Low Population Levels Research Articles

Boric acid toxic sugar bait suppresses male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): wing beat frequency and amplitude, flight activity, fecundity, insemination, and mate-finding Allee effect.

Controlling the spread of arboviral diseases remains a considerable challenge due to the rapid development of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes. This study evaluated the effects of boric acid-containing toxic sugar bait (TSB) on field populations of resistant Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In addition, this study examined the flight activity and wing beat frequency and amplitude of males and the flight activity, fecundity, and insemination of females after pairing with males exposed to TSB. The population dynamics of Aedes mosquitoes under imbalanced sex ratios were examined to simulate realistic field conditions for male suppression under the effect of TSB. The mortality of male mosquitoes was consistently high within 24 h after exposure. By contrast, the mortality of female mosquitoes was inconsistent, with over 70% mortality observed at 168 h. The flight activity and wing beat amplitude of treated males were significantly lower than those of controls, but no significant difference in wing beat frequency was detected. The fecundity and insemination of treated female mosquitoes were lower than those of controls. A simulation study indicated that considerably low male population densities led to mating failures, triggering a mate-finding Allee effect and resulting in persistently low population levels. Boric acid-containing TSB could effectively complement current chemical intervention approaches to control resistant mosquito populations. TSB is effective in reducing field male populations and impairing male flight activity and female-seeking behavior, resulting in decreased fecundity and insemination. Male suppression due to TSB potentially results in a small mosquito population. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vegetation reconstruction of the Agro Pontino and Fondi basin (central Italy) before and after the Bronze Age eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (c. 1900 BCE)

In the research project The Avellino Event: Cultural and Demographic Effects of the Great Bronze Age Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the recording of local and regional changes in the vegetation of the landscapes of the Agro Pontino and the Fondi basin (southern Lazio, Italy) before and after the Bronze Age eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (c. 1900 BCE) was central to answer the project’s central question, which revolved around the nature of the distal effects of this high-magnitude eruption on the conditions of living for the Bronze Age human population inhabiting these landscapes. If adverse effects of the ash fall in these areas were minor, the Agro Pontino and the Fondi basin, located about 125 km north of the Vesuvius, could well have been the refuge area people might have fled to in their attempts to escape the pyroclastic flows that eventually would bury parts of Campania around the Vesuvius below a thick layer of tephra. If adverse effects of the ash fall were major, the situation might, likewise, have led to changes in vegetation but could have resulted in a decline in human and animal presence due to toxicity, for instance. In both scenarios, either population growth due to in-migration or population decline due to environmental impact, we expected to see changes in the vegetation record in the period during which the Avellino Event occurred. To test our hypotheses, we performed archaeobotanical research, using pollen and macro-remains, on stratified soil sequences from test pits in the Agro Pontino and the Fondi basin containing the Avellino tephra layers, thereby guaranteeing sound chronological control. (The research revealed the presence of other known distal tephras as well.) Contrary to our expectations, the research did not provide proof of any significant changes in the vegetation around the date of the Avellino Event, nor did it provide any strong signs of human impact on these landscapes in the longer term before and after the distal ash fall, thereby indicating low population levels during the final part of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) and the initial phase of the Middle Bronze Age. Although this finding about human impact is an important outcome, it is not the only finding. The archaeobotanical research provided the project with high-resolution information on the vegetation and environmental conditions in the Agro Pontino and the Fondi basin for the duration of the Bronze Age. This, in combination with the physical-geographical data collected during the project, added significantly to our ability to perform detailed palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Agro Pontino and the Fondi basin. In addition, it increased our understanding of how the landscape had been settled during the Bronze Age (Sevink et al. 2022; Attema et al. in press). A final spin-off consisted of possible new information on the 4.2 ka climatic event that impacted Italy during later prehistory, as reflected in the pollen diagrams presented.

