Lower Feed Consumption Research Articles

REPRODUCTIVE, SERUM BIOCHEMICAL AND HORMONAL TRAITS OF LOCAL QUAIL IN RESPONSE TO DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF GREEN TEA POWDER

This study was conducted on 90 local quail females in six different treatments in order to know the effect of adding green tea powder to the quail diet on the productive, reproductive, biochemical and hormonal characteristics of quail females. The results showed a significant superiority of the birds of the group fed on 1% of green tea powder in hot and cold carcass weight, average egg weight, albumin weight, yolk height and color, and the lowest feed consumption, while the control-treated birds in the number of eggs produced, HDP, ALT, Alkaline and Bilirubin exceeded the other treatments birds. Concerning the lipid profile, blood urea ratio, and AST, the highest significant figures were recorded in the treatment of birds fed a ration to which 3% lipids were added. In contrast, the lowest values ​​for total cholesterol, Tri, VLDL, and blood nitrogen were recorded for birds of the treatment fed at 2% of green tea powder. The results showed that there were significant differences between the six treatment birds in the level of blood hormones, as the highest level of (estrogen), (Ghrelin, leptin, FSH), (T4) and (Growth and LH) were recorded for the control birds, 3% lipid and 1% dried green tea and 2% green tea with 3% lipid, respectively. We conclude from the above that birds fed a supplemented diet of 1% green tea powder were superior in most productive and reproductive traits, especially carcass weight, dressed %, egg weight and internal egg characteristics, compared to other treated birds.

Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Biochemical Properties, Hematological Traits, and Intestinal Histopathology of Broiler Chicks Fed Mannan Oligosaccharides

, , , , and Antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry diets are currently restricted, so other feed additives, such as prebiotics and probiotics, have been suggested as an antibiotics alternative to improve the performance and gut health of poultry. The current experiment was conducted to study the effects of adding Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) as a potential replacement for an antibiotic on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, some blood parameters, and caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. For conducting the current research experiment, a total of 180 one–day old Ross broiler chicks were randomly divided into one control group fed a basal diet and four dietary treatments with six replicates for each treatment. The treatment groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with different levels of MOS 0.5, 1, and 2 g/Kg diet and Lincomycin 4.4 mg/Kg diet during 35 days of the feeding trial. With exception of the growing period, the group fed a basal diet supplemented with 2 g MOS/Kg feed had considerably higher body weight and weight gain, while having the lowest feed consumption and best feed conversion ratio compared to the other treatment groups, during all experimental periods. Moreover, dietary supplementation of MOS resulted in a significant decrease in the counts of caecal E. coli and Enterococcus, while Lactobacillus and Yeast bacteria counts were significantly higher, compared to non-supplemented groups. Broiler chicks having a 2 g MOS/kg diet recorded lower values of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), urea, and liver enzymes, including Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while they recorded significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL), compared to the other experimental groups. Group treated with MOS 2 g/Kg feed improved digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and organic matter, compared to the control group, Additionally, MOS supplementation also increased the intestinal villi length, width, and crypt depth and decreased intestinal inflammation, compared to the control group. In conclusion, supplementation of MOS at 2 g/kg diet improved growth performance, digestibility, and blood parameters without having adverse effects on the intestine of broiler chickens, comparable to the Lincomycin.

Effects of hypoxic conditions during the plateau period on pre- and posthatch broiler performance

