine learning, using the RBL-STEM makerspace. Computational thinking skill goes beyond coding and programming and is related to the students' higher-order thinking skills. This research uses the ADDIE development model in developing the learning materials. The learning material products consist of assessment instruments, students' worksheets, and lesson plans. The research employed questionnaires, validation sheets (including content, construct, programming, and language), and observation sheets to collect data regarding the instruments' effectiveness, practicality, and validity. We evaluated the effectiveness of the teaching materials in a single classroom using a paired-test, examining the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores. The research subjects are 42 students of the Science Education Department at the University of Jember for the academic year 2023-2024. The average overall score, including content, construct, programming, and language, is 92.97%. The results show that the learning materials satisfy in all aspects. We did in-depth interviews with some selected students at low, medium, and high levels of computational thinking skills and compared the interview results using NVIVO software to making project maps. Furthermore, the score of paired t-test shows α-value = 0.003< 0.05. We concluded that RBL-STEM makerspace learning materials significantly contribute to the development of students’ computational thinking skills. It implies that the learning materials developed in this research are ready to be used in the learning activities to foster students' computational thinking skills.

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT THROUGH COLLABORATION AND BUSINESS INNOVATION IN IMBI VILLAGE, JAYAPURA

This study aims to empower the economy of the community in Kelurahan Imbi, Jayapura, through collaboration and business innovation using the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method. The PAR approach involves active community participation in every stage of the research, from problem identification to solution implementation and evaluation. Problem identification was carried out through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, revealing various challenges such as limited access to capital, low levels of education and skills, poor infrastructure, and a lack of collaboration among stakeholders. Based on these findings, an action plan was formulated, including business financing programs, skills training and business mentoring, infrastructure improvements, and strengthening collaboration. The program implementation was conducted with active community involvement. The research results showed an increase in business actors' access to capital through low-interest loan schemes and savings and loan cooperatives. Training and business mentoring successfully enhanced community knowledge and skills, and encouraged product innovation and digital marketing. Infrastructure improvements increased mobility and market access, while the collaborative forum among stakeholders strengthened synergy and the effectiveness of economic empowerment programs. In conclusion, the PAR approach is effective in empowering the economy of the Kelurahan Imbi community, creating targeted and sustainable solutions, and building community capacity to develop local economic potential. This success underscores the importance of community participation and stakeholder collaboration in creating sustainable socio-economic change.

Cybersecurity and Compliance in Healthcare: A Study on Key Management and Other Regulatory Requirements

Typically, WSNs are implemented in several applications with various topologies. Nodes use wireless mode of communication, and unattended areas are typically selected for WSN deployment. Attack risk is higher in WSNs. Furthermore, the WSN nodes have severe resource constraints. It is quite difficult to provide security in such a setting. Numerous protocols for key management chores and encryption strategies for maintaining security in the WSN environment have been documented in literature. The criticality of the data being transferred over the network determines how complex the assault will be. Applications that monitor agriculture, for example, are safe from attacks. However, applications related to the military and healthcare could attract attackers who are far more skilled. Applications that involve process control and habitat monitoring attract attackers with medium to low skill levels. There isn't a single protocol available right now that could be flexible enough to meet the different requirements of the apps, which typically have variable security requirements. For these different applications, there are differences in the key management task, which is strongly related to the security requirements. As a result, the precise kind and complexity of the key management technique must be chosen and built in accordance with the necessary level of security, the capabilities of the hardware devices available, and the network topology that is used.