The impact of migration on the socio-economic state of the state

The authors conducted a study of migration as a socio-economic category, taking into account qualitative and quantitative criteria, and also indicated the impact of migration on the development of the state. The authors note that migration is a multidimensional category, which includes different directions, motives of subjects and characteristics, while state regulation of migration flows is an integral part of migration. Also, according to the authors, migration processes do not unequivocally lead to one negative or positive impact on the socio-economic development of the state. This leads to the conclusion that the impact of migration depends on the characteristics of migration flows, their volume and qualitative features. In the case when a country has a negative balance of migration, and the influx of migrants is mainly characterized by inability to work or low qualifications, this leads to an obvious negative effect of migration. However, for countries with low population levels, insufficient natural growth and a small number of skilled workers, migration can significantly affect economic activity and growth in the country. Therefore, states need to determine migration policy based on macroeconomic data, the state of the labor market and the demographic situation in the country. Migration can replenish a dwindling labor force, but it can also put pressure on wages and spur local unemployment. At the same time, according to the authors, first of all, the state needs to fight against illegal migration. According to the material presented in the article, illegal migration has a significant negative effect on the state budget, necessitating investments in the fight against this phenomenon and a decrease in tax revenues. In addition, such migration contributes to an increase in the volume of the shadow economy, which operates outside state control, which poses a threat to the stability of socio-economic development. The authors emphasize that, first of all, it is necessary to take legal and administrative measures to combat illegal migration in order to reduce public spending. As a result, such actions also help to reduce the scale of the shadow sector of the economy by reducing the number of people employed in this area of labor resources.

Violence-Related Death in Young Australians After Contact With the Youth Justice System: A Data Linkage Study.

Little is known outside of the United States about the risk of violence-related death among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system (justice-involved young people). We examined violence-related deaths among justice-involved young people in Queensland, Australia. In this study, youth justice records for 48,647 young people (10-18 years at baseline) who were charged, or experienced a community-based order or youth detention in Queensland, Australia (1993-2014) were probabilistically linked with death, coroner, and adult correctional records (1993-2016). We calculated violence-related crude mortality rates (CMRs) and age- and sex-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). We constructed a cause-specific Cox regression model to identify predictors of violence-related deaths. Of 1,328 deaths in the cohort, 57 (4%) were from violence. The violence-related CMR was 9.5 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] [7.4, 12.4]) and the SMR was 6.8 [5.3, 8.9]. Young Indigenous people had a greater risk of violence-related death than non-Indigenous people (cause-specific hazard ratio [csHR] 2.5; [1.5, 4.4]). Young people who experienced detention had more than twice the risk of violence-related death than those who were charged only (csHR 2.5; [1.2, 5.3]). We found that justice-involved young people have a risk of dying from violence that far exceeds that of the general population. The rate of violence-related death found in this study is lower than that in U.S.-based studies, which most likely reflects lower population level firearm violence in Australia. In Australia, young Indigenous people and those released from detention appear key groups to target for violence prevention efforts.

Effect of Inter and Intra Row Spacing on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor </i>(<I>L.</I>) <i>Moench</i>) at Assosa District, Western Ethiopia

Studies on plant populations are scarce and poorly recorded in western Ethiopia, which is a necessary condition for successfully cultivating the sorghum crop. To identify the ideal planting spacing for sorghum productivity in the main cropping season, this experiment was carried out at the Assosa Agricultural Research Center, Benishangul-Gumuz Region, in the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. It had a factorial configuration with three levels of inter-row spacing (70 cm, 75 cm, and 80 cm) and four levels of intra-row spacing (15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, and 30 cm). The current finding indicates that plant height decreased as intra-row space increased. Inter n and intra-row spacing had a substantial interaction effect on grain yield (P<0.01) As a consequence, a planting spacing of 75 cm by 20 cm produced the highest grain production (4784.6 kg ha^-1). Similar to this, the main effect of 20 cm intra-row spacing produced a significant maximum head weight (12.7 kg/plot). At low population levels, yield reductions were observed (75 cm inter and 30cm intra row). The findings indicate that the decrease in final grain output was a result of an increase in intra-plant separation from 20 cm to 30 cm between plants. In general, plants placed properly provided a great output, whereas plants spaced widely produced a poor yield. Therefore, to maintain sorghum productivity with the necessary spacing, improved sorghum varieties in Assosa and other regions with comparable agro-ecologies can be encouraged to use 75 cm inter-row spacing and 20 cm intra-row spacing.