Adequate ambient temperature and oxygenation are necessary to maintain normal embryonic development of broilers; however, hypoxia challenge during incubation can aid in improving regulatory plasticity and lead to different phenotypes later in life. This study aimed to examine the effects of moderate hypoxia (O2 17%) during the plateau phase on the embryonic physiological parameters and on posthatch performance (growth rate, feed consumption and feed conversion) up to the age of poultry marketing. The study included examined embryos exposed to O2 17% for 12 h per day (h/d) from E16 through E18 (designated as 12H), or O2 17% continuously, from E16 through E17 (designated as 48H) and a standard incubation control group (21% O2). Physiological and morphological parameters of embryos and hatched chicks were measured. Male Chicks from all 3 treatment groups were raised under recommended temperature regime, and body weight, feed intake and FCR were recorded on a weekly basis. The intermittent hypoxia protocol (12H), allowed embryos to properly adapt to the shortage of oxygen, compensate for the gap in body mass that developed following the first exposure window, and hatch with characteristics similar to those of the control embryos. In contrast, while the 48H embryos were able to adapt to the hypoxic stress, the prolonged exposure prevented them from catching up with both control and 12H embryos. Broilers that were subjected to hypoxia showed hatchling body weights and growth rates similar to those of controls, throughout the entire growth phase. During the fifth wk, lower feed consumption was observed in the 12H and 48H groups and became significantly lower than the control chicks in the sixth wk of growth. Following hypoxia exposure, chicks managed to reach normal body weight with less feed, with the 12H group demonstrating lower and more efficient FCR during the last 2 wk of growth.Broiler embryos reacted to plateau-phase hypoxia challenge with numerous physiological and metabolic modifications. The prudent alterations in metabolism and cardiovascular system during exposure to hypoxia and posthatch, resulted in more efficient energy utilization in broilers, which may have a long-lasting enhancing effect on posthatching thermotolerance and sustainability in chicks reared under sub-optimal environmental conditions.

New branch of poultry breeding in the Tyumen region

In many regions of the Russian Federation, the turkey breeding industry is just beginning to develop, which determines the relevance of research at the regional level. The purpose of the research was to analyze the production activity of a new branch of turkey breeding in the Tyumen region. The technology of keeping turkeys of the cross Hybrid Converter under the conditions of LLC “Absolut-Agro” at the Yurginskaya poultry farm has been analyzed in the paper. LLC “Absolut-Agro” is a large and promising poultry enterprise that has a closed production cycle. The cross Hybrid Converter was obtained as a result of crossbreeding two breeds: Bronze broad-chested and White Dutch. The analysis of the rearing of young turkeys from the daily age to slaughter has been carried out. In order to conduct the research 3 groups of turkeys have been formed by the years of rearing – 2017, 2018 and 2019. The dynamics of the growth of young turkeys has been presented, the effectiveness of feed use, the livability of poultry has been analyzed, and the economic effectiveness of rearing has been calculated. In order to determine the effectiveness of feed use, we studied the growth dynamics of young turkeys. During the rearing periods, observations were made on the livability of poultry, the state of health, and the feed consumption. The change in live weight has been determined by weighing the young turkeys every seven days during the rearing period. The group of rearing turkeys in 2019 surpassed the groups of 2017 and 2018 in all indicators, which were due to the enterprise reaching full production capacity in 2018. The poultry raised in 2019 showed the highest production effect. Feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain during the rearing period amounted to 2,25 kg in 2017, 2,19 kg in 2018, the lowest feed consumption was in 2019 and amounted to 2,16 kg. Thus, the current state of the turkey breeding industry has just begun its activity in the Tyumen region. In the company LLC “Absolut Agro” the most modern equipment has been installed and created conditions for turkey rearing, which allow improving the production indicators of the enterprise every year and developing the new poultry industry in the region.

Effect of feeding frequency on performance, nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen balances in juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets with two levels of crystalline methionine