Socio-spatial dynamics of E-participation: A case study of the Mudamos app in João Pessoa (2017–2020)

Emerging civic technologies can support civil society and the state toward participatory democracy. They offer citizens alternative tools for online participation or e-participation. In this study, we explore the socio-spatial dynamics of an e-participation activity in a city's policy-making process through the artifice of the network analyses. We build upon the idea of a network conceived as an object of human action, considering its social, technical, and spatial elements. We propose a conceptual framework to translate the geographic network of an e-participation activity in the city's policy-making process constituted by six dimensions: vocation, technology, institutional design, spatiality, participation, and the deliberative system. The case study applies the framework to the Mudamos application in the city of João Pessoa, in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. This e-participation tool facilitates digital signatures for Citizen Initiative Draft Bills (CIDB). Despite initial technical, institutional, and financial support, the app did not deliver its potential value. The reasons for low adoption are the lack of economic resources, low levels of civic skills, discontinuation of citizen recruitment, and discontinuation of the partnership between the control agents. Furthermore, socio-spatial inequality was critical in users' access and participation. Our findings suggest that the development of state capacities and participatory literacy are crucial to the success of e-participation initiatives. Consequently, the proposed framework and its application serve as a valuable starting point for researchers and policymakers seeking to understand the socio-spatial relationships involved in this process, offering knowledge to address digital inequalities and increase the effectiveness of e-participation initiatives.

Robots and immigration

Changes in local labor supply may affect robot adoption by firms. We test this hypothesis by exploiting an increase in the number of workers and a change in the local workforce composition induced by exogenous immigration into Danish municipalities. Using the Danish employer-employee matched dataset over the period 1995-2019, we show in a shift-share regression that a larger share of non-Western immigrants in a municipality leads to fewer robot adoptions at the firm-level. Several demographic characteristics, including prime age and low skill level, make immigrant workers particularly substitutable for robots. As many advanced economies are facing labor shortages, this paper sheds light on the future of robotization.

Sosialisasi Meningkatkan Semangat Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 36 Bengkulu Tengah

The limited level of public education and the low level of education and skills in the field of Islam are quite complex problems in the development process. The pursuit of knowledge is very important because knowledge is a means that everyone uses to achieve prosperity in this world and the hereafter. This lack of understanding of the teachings of the Islamic religion is very embarrassing because Islamic religious education is very important. On this occasion, we, students of KKN UIN FAS group 18, will provide an understanding of Islamic religious education to the children of State Elementary School 36, Central Bengkulu. The method of implementing community service that we carry out is a qualitative descriptive method. From the activities that have been carried out it can be confirmed that studying Islam in elementary schools has a lot of importance for children's development. The following are several reasons why Islamic religious education is important at the elementary school level, Character Formation, Understanding of Ethics and Morals, Introduction to Spiritual Values, Knowledge of Worship, Prevention from Negative Influences, Strengthening Islamic Identity, and Preparing a Generation with Noble Characters. Based on the implementation of activities and learning during the activities, it is known that socialization related to increasing enthusiasm for learning Islamic religious education at SDN 36 Central Bengkulu City has influenced students and teachers. The real impact is expanding understanding of Islamic religious knowledge through improving learning methods and utilizing the latest technological advances. Apart from that, as activity participants, students can gain insight into the importance of studying Islam so that they are more easily motivated.

The Influence of the Application of the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Approach Assisted by Assemblr Edu on Improving the Scientific Literacy Skills of Elementary School Students

This study is motivated by the low level of scientific literacy skills among students. The objective of this research is to measure the improvement and determine the influence of learning using the STEM approach assisted by Assemblr Edu, compared to learning that uses the Scientific approach. The research method employed is Quasi-Experimental with a non-equivalent control group design and purposive sampling technique. The research sample consists of 30 students in both the experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study include a scientific literacy skills test and non-test instruments such as student worksheets and documentation. Data analysis results show that learning with the STEM approach assisted by Assemblr Edu has a significant influence on students' scientific literacy skills, with an effect size of 57.6%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the STEM approach assisted by Assemblr Edu has a significant correlation and positive impact on scientific literacy skills. Learning through the application of the STEM approach assisted by Assemblr Edu demonstrates an influence of 57.6%, indicating that the implementation of the STEM approach assisted by Assemblr Edu impacts the improvement of students' scientific literacy skills.