Transcriptome analysis of aphid-resistant and susceptible near isogenic lines reveals candidate resistance genes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

BackgroundCowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a crucial crop for regions of the world that are prone to both heat and drought; however, the phytotoxic cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) impairs plant physiology at low population levels. Both antibiotic and antixenotic forms of resistance to the aphid have been mapped to two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and near isogenic lines (NILs). The molecular mechanism for this resistance response remains unknown.ResultsTo understand the genes underlying susceptibility and resistance, two cowpea lines with shared heritage were infested along a time course and characterized for transcriptome variation. Aphids remodeled cowpea development and signaling relative to host plant resistance and the duration of feeding, with resource acquisition and mobilization determining, in part, susceptibility to aphid attack. Major differences between the susceptible and resistant cowpea were identified including two regions of interest housing the most genetic differences between the lines. Candidate genes enabling aphid resistance include both conventional resistance genes (e.g., leucine rich repeat protein kinases) as well as multiple novel genes with no known orthologues.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that feeding by the cowpea aphid globally remodels the transcriptome of cowpea, but how this occurs depends on both the duration of feeding and host-plant resistance. Constitutive expression profiles of the resistant genotype link aphid resistance to a finely-tuned resource management strategy that ultimately reduces damage (e.g., chlorosis) and delays cell turnover, while impeding aphid performance. Thus, aphid resistance in cowpea is a complex, multigene response that involves crosstalk between primary and secondary metabolism.

Alternative Management Strategies and Impact of the Northern Root-Knot Nematode in Daylily Production

Bare-root production of Hemerocallis spp., daylily, is of major economic importance to Michigan's ornamental industry, but production of clean nursery material is challenging due to plant-parasitic nematodes. The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is the most important perennial ornamental pathogen in northern North America; it causes over 20% yield loss in Hemerocallis spp. production and reduces marketability and distribution. A field trial was established in 2018 to 2020 at a Michigan commercial nursery to determine effective and long-term management strategies to reduce nematode population levels. Eleven treatments were tested: a control, four bio-nematicides, two nematicides, a nematicide root dip, and three compost blends. Soil samples were taken three times per year, along with annual root samples and plant height measurements. Results indicated that TerraClean 5.0 (hydrogen peroxide) and Majestene 304 ( Chromobacterium subtsugae) nematicides best controlled M. hapla populations by 49 and 37%, respectively, compared with the control, whereas Indemnify (fluopyram) significantly increased plant biomass and yields by 31%. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the impact of M. hapla on Hemerocallis spp. production by inoculating daylily with varying nematode inoculation densities. Even at low population levels, plant biomass reductions were observed, and M. hapla was readily able to reproduce on Hemerocallis spp. These experiments highlight the importance of managing M. hapla and provide effective, alternative management methods that can reduce the application of fumigants and prevent yield losses to increase profitability for ornamentals.

Reação de genótipos de alho a Ditylenchus dipsaci e aspectos relacionados com a produtividade em área naturalmente infestada