In this study, the effect of feeding frequency and its interaction with crystalline methionine supplementation level on performance, digestion, energy and nitrogen balances was assessed. The experiment had a 2 × 4 factorial design, testing two levels of crystalline methionine (Met) and four feeding frequencies. The two diets contained Met either just fulfilling or exceeding the Met requirement of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). African catfish with initial mean weight of 44 g were allocated to one of four feeding frequencies (six, two, one time (s) per day and two times out of three days) in a recirculation aquaculture system. Fish were fed an equal daily ration for 32 days. Performance parameters, nutrient digestibility, body composition, and nutrient balances were evaluated. Except for digestible nitrogen intake and dry matter body content, none of tested parameters was affected by the interaction between dietary Met levels and feeding frequencies. Growth, energy and nitrogen gain were unaffected by feeding frequency as well as dietary Met level. FCR was low, being 0.84 averaged over all treatments. However, feeding frequency affected feed intake and the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of nutrients. Feeding at lowest frequency was accompanied by a lower feed consumption compared to other frequencies (P < 0.001). At higher frequency, ADC was higher for macronutrients but lower for phosphorus and magnesium. It was concluded that the asynchronous availability of AA for protein synthesis, which is often suggested to cause a sub-optimal utilization of crystalline AA, was not influenced by feeding frequency. However, feeding at a low frequency hampered daily feed intake of African catfish. Whereas, higher frequency improved nutrient digestibility, though it did not result in improved growth probably due to the higher energy required for maintenance related to physical activities at higher frequency.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera) dan Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) terhadap Income Over Feed Cost Ayam Broiler

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of giving kelor (Moringa oleifera) leaf and Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) extracts on income over the feed cost of broiler chickens. The material used is 60 DOC (day old chicken) strain ross on average initial weight 93.7 g/head. The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications, and each treatment using the five chickens. The treatment consisted of feeding 5 ml/liter of Moringa leaf and Sambiloto extract, T0: control treatment, T1: bitter extract, T2: Moringa and bitter extract (1:1), T3: Moringa extract. The parameters observed were fed consumption, drinking water consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost per gain, and income per feed cost. Feed cost per gain and income per feed cost were analyzed descriptively. The result showed that drinking water consumption ((196,18-209,07 ml/head/day) was not significantly different. The lowest feed consumption (85,32 g/head/day) and feed conversion (1,34) were found in the treatment of Moringa extracts. The lowest feed cost per gain (Rp/kg) was the treatment with Moringa leaf extract, the highest income over feed cost (Rp. 9.358,84/kg) was the administration of Moringa extract. It can be concluded that Moringa leaf extract gave the best results on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost per gain, and income over feed cost.

Influence of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles on Quail Meat Productivity

One of the priority tasks of the agro-industrial complex in the modern world is to increase agricultural animal productivity and maximize the use of various processing byproducts in their feeding. Therefore, the experiment has been conducted to determine the influence of distillers dried grains with solubles as a part of feed mixtures on young quail meat productivity. To carry out the experiment, 5 groups, 100 quail heads in each, have been formed. Quails in the control group 1 did not receive distillers dried grains with solubles as a part of their feed mixture. Quails in the experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed by, respectively, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of distillers dried grains with solubles in complex with feed mixture. The experiment lasted for 35 days. Due to the daily body weight (thereinafter - BW) gain in average for the entire farming period, quails in the experimental group 5 gave in to quails in the control group by 0.16 g or 2.5% (P &lt; 0.01), while the experimental group 2 outweighed them by 0.09 g or 1.4%, group 3 - by 0.19 g or 3% (P &lt; 0.01), group 4 - by 0.13 g or 2.1% (P &lt; 0.01). The lowest feed consumption per 1 kg of quail weight gain was observed in the experimental group 3, that gave in to quails in the control group by 78 g or 2.4%. The experimental groups 2 and 4 had the same indicators, that gave in to quails in the control group by 31 g or 0.9%. And only the experimental group 5 consumed 61 g or 1.8% more feed per 1 kg of BW gain in comparison to the control group. Evaluation of slaughter characteristics in quails, by means of complete feed mixtures with different content of distillers dried grains with solubles, has shown that the experimental group quails achieved the highest indicators.