Implementation of Levels of Inquiry Model in Improving Students' HOTS on Fluid Material

This research is motivated by the low level of students' higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in physics. The purpose of this study is to determine how the application of Levels of Inquiry (LoI) learning model in improving students' HOTS. The research design used was a quasi-experiment involving grade XI students in one of the high schools in Bandung City with a research sample of 35 students in the experimental class and 25 students in the control class. The instruments used in this study were higher order thinking skills test in the form of two-level multiple choices for fluid material and observation sheet of learning model implementation. Data analysis techniques include N-Gain, hypothesis testing and effect size. The results of the analysis showed that the application of the LoI learning model in the experimental class was in the excellent category and could improve students' HOTS in the moderate category with an N-gain value of 0.53. In the control class, the application of the conventional learning model can improve students' HOTS in the low category with an N-gain score of 0.18. In addition, the analysis of the Mann-Whitney test results showed that there was a significant difference in students' HOTS between the experimental group and the control group with an effect size in the very large category. This research proves that the application of the LoI learning model is effective in improving students' HOTS in fluid materials.

Twenty-First Century Competencies; about Competencies for Industry 5.0 and the Opportunities for Emerging Economies

The philosophy of Industry 5.0 recognises the transformative power of the industrial sector to add value to society and employees. Industry 5.0 is distinct from its predecessors because it relies on a tripod of sustainability, human centricity, and resilience. These three thematic principles aim to improve work safety, research, and innovation and strengthen industrial resilience and competitiveness. However, a perfect storm is brewing for the future of work, brought about by the concerning trends of displacement and low skill levels of workers’ competencies in handling the new technologies of Industry 5.0 in emerging economies. This conceptual paper will describe Industry 5.0 and provide historical insights on the importance of acquiring the desired twenty-first-century competencies needed in the workforce for Industry 5.0 and how these competencies can be cultivated. Two research questions guided the study in identifying these twenty-first-century competencies, how these competencies can be cultivated and taught in the education curriculum and policies of emerging economies, and the crucial importance of adapting Industry 5.0 to these emerging economies. The study concluded that emerging economies must play an active role in shaping the future by creating policies that will advance social stability, resource preservation, and climate objectives, which will enable more productive production processes with lower waste and energy usage.

Education and Training on Making Carrot Hard Candy and Dragon Fruit Soft Candy for Stunting Prevention

Stunting is a form of chronic malnutrition associated with prolonged nutritional deficiencies. One crucial way to meet the nutritional needs of young children is by consuming vegetables and fruits, which are primary sources of micronutrients. Vegetables and fruits are vital for the body as sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, essential for achieving a healthy diet according to balanced nutrition guidelines. Vitamins are particularly crucial for maintaining body health. Carrots (Daucus carota L) and dragon fruit (Hylocereus sp.) are highly nutritious vegetables and fruits, containing high levels of carotene, vitamin A, B, C, and various minerals. Providing education and training to individuals and community groups, especially those at risk, aims to enhance knowledge, foster healthy habits and behaviors, and ultimately prevent stunting in the community. This community service project consists of preparation, observation, and implementation stages. The project involved 30 participants from the community and the PKK women's group in Kerang Village, Takeran District, Magetan Regency, East Java Province. The results indicated high participant enthusiasm, as seen from their active engagement. The community learned about the benefits of carrot hard candy and dragon fruit soft candy and understood the process of making these nutritious candies. From a low level of understanding before the education, there was an increase in understanding, and the community's low skill level improved after the training.