ABSTRACT The stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, is one of the main problems which affects garlic crop in Brazil; however, information on the host status of the crop to the pathogen is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the host status of 11 garlic genotypes to Ditylenchus dipsaci and their productivity in experiments conducted under controlled conditions and in the field. In a greenhouse, diverse genetic materials were evaluated for nematode reproduction factor (RF). At the same time, the nematode reproduction, damage caused and productivity of these same genotypes were evaluated in an area naturally infested. In the greenhouse, ‘AM-PC Farias’, ‘Quitéria’, ‘BRS Hozan’, ‘Peruano’, ‘Chonan’ and ‘Moz 114’ were resistant; and, under field conditions, in these same genotypes, the nematode showed the lowest rates of reproduction in the soil (RF= 0.2 to 10.77) and in the tissues (1 to 3,893 specimens/plant), and there were the lowest percentages of symptomatic (0 to 48.66%) and dead (4.17 to 19.57%) plants. Higher productivities (4.32 to 11.05 t/ha) and bulb weight (13.12 to 58.63 g) were obtained with ‘AM-PC Farias’, ‘Quitéria’ and ‘AM-Erenice’; however, only in ‘AM-PC Farias’ and in ‘BRS Hozan’ we observed lower population levels of D. dipsaci in bulb peels (110 and 0.1 specimens/g, respectively).

A MOSQUITO SURVEY OF CULICIDAE SPECIES AT EDİRNE CENTRAL DISTRICT FOR DISEASE VECTOR

Mosquitoes are the most important vectors that can transmit many diseases agents to humans and animals. This study was conducted in Edirne central district between July 2017 and July 2018 to identify important vector mosquito species, determine their seasonality and distribution pattern in general terms. Larvae, pupae, and adults were collected from areas assessed as being particularly suitable for medically important species included in the genus of Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles. In addition to the foci naturally found in the areas, ovitraps placed in the proper points were also used. As a result, 3155 female and 353 male mosquitoes belonging to 13 species of 5 genera were obtained. Among these species, Anopheles sacharovi (the primary vector of malaria in Turkey) and Culex pipiens s.l. (the primary vector of West Nile Fever) has been recognized as a public health threat to the province. An. sacharovi was represented at a very low population level, while Cx. pipiens s.l. was determined as the most common and dense species in the study area. Known to have a high preference for warmer climate compared to members of the Anopheles maculipennis s.l., An. sacharovi has the risk of increasing its population in the region with possible global warming in the future. The importance of this risk increases even more since rice production is widespread especially in Edirne and this species can use the paddy fields as an effective breeding place. While Aedes caspius was commonly encountered, Ae. albopictus was not found during the field observation and ovitrap controls.

Stony coral tissue loss disease decimated Caribbean coral populations and reshaped reef functionality

Diseases are major drivers of the deterioration of coral reefs and are linked to major declines in coral abundance, reef functionality, and reef-related ecosystems services. An outbreak of a new disease is currently rampaging through the populations of the remaining reef-building corals across the Caribbean region. The outbreak was first reported in Florida in 2014 and reached the northern Mesoamerican Reef by summer 2018, where it spread across the ~450-km reef system in only a few months. Rapid spread was generalized across all sites and mortality rates ranged from 94% to <10% among the 21 afflicted coral species. Most species of the family Meandrinadae (maze corals) and subfamily Faviinae (brain corals) sustained losses >50%. This single event further modified the coral communities across the region by increasing the relative dominance of weedy corals and reducing reef functionality, both in terms of functional diversity and calcium carbonate production. This emergent disease is likely to become the most lethal disturbance ever recorded in the Caribbean, and it will likely result in the onset of a new functional regime where key reef-building and complex branching acroporids, an apparently unaffected genus that underwent severe population declines decades ago and retained low population levels, will once again become conspicuous structural features in reef systems with yet even lower levels of physical functionality.

Migration in the Demographic Development of the Russian Far East

The analysis of migration processes in the Russian Far East in 2018–2020 (within the new administrative boundaries, taking into account the Republic of Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Region) is shown. The current trends in migration partnership within the framework of intraregional, interregional, and external migration (with the CIS and non-CIS countries) are analyzed. The role of migration in the dynamics of the population of each region of the Russian Far East is shown. The author explains that the Russian Far East found itself in a situation of demographic instability, in conditions of a stable decrease in its population, mainly due to migration outflow. Migration has become a long-term factor in the decrease in the population of the Russian Far East. While in conditions of natural population decline; it could become a source of growth in the population of the macroregion. The analysis of the migration motivation of the population made it possible to formulate some proposals, the implementation of which, under certain conditions, can contribute to attracting and saving the population to the Russian Far East. The author shows that with the existing trends in the demographic development of the Russian Far East, it is necessary to prepare for the transition to a macroregion’s economy corresponding to a lower population level. In general, in order to attract the population, it is necessary to create conditions for the economic development of the Russian Far East, generating an increase in real per capita income, exceeding the values of income in other more successful Russian regions.