Feed consumption by minks of different behavioral types

The main goal of the work was to determine the attitude of the American mink to feed consumption, depending on the genotype and behavior. The object of research was American mink (Neovison vison) of cell breeding of three different genotypes: Standard dark brown (+/ +), Hedlundwhite (h/ h) and Black crystal (CR/ +). Groups of animals were initially assessed on aggressive and manual behavior using a special hand catch test method. The duration of the work was 30 days. All animals received a unified ratio according to the recommended norms. Daily feed was weighed before distribution (190 g per 1 head to females and 250 g to males) and the amount of feed consumed a day per group and per 1 head was determined from the remains. The feed consumption was assessed by the indicator of the feed consumed by males and females of different genotypes and behavior. Comparison of the data was carried out using Student t-test. As the temperature factor influences the feed consumption, the feed intake by minks of different genotypes was assessed over seven-day periods. It was found that in the first observation period there was no difference in the amount of feed consumed by females. However, in the second period, aggressive Hedlund females consumed more than females of the black crystal genotype. In the same period, the females of the black crystal genotype showed the lowest feed consumption in comparison with the standard and Hedlund females. In the third period, Hedlund females consumed the largest amount of feed among aggressor females in comparison with the genotypes Standard and Black Crystal. There are no differences in feed consumption by males of different genotypes for the same periods. Over the entire study period, female aggressors of genotypes Standard and Hedlund consumed more feed than females of the tame type of behavior. The tame males of the standard genotype consumed more feed than the aggressive ones. There were no differences in feed consumption by minks of different behavior of the black crystal genotype.

Review on the Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and Productivities

Heat stress is a situation where too much heat is absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal and causes stress, illness or even death. Therefore, the objective of this review was to compile current knowledge and evidence from literature about the effects of heat stress in poultry production, and productivities. Heat stress is manifested by elevated body temperature, hot, dry skin, lack of sweating and neurological symptoms such as paralysis, headache, vertigo and unconsciousness. Poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. In the first days of their life poultry need hot climate (32-38°C), but the optimal temperature decreases rapidly with age by 2.5-3.0°C per week. Birds may use sand baths to dissipate the heat from the body, move to a shaded area or seek a micro-environment that avoids extremely high environmental temperature. Birds rose in an open-sided house at 37°C and humidity level of 50-60% showed signs of panting and wing lifting, elevation of body temperature, lower feed consumption, a higher feed conversion ratio, and lowered body weight gain. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus and ovary leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also in males, semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decrease when subjected to heat stress. In egg production, heat stress has a significant harmful impact on body weight, and feed consumption of laying hens at peak production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and gravity. Both meat type and egg laying chickens respond negatively to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress reduces the relative weights of lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and cloacae bursa.

Improvement in growth performance of broiler chicken on dietary supplementation of mushroom powder (Agaricus bisporus) and probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on broiler performance. Day-old broiler chicks (n=360) of strain (Cobb 400) were divided randomly into eight groups. Each represented a treatment (45 birds/ treatment) with triplicate in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were designed as, T1: control, T2: 0.4% mushroom powder, T3: 0.8% mushroom powder, T4: 1.2% mushroom powder, T5: 0.1% probiotics, T6: 0.2% probiotics, T7: 0.3% probiotics and T8: 0.8% mushroom powder + 0.2% probiotics levels. The results showed that the average body weight was significantly higher in (T4) group compare to control diet. The highest gain in the body weight was observed in the probiotics supplemented group (T5) and the lowest mean body weight gain was recorded in (T7) group. The lowest feed consumption was noticed in the control group (T1) which was appreciably (P

Review on the Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and Productivities

Heat stress is a situation where too much heat is absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal and causes stress, illness or even death. Therefore, the objective of this review was to compile current knowledge and evidence from literature about the effects of heat stress in poultry production, and productivities. Heat stress is manifested by elevated body temperature, hot, dry skin, lack of sweating and neurological symptoms such as paralysis, headache, vertigo and unconsciousness. Poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. In the first days of their life poultry need hot climate (32-38°C), but the optimal temperature decreases rapidly with age by 2.5-3.0°C per week. Birds may use sand baths to dissipate the heat from the body, move to a shaded area or seek a micro-environment that avoids extremely high environmental temperature. Birds rose in an open-sided house at 37°C and humidity level of 50-60% showed signs of panting and wing lifting, elevation of body temperature, lower feed consumption, a higher feed conversion ratio, and lowered body weight gain. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus and ovary leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also in males, semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decrease when subjected to heat stress. In egg production, heat stress has a significant harmful impact on body weight, and feed consumption of laying hens at peak production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and gravity. Both meat type and egg laying chickens respond negatively to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress reduces the relative weights of lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and cloacae bursa.