Evaluating the Quality of Examination Items From the Pathophysiology, Drug Action, and Therapeutics Course Series

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of item-writing flaws and cognitive level on student performance metrics in 1 course series across 2 semesters at a single institution. MethodsFour investigators reviewed 928 multiple-choice items from an integrated therapeutics course series. Differences in performance metrics were examined between flawed and standard items, flawed stems and flawed answer choices, and cognitive levels. ResultsReviewers found that 80% of the items were flawed, with the most common types being implausible distractors and unfocused stems. Flawed items were generally easier than standard ones, but the type of flaw significantly impacted the difficulty. Items with flawed stems had the same difficulty as standard items; however, those with flawed answer choices were significantly easier. Most items tested lower-level skills and have more flaws than higher-level items. There was no significant difference in difficulty between lower- and higher-level cognitive items, and higher-level items were more likely to have answer flaws than item flaws. ConclusionItem-writing flaws differently impact student performance. Implausible distractors artificially lower the difficulty of questions, even those designed to assess higher-level skills. This effect contributes to a lack of significant difference in difficulty between higher- and lower-level items. Unfocused stems, on the other hand, likely increase confusion and hinder performance, regardless of the question’s cognitive complexity.

Teacher-child Discourse in Vietnamese Preschool Classrooms: An Exploratory Case Study of Teachers’ Questions and Statements in the Planned Science Activity

AbstractThe quality of teacher-child discourse affects children’s development and learning. Our study aims to explore teacher-child discourse during planned science activities (PSAs) in Vietnamese preschools. This research is essential to understanding the reasons behind Vietnamese children’s low level of scientific skills and to exploring the dynamics of discourse in an Asian context. We conducted a case study to describe and understand the teacher-child discourse during PSAs. The study involved eight PSA sessions in four classes of three to four-year-old in Da Nang, Vietnam. We found that teachers tended to make statements more often than ask questions. When they did ask, they preferred using closed questions that did not require much of a response from children. Open questions were used sparingly, even though they are crucial for promoting children’s cognitive thinking and literacy. Teachers also made use of rhetorical questions that did not require any answer. This has led to mostly non-interactive classes where students remain passive learners. To improve the quality of teacher-child discourse, we suggest providing teacher training on encouraging children to participate and asking more engaging questions.

Metacognitive self-knowledge and cognitive skills in project-based learning of high school electronics students

ABSTRACT Self-knowledge is an important element of metacognition. It encompasses understanding one's own strengths and weaknesses and includes belief and self-assessment of one’s capacity to perform a task. Cognitive skills comprise a range of mental processes, such as attention, memory, problem solving, systems thinking, abstract thinking, and critical thinking, that are essential for acquiring and applying knowledge. The research described in this paper examined the ability for self-knowledge and cognitive skills of electronics students engaged in project-based learning. The study, which used quantitative and qualitative tools, involved 140 twelve-grade electronics students and explored the self-knowledge and cognitive skills they exhibited while executing their final projects. The correlation and paired-samples t-test between the students’ self-report questionnaire (indirect assessment of cognitive skills) and achievement test (direct assessment of cognitive skills) scores were examined to assess the students’ self-knowledge and cognitive skills. The findings revealed a significant difference between self-report questionnaire scores and achievement test scores, indicating that the students’ self-knowledge did not reflect their actual low level of cognitive skills. Measuring self-knowledge and cognitive skills in project-based learning is essential for assessing the effectiveness of the learning process, resulting in improved project outcomes and a firmer foundation for future academic and professional success.

Diagnosing and managing prescription opioid use disorder in patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain in Australian general practice settings: a qualitative study using the theory of Planned Behaviour