Penerapan Algoritma K-Means Dalam Pengelompokan Kepadatan Penduduk Menurut Kecamatan di Kabupaten Simalungun

One of the problems related to population that still has to be faced by Simalungun is the problem of the imbalance in the distribution of the population. Incomplete division of the population brings problems to population density and population pressure in an area. This study uses data sources from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) Simalungun. The data used in this study is data from 2015-2019 which consists of 32 Districts. Therefore, the researchers used the K-Means algorithm in clustering 32 sub-districts in Simalungun Regency. The data will be processed by clustering in 3 clusters, namely clusters with high population levels, clusters with moderate population levels and clusters with low population levels. The iteration process takes 5 times so that the results obtained are 4 sub-districts with high population level clusters (C1), 11 cluster sub-districts with moderate population level (C2) and 17 cluster sub-districts with low population level (C3)

Redescription of Tylosmaindroni Giordani Soika, 1954 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) based on SEM and molecular data.

The woodlouse species Tylosmaindroni Giordani Soika, 1954 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) is redescribed from the Persian Gulf based on light and scanning electron microscopy. This species differs from the closely related T.exiguus Stebbing, 1910, from the Red Sea (coasts of Sudan and Eritrea), and Socotra Island, by pereopod 1 superior margin without a prominent projection and pleopod 2 endopod 2.3 times as long as exopod, vs. 3.6 in T.exiguus. A distribution map for T.maindroni is provided. In addition, we studied the molecular differentiation of five populations of T.maindroni from the Persian Gulf, based on partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. The results revealed low levels of population structuring between the analyzed populations.

Phytophthora capsici: as doenças que causa e estratégias de manejo para produzir hortaliças mais saudáveis

ABSTRACT Vegetable crops are exposed to constant infection by numerous diseases, including those caused by the oomycete Phytophthora capsici. This microorganism is a polyphagous plant pathogen, capable of infecting dozens of plant species, including cultivated plants and weeds. The aim of this review is to address topics related to etiology and symptoms of the diseases caused by this oomycete (leaf blight, root rot, crown rot and fruit rot), as well as the integration and application of different control alternatives, such as genetics, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical. Crops such as sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (S. melongena), cucurbits (Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita spp.), among others, are subject to considerable economic losses induced by this pathogen. High soil humidity, high temperatures, resistance structures of the pathogen (oospores), scarce availability of resistant cultivars and a reduced range of effective fungicides are conditions that difficult the management of diseases caused by P. capsici in the field. Despite the irrefutable importance of this pathogen, the existing information regarding its integrated management is limited. Therefore, a successful management will depend to a great extent on its knowledge and its control. Thus, the joint application of different control strategies seeks to maintain the pathogen at low population levels and also keeping the epidemics under the threshold of economic loss. At the end, an integrated pest management approach for P. capsici could result in higher economic returns, long-term sustainable harvests, reduction of the environment impact and better quality products for consumers.