Sequential feeding with diets varying in amino acid content for growing-finishing pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of daily phase feeding (DP) and sequential feeding (SEQ) on the feeding behavior, performance, and body composition of growing-finishing pigs. Sixty barrows at 29.7 ± 2.8 kg body weight (BW) were assigned to one of four treatments: DP with a blended proportion of feeds A (high nutrient density) and B (low nutrient density) was adjusted to match 100 % of daily amino acid (AA) diet recommendations (DP100); a negative treatment, which matched 70 % of daily AA diet recommendations (DP70); and two SEQ with a blend of feeds A and B, adjusted twice a day (at 00h00 and 12h00), to match 70 or 110 % of daily AA diet recommendations during two 12 h intervals: SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110. DP70 and SEQ showed a lower feed consumption rate compared to DP100 (p < 0.05). Compare to DP100, pigs in both SEQ programs had a similar average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency ratio (G:F) and body fat and lean mass ( p > 0.05). SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110 showed similar ADFI, ADG, G:F and body lean mass (p > 0.05). However, fat gain was greater in SEQ110-70 than in SEQ70-110 (p < 0.05). Overall, the SEQ program does not improve performance and body composition. Furthermore, feeding pigs a diet with a higher AA level during the first 12 h of the day and a lower AA level during the remainder of the day increases fat deposition.

UTILIZATION OF DRY CORN GRAINS DISTILLATION BY-PRODUCT WITH SOLUBLE (DDGS) AS AN ALTERNATIVE NON-CONVENTIONAL FEED STUFF IN LAYING HEN DIETS

A total of 105 Dokki-4 laying hens, 24 weeks of age were used to study utilization of dry corn grains distillation by-product with soluble (DDGS) as an alternative non-conventional feed stuff in laying hen diets. Hens were divided equally into seven treatment groups, three levels of DDGS (20, 25 and 30 %) without or with enzyme (1g enzyme/kg diet), in addition to8 control group. Each group contains five replicates with 3 birds each. Egg production and egg weight were recorded and egg mass was calculated daily during 24 to 36 weeks of age. Random samples of 5 eggs from each treatment were collected weekly to measure egg quality. Results showed that proximate analysis for DDGS yielded values of 93.72% for dry matter (DM), 21.74% for crude protein (CP), 6.74% for ether extract (EE), 6.54 % for crude fiber (CF) and 5.93% for ash. Hens fed diet containing 20 % DDGS recorded the highest (P ≤ 0.05) egg production, egg weight, egg mass, lowest feed consumption and the best feed conversion ratio (FCR), values were 76.32%, 43.15g, 32.91g/ hen/ day, 99.02g/ hen /day and 3.06 g feed/g egg, respectively. Supplementation of enzyme to diets containing DDGS had significant effect on egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed consumption and FCR. Concerning to the interaction between DDGS level and enzyme supplied, hen fed 20 % DDGSwith enzyme recorded values similar ​​to hen feed control diet. Albumen wt. %, yolk wt. %, shell wt. %, shape index and yolk index, were not affectedby DDGS level, on the other hand Haugh unit and shell thickness were insignificantly affected by DDGS level. The interaction between DDGS level and enzyme supplied effect on egg quality except shell thickness had not. The best value for economical efficiency and relative economical efficiency had been recorded by hen fed on control diet (0.50 and 100%) followed by 20% DDGSwith 1 g enzyme / kg diet (0.45 and 90 %). The present study show that DDGS could be used in layer diets up to 20% with 1 g enzyme / kg diet without adverse effect on performance of laying hens and egg quality.