BackgroundChronic pain is a debilitating and common health issue. General Practitioners (GPs) often prescribe opioids to treat chronic pain, despite limited evidence of benefit and increasing evidence of harms, including prescription Opioid Use Disorder (pOUD). Australian GPs are worried about the harms of long-term opioids, but few are involved in the treatment of pOUD. There is little research on GPs’ experiences diagnosing and managing pOUD in their chronic pain patients.MethodsThis qualitative research used semi-structured interviews and a case study to investigate GPs’ experiences through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). TPB describes three factors, an individual’s perceived beliefs/attitudes, perceived social norms and perceived behavioural controls. Participants were interviewed via an online video conferencing platform. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.ResultsTwenty-four GPs took part. Participants were aware of the complex presentations for chronic pain patients and concerned about long-term opioid use. Their approach was holistic, but they had limited understanding of pOUD diagnosis and suggested that pOUD had only one treatment: Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT). Participants felt uncomfortable prescribing opioids and were fearful of difficult, conflictual conversations with patients about the possibility of pOUD. This led to avoidance and negative attitudes towards diagnosing pOUD. There were few positive social norms, few colleagues diagnosed or managed pOUD. Participants reported that their colleagues only offered positive support as this would allow them to avoid managing pOUD themselves, while patients and other staff were often unsupportive. Negative behavioural controls were common with low levels of knowledge, skill, professional supports, inadequate time and remuneration described by many participants. They felt OAT was not core general practice and required specialist management. This dichotomous approach was reflected in their views that the health system only supported treatment for chronic pain or pOUD, not both conditions.ConclusionsNegative beliefs, negative social norms and negative behavioural controls decreased individual behavioural intention for this group of GPs. Diagnosing and managing pOUD in chronic pain patients prescribed opioids was perceived as difficult and unsupported. Interventions to change behaviour must address negative perceptions in order to lead to more positive intentions to engage in the management of pOUD.

Developing emotional intelligence of future choreography teachers in the practice of creating multimedia stories

Problem and goal. Modernization of higher education opens up new prospects for the use of digital technologies to improve the quality of training choreography teachers. The use of services that support multimedia content (PowerPoint, Piktochart, Tilda, etc.) satisfies both the requirements for training programs for specialists engaged in choreography and the requirements for the level of the developed skills that form the basis of the personal emotional intelligence. The authors investigate the problem of substantiating the effectiveness of including digital storytelling in choreographic education. The purpose of the research is to study the impact of choreography teachers’ participation in the development of multimedia stories on the development of their emotional intelligence. Research methods. Multimedia storytelling is considered as an innovative narrative practice based on creating emotional stories using digital technology. Software support is the Tilda constructor. 64 students of the Vyatka College of Culture took part in practical developing stories (Russian Federation). The training program is Folk Art. The N. Hall’s test is used to diagnose and assess the formed emotional intelligence. Statistical data processing was performed using Pearson's χ2 (chi-squared) criterion. Results. Stories were developed and used in the courses “Computer Science”, “Educational and methodological support of the educational process” according to the plan: studying the service that supports multimedia content, its capabilities; defining the concept; collecting and analyzing information; creating a story and implementing it in the digital format; presenting and subsequent use in practice. The peculiarity of the program is adaptation of its content to the specifics of the field of study. Statistically significant differences were revealed in the quantitative changes that took place in the pedagogical system (χ2 = 6.990; p < 0.05). The conclusion states that the development of multimedia stories contributes to the development of emotional intelligence due to the social nature of the activity, the multilayered and non-linear treatment of them while designing the plot, multimodality, and support for an emotionally comfortable atmosphere. Difficulties are also highlighted: low initial level of digital skills; different motivation; specialization in dancing.

Bloom’s Taxonomy and Prospective Teachers’ Preparation in Pakistan

The analysis of application of Bloom's Taxonomy in the future teachers’ preparation of Pakistan is the aim of this study where gender differences, program differences and semester effects are considered. The researchers developed questionnaire and examined the data using IBM SPSS statistics software. The results point to the fact that female participants are more likely than men to display mastery of lower-level skills as defined by Bloom's taxonomy, such as "remembering" and "understanding, and males tend to excel at thinking critically and analytically, i.e. "analyzing" and "evaluating" according to Bloom's taxonomy. On the other hand, the students of the first, second and third years of the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) program were found to be scoring higher than M.Phil. participants. Additionally, freshman students were shown to have stronger achievements at the earlier levels of Bloom's Taxonomy compared to later-year students. These inferences, therefore, indicate the necessity of personalized educational strategies as well as staff development programs to raise the standards of education in Pakistani schools