Identification of supraoptimal temperatures in juvenile blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) using survival, growth rate and scaled energy reserves

Abstract For young fishes, growth of somatic tissues and energy reserves are critical steps for survival and progressing to subsequent life stages. When thermal regimes become supraoptimal, routine metabolic rates increase and leave less energy for young fish to maintain fitness-based activities and, in the case of anadromous fishes, less energy to prepare for emigration to coastal habitats. Thus, understanding how energy allocation strategies are affected by thermal regimes in young anadromous fish will help to inform climate-ready management of vulnerable species and their habitat. Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) are an anadromous fish species that remain at historically low population levels and are undergoing southern edge-range contraction, possibly due to climate change. We examined the effects of temperature (21°C, 24°C, 27°C, 30°C, 33°C) on survival, growth rate and energy reserves of juveniles collected from the mid-geographic range of the species. We identified a strong negative relationship between temperature and growth rate, resulting in smaller juveniles at high temperatures. We observed reduced survival at both 21°C and 33°C, increased fat and lean mass-at-length at high temperatures, but no difference in energy density. Juveniles were both smaller and contained greater scaled energy reserves at higher temperatures, indicating growth in length is more sensitive to temperature than growth of energy reserves. Currently, mid-geographic range juvenile blueback herring populations may be well suited for local thermal regimes, but continued warming could decrease survival and growth rates. Blueback herring populations may benefit from mitigation actions that maximize juvenile energy resources by increasing the availability of cold refugia and food-rich habitats, as well as reducing other stressors such as hypoxic zones.

Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea hybridization: constraints, heterosis, and implications for pest management.

The invasion of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) into the New World has made it possible for this pest to hybridize with a native American species, H. zea (Boddie), under natural conditions. We investigated the viability and development of hybrids of these two Helicoverpa species. We reared the parental species and evaluated crosses between H. armigera males and H. zea females and vice versa, two intercrosses between hybrids, and eight backcrosses between hybrids and parental species. We estimated the length of immature stages, fecundity, survival, sex ratio, and heterosis. Although hybridization occcurred, with heterosis during the development of immatures, reproductive incompatibilities also were observed between the parental species and between hybrids from subsequent crosses. The interspecific crosses between hybrids and backcrosses confirmed the possibility of introgression events and their perpetuation in field populations. The results indicate that hybridization events are favored at high population levels, while at low population levels the 'species identities' will be maintained. The possibility of interspecific gene flow and its perpetuation through successive crosses and backcrosses suggests several recommenations for management. Populations of both species should be maintained at an equilibrium level to reduce the chance of interspecific crosses, which are presumably more likely to occur during pest outbreaks. The existence of hybridization and resistance to different active pesticide ingredients should be monitored. All practices related to managing the resistance of these pests to chemical and biological insecticides should be systematized to reduce the chance of selecting for resistant individuals.

Aggressiveness of Spanish Isolates of Xylella fastidiosa to Almond Plants of Different Cultivars Under Greenhouse Conditions.

The aggressiveness of Spanish isolates of Xylella fastidiosa, representing different sequence types, were studied in almond plants of several cultivars by means of the dynamics of the population levels and symptoms, colonization and spread, and dose-effect relationships. Pathogen dynamics in almond plants under greenhouse conditions showed doubling times of 2.1 to 2.5 days during the exponential growth phase, with a maximum population size of about 35 days postinoculation (dpi). Differences in patterns in population dynamics were observed between sap and xylem tissue after the exponential growth, as population levels in the xylem tissue remained stable while viable cells in sap decreased. Population levels were higher in two upward zones than in the downward zone with respect to the inoculation area. The first symptoms were observed between 20 and 60 dpi, and disease severity increased over time at doubling times of 30 days, with a maximum observed at 120 dpi. Strains tested showed differences in population levels in the cultivars studied and were able to spread with different intensity from contaminated plant parts to new growing shoots after pruning. Two almond isolates showed different performance in dose-effect relationships when inoculated in cultivar Avijor. Whereas IVIA 5387.2 reached high population levels but showed high median effective dose (ED50) and minimal infective dose (MID) values, IVIA 5901.2 showed low population levels and low ED50 and MID values. This study has implications for the epidemiology of X. fastidiosa in almond crops, estimating doubling times of the pathogen in planta and of symptom development and showing differences in aggressiveness between strains.