Особенности суточной диеты Pelobates fuscus (Pelobatidae,Amphibia) в пойме р. Хопёр (Саратовская область)

The daily diet of in local populations in the Khoper river floodplain is considered. The absence of gender differences in their daily diet is shown. Most of prey is made up of animals weighing 10–25 mg and having body lengths of 8–18 mm. Hymenoptera (70.8%) and Coleoptera (52.1%) predominate by the number of specimens and by biomass, respectively. The number of daily caught invertebrates usually does not exceed 15. The lowest feed consumption is in April and October, while the highest one is in the summer months.

Growth Performance and Profitability of Broilers Chickens with Vermi meal Supplementation under Total Confinement Management

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance and profitability of broilers chicken with vermi meal supplementation under a total confinement management system. A total of 60 broiler chickens were randomly distributed to four dietary treatments: T1= commercial feed (CF), T2= CF+2% vermi meal (VM), T3= CF+3% VM, T4= CF+5% VM inclusion in a completely randomized design. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly influenced by VM supplementation. However, the highest feed intake was recorded in broilers fed CF supplemented with 2% VM (T2) while control broilers fed only CF (T1) had the lowest feed consumption. Broiler chickens fed CF supplemented with 2% VM (T2) were recorded with the highest values of final body weight and weight gain compared to T1 group and T4 group, respectively. However, broiler in T2 group had similar values of body weights and weight gains compared to T3. Consequently, 2% level of VM had an optimum result in final weight, weight gain, and feed consumption, while comparable to the other treatments in water consumption, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, and carcass weight. Cost and return analysis of the dietary treatments with VM showed a negative effect, since the higher concentration of VM supplementation had the higher cost in production, due to the expensive price of imported vermin or earthworm meal.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: broiler chickens, performance, total confinement, vermi meal

Determinación de la edad propicia para la gonadectomía en pollos criollos

The objective of the research was to improve the productive parameters in Creole chickens through gonadectomy in the Tungurahua Province, Ecuador. A completely randomized design with three treatments and a control was used, the results were subjected to an analysis of variance (ADEVA) for the separation of means and the Tukey test of 5%, the factors under study were: T1 (8), T2 (9) and T3 (10), castrated weeks of age, and uncastrated chickens (20 birds / treatment), with a productive period after castration of 12 weeks. Weight gain 12 weeks after castration was higher in chickens operated on at 8 weeks of age, (343.6 g bird / week, p <0.05). The lowest feed consumption was in week 3 post castration (p <0.05). Roosters castrated at 8 and 9 weeks had better feed con-version (6.33 and 6.53, respectively) (p <0.05). Carcass yield was higher in castrated roosters compared to the uncastrated control group (p <0.01). The mortality. It was better in T1 (8 weeks old) with 0%. For this reason, the application of the surgical technique performed at of age is the most recommended.

Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from yearling beef heifers and mature cows classified for residual feed intake under drylot conditions

This study quantified methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production from beef heifers and cows classified for residual feed intake adjusted for off-test backfat thickness (RFIfat) and reared in drylot during cold winter temperatures. Individual performance, daily feed intake, and RFIfat were obtained for 1068 crossbred and purebred yearling heifers (eight trials) as well as 176 crossbred mature cows (six trials) during the winters of 2015–2017 at two locations. A portion of these heifers (147 high RFIfat; 167 low RFIfat) and cows (69 high RFIfat; 70 low RFIfat) was monitored for enteric CH4 and CO2 emissions using the GreenFeed Emissions Monitoring (GEM) system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA). Low RFIfat cattle consumed less feed [heifers, 7.80 vs. 8.48 kg dry matter (DM) d−1; cows, 11.64 vs. 13.16 kg DM d−1] and emitted less daily CH4 (2.5% for heifers; 3.7% for cows) and CO2 (1.4% for heifers; 3.4% for cows) compared with high RFIfat cattle. However, low RFIfat heifers and cows had higher CH4 (6.2% for heifers; 9.9% for cows) and CO2 yield (7.3% for heifers; 9.8% for cows) per kilogram DM intake compared with their high RFIfat pen mates. The GEM system performed at air temperatures between +20 and −30 °C. Feed intake of heifers and mature cows was differently affected by ambient temperature reduction between +20 and −15 °C and similarly increased their feed intake at temperatures below −15 °C. In conclusion, low RFIfat animals emit less daily enteric CH4 and CO2, due mainly to lower feed consumption at equal body weight, gain, and fatness.