DATA MINING K-MEANS: CLUSTERING HEALTH AND COMPLAINTS RESIDENT IN INDONESIA

This study aims to utilize the Clustering Algorithm in grouping the population Which have complaint health with algorithm K-means in Indonesia. Source data study This collected based on the information documents. The total population of the province have complaints health produced by the Central Bureau of National Statistics. The data used in this study are data for 2013-2017 which consists of 34 provinces. The method used in this research is K-means algorithm. The data will be processed by clustering in 3 clusters, namely level clusters high health complaints, clusters of moderate and low health complaints. Data center for clusters high population level 37.48, Centroid data for clusters of moderate population level 27.08, and Centroid data for low population level cluster 14.89. So that the acquisition of the assessment is based on the population index owned health complaints with 7 provinces with high levels of health complaints, namely Central Java, in Yogyakarta, Bali, Nusa Southeast West, Nusa Southeast East, Borneo South, Gorontalo, 18 province level complaint moderate health, and 9 other provinces including low levels of health complaints. It can be input to the government to pay more attention to residents in each area that has high health complaints through improving public health services so that the Indonesian population becomes healthier without exists complaint health.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Assessment and Distribution of Damages Caused by the Trunk-Boring Insects Coraebus undatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Reticulitermes grassei Clément (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Mediterranean Restored Cork-Oak Forests

This work assesses damage caused by Coraebus undatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Reticulitermes grassei Clément (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in managed cork oak forests from the southern Iberian Peninsula. Lesions were diagnosed and quantified in relation to the following features: height and orientation in the trunk, diameter at breast height, solar exposure, understory presence and orography. The distribution patterns of lesions in the study area across 12 plots and in the trunk of the trees were also analyzed. The study was performed in “Sa de Hornachuelos” Natural Park (Córdoba, Spain) and the research area encompassed 12 environmentally-restored sampling plots. Data were recorded from 2007 to 2014, with yearly sampling from late June to mid-September, corresponding to the cork extraction period, since lesions caused by these insects are well distinguishable promptly after bark removal. The results reveal that C. undatus has low population levels and a non-uniform distribution pattern in the study area as well as in the trunk of the tree. It shows preference for medium height but not by any trunk orientation. R. grassei also shows low infestation levels and a preference to affect the trunk’s base. Comparatively, C. undatus showed higher infestation levels than R. grassei. The location of damage was also different, since galleries made by C. undatus predominated at intermediate trunk heights while those of R. grassei were more frequent at lower heights. Our results further showed a low co-occurrence of both species in the same tree trunks, which could be explained in terms of overlapping in the distribution areas of both species. These results provide background information that will enable natural resources managers to detect changes and trends of these species and inform future management decisions.

Growth behavior of low populations of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut mango, melon and papaya under different storage temperatures

The growth behavior of Listeria monocytogenes low population (1–4 cells/sample) on fresh-cut mango, melon, papaya and fruit mix stored at 4, 8, 12 and 16 °C was evaluated over 10 days. Mango showed the lowest counts for L. monocytogenes during 10 days regardless of storage temperature (<1.7 log cfu.g−1). Melon supported high bacterial growth over 10 days, reaching 5 log cfu.g−1 at 16 °C. Both the fruit and storage temperature influenced the Listeria low population growth potential (δ). Cumulative frequency distribution of L. monocytogenes showed that after 10 days, 100% of fresh-cut fruits and fruit mix stored at 4 °C remained ≤2 log cfu.g−1, while at 12 and 16 °C 100% of melon, papaya and fruit mix samples exceeded this limit. At 8 °C, 100% of mango and fruit mix samples remained below this limit after 10 days, whereas 100% of melon and papaya reached it after 7 days. Results indicate 4 °C as the ideal to store safely fresh-cut mango, melon, papaya and fruit mix for 10 days. Besides, 8 °C can also be an option, but not for melon and papaya. Findings highlight the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive and grow in fresh-cut fruits even at a very low initial population levels.