Production Performance, Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Commercial Broilers Supplemented with Nano Selenium and other Anti-Stressors during Summer

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of nano selenium on production performance in commercial broilers during summer stress. Dietary nano selenium was compared with other anti-stressors such as inorganic selenium, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Betaine and 1% Glutamine. A total of 420 commercial broilers were divided into seven treatments with three replicates of 20 birds each and were supplemented with basal diet (control), inorganic Se (0.30 mg/kg), nano Se (0.15 mg/kg), Vit E (250 mg/kg), Betaine (2g/kg), Glutamine (1%) and Vit C (250 mg/kg). The highest body weight (1945.17 ± 25.28) and the lowest feed consumption (2973.16 ± 41.25) with better FCR (1.56 ± 0.02) was observed in birds supplemented with nano Se than other anti-stressors and control group. It was concluded that supplementation of nano Se in broiler diet improved the productivity of commercial broilers during summer stress.

Вплив диференційованого за живою масою утримання та годівлі батьківського стада індичок кросу «Харківський» на їхні відтворні властивості

The purpose. To study the influence of technological method — differentiated by live weight growing and feeding of the parent herd of turkeys of cross «Kharkivskyi» on their reproductive properties. Methods. Zootechnical, zoohygienic and statistical. At the age of 30 weeks, all the turkeys were transferred to the parent herd, where they continued to be kept and fed in groups. The nutritional characteristics of the feed, which was fed to turkeys of all groups, were similar and met the requirements. During the studies, egg production, poultry safety, feed consumption were determined according to daily data. Egg incubation parameters were determined by visual inspection, weighing and scattering of all obtained eggs and the results of their incubation. Results. The positive effect of the proposed technological technique on egg production, the yield of hatching eggs and total yield of turkeys per initial turkey was established. The data obtained indicate the advantage of the experimental groups of turkeys compared with the control according to the above indicators, respectively: for the 5th line — by 6.5%, 2.2% and 5 goals.; for the 6th line — by 3.2%, 0.7% and 1.2 goals. In the experimental groups, the lower feed consumption per 10 pieces of obtained eggs was also observed (at growing turkeys of the 5th line — by 9.7%, 6th — by 7.3%). Conclusions. Differentiated by live weight growing and feeding of the parent herd of turkeys of cross «Kharkivskyi» helps to increase their reproductive performance.

Dietary levels of energy and protein on productive performance and carcass traits of growing female Mexican hairless pigs

The Mexican hairless pig (MHP) is a slow-growing pig with an obese genotype and nutritional requirements which are different from those of pigs with lean genotypes. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels in the diet of female MHP during the growth period (10–25 kg). Forty five growing females with initial body weight of 12.05 ± 2.43 kg were randomly distributed in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (n = 5) to evaluate the productive performance. When the animals reached the desired weight of 25 kg, three animals of each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered for evaluation of carcass traits and commercial cuts. The main factors were three levels of ME (2,800, 3,000, and 3200 kcal of ME/kg) and three levels of CP (180, 200, and 220 g of CP kg−1). Animals were individually housed in elevated cages (1.0 × 0.70 m) and provided with a feeder and a nipple drinker. Feed was offered ad libutum. There was no significant (P > 0.10) interaction between energy and protein levels on any of the variables evaluated. Females consuming feed with 3200 kcal of ME/kg had the greatest (P < 0.05) daily weight gain (336 g) and reached the desirable slaughter weight in shorter time (39.87 d) with lower feed consumption (38.97 kg) and better feed conversion (2.92 kg:1 kg). Carcass yield, backfat thickness and commercial cuts were similar (P > 0.10) among treatments. It´s conclude that the optimal levels of ME and CP in the diet of growing female MHP are 3200 kcal EM and 180 g PC per kg of feed.