Lower Fat Intake Research Articles

DIETARY INTAKE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AMONG FISHERMEN’S CHILDREN: A REVIEW


 
 
 This paper highlights the dietary intake of fishermen's children, their nutritional status and cognitive performance. It will help to have a reasonable perspective of their dietary intake and their relationship with nutritional status and how it inevitably influences cognitive performance. This is relevant as it can provide the government and health authorities with insights into the execution of an action plan to improve the nutritional status of fishing communities, especially in Malaysia, where possible. A systematic search of the English scholarly papers on this subject was undertaken between 1997 and 2020. A total of 20 studies have been systematically chosen and reviewed. Studies are divided into two groups, based on the type of research conducted. Ten of the retrieved studies looked at dietary intake and nutritional status in fisherman's children, while another ten studies looked at cognitive performance in children and adolescents and the factors that contributed to it. In terms of dietary intake, three studies reported low energy consumption and low carbohydrate intake, one study reported high carbohydrate intake, four studies reported high protein intake, one study reported low fat intake, five studies reported low micronutrient intake (calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C) and two studies reported a high intake of niacin. As far as nutritional status is concerned, six studies recorded that children are stunted/underweight and three studies reported that children are obese/overweight. In comparison, one study recorded high cognitive performance, three studies reported average cognitive performance, and three studies reported poor cognitive performance. In the studies reviewed, it has been shown that there is a positive association between socio-economic status, dietary intake/nutritional status and cognitive performance among children in fishing communities in different regions. There is a need for nutrition education and intervention in these disadvantaged communities.
 
 

Broccoli-Soybean-Mangrove Food Bar as an Emergency Food for Older People during Natural Disaster.

Older people risk poor nutritional status during natural disasters due to low intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat. A food bar is a form of emergency food product that contains carbohydrate and protein, and is practical for disaster situations. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a broccoli-soybean-mangrove food bar on older people’s weight following natural disasters. A quasi-experimental pre-post intervention study was designed using 33 subjects at the treatment group of various nutritional status types of older people during two weeks with balanced nutrition education over two weeks. Bivariate analysis with a paired t-test used to test whether weight, macronutrient intakes, and balanced nutrition knowledge were significantly different before and after the study. The study showed broccoli-soybean-mangrove food bar consumption resulted in a significantly increased weight of 0.2 kg, energy (291.9 kcal), protein (6.1 g), carbohydrate (31.1 g), dan fat (15.6 g) intakes. Balanced nutrition education of older people could also substantially increase knowledge of older people regarding nutrition (11.8 points). The proportion of malnourished subjects who gained weight was more remarkable than normal subjects in the first and second weeks of the intervention. However, the proportion of normal nutritional status subjects having increased macronutrients intakes was higher than the malnourished subjects. These findings recommend broccoli-soybean-mangrove food bar consumption to significantly improve weight and macronutrients intakes in older people following a natural disaster. It is necessary to make the broccoli-soybean-mangrove food bar more available, accessible, and affordable to all people in emergencies, mainly for older people.

Association of early nutrition deficiency with the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a Meta analysis

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the association of early nutrition intake with the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and Weipu Periodical Database were searched for the observational studies on the association between early nutrition intake and BPD. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform a Meta analysis of eligible studies. RESULTS Eight observational studies were included, with 548 infants with BPD and 522 infants without BPD. The Meta analysis showed that the BPD group had a significantly lower caloric intake than the non-BPD group within the first week after birth and in the first 2 weeks after birth (P < 0.05). The BPD group had a significantly lower enteral nutrition intake than the non-BPD group (WMD=-18.27, 95%CI:-29.70 to -6.84, P < 0.05), as well as a significantly lower intake of carbohydrate, fat, and protein (P < 0.05). The BPD group had a significantly longer duration of parenteral nutrition than the non-BPD group (WMD=14.26, 95%CI:13.26-15.25, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Early nutrition deficiency may be associated with the development of BPD, and more attention should be paid to enteral feeding of infants at a high risk of BPD to achieve total enteral feeding as soon as possible.

Causal effects of relative fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake on chronic kidney disease: a Mendelian randomization study

The effects of specific macronutrients on kidney function independent of total calorie intake have rarely been studied, although the composition of macronutrient intake has been reported to affect health outcomes. We aimed to investigate the effects of macronutrient intake ratios on the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. The study was an observational cohort study mainly based on the UK Biobank and including MR analysis. First, we evaluated the relative baseline macronutrient composition-that is, the number of calories from each macronutrient divided by total calorie intake-of the diets of UK Biobank participants, and we used Cox regression to assess the incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in 65,164 participants with normal kidney function [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2]. We implemented a genetic instrument for relative fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake developed by a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) and performed MR analysis. Two-sample MR was performed with the summary statistics from independent CKDGen GWAS for kidney function traits (n=567,460), including CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and log-transformed eGFR. The median relative macronutrient intake composition at baseline was 35% fats, 15% protein, and 50% carbohydrates. Higher relative protein intake in subjects with normal kidney function was significantly associated with a lower risk of incident ESKD (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.95) in the observational investigation. Two-sample MR indicated that increased relative fat intake causally increased the risk of kidney function impairment [CKD (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.39, 2.71); log eGFR (β: -0.036; 95% CI: -0.048, -0.024)] and that higher relative protein intake was causally linked to a lower CKD risk [CKD (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.72); log eGFR (β: 0.044; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.058)]. A desirable macronutrient composition, including high relative protein intake and low relative fat intake, may causally reduce the risk of CKD in the general population.

Lifestyle factors associated with the transition from healthy to unhealthy adiposity among black South African adults over 10 years

Background and aimsObesity is associated with an increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Africa, but some obese individuals maintain cardiometabolic health. The aims were to track metabolically healthy overweight or obesity (MHO) over 10 years in African adults and to identify factors associated with a transition to metabolically unhealthy overweight or obesity (MUO). Methods and resultsThe participants were the South African cohort of the international Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological study. From the baseline data of 1937 adults, 649 women and 274 men were followed for 10 years. The combined overweight and obesity prevalence of men (19.2%–23.8%, p = .02) and women (58%–64.7%, p < .001), and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in all participants (25.4%–40.2%, p < .001) increased significantly. More than a quarter (26.2%) of the women and 10.9% of men were MHO at baseline, 11.4% of women and 5.1% of men maintained MHO over 10 years, while similar proportions (12.3% of women, 4.7% of men) transitioned to MUO. Female sex, age, and total fat intake were positively associated with a transition to MUO over 10 years, while physical activity was negatively associated with the transition. HIV positive participants were more likely to be MHO at follow-up than their HIV negative counterparts. ConclusionsOne in two black adults with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 maintained MHO over 10 years, while a similar proportion transitioned into MUO. Interventions should focus on lower fat intakes and higher physical activity to prevent the transition to MUO.

Associations of Polygenetic Variants at the 11q23 Locus and Their Interactions with Macronutrient Intake for the Risk of 3GO, a Combination of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Dyslipidemia.

3GO is a condition in which hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia co-occur, and these conditions are related to each other and genetic and environmental factors. We hypothesized that common genetic variants and their interactions with lifestyles influenced 3GO risk. We aimed to explore common genetic variants to affect 3GO risk and their haplotype interaction with lifestyles in a city hospital-based cohort in 58,701 Koreans > 40 years. 3GO was defined as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and DBP ≥ 90 mmHg for hypertension, fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL for hyperglycemia, and LDL ≥ 160 mg/dL or HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL, or triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dL for dyslipidemia. Haplotypes were generated by genetic variants selected from genome-wide association study ((GWAS) an observational study of the genetic variation of the whole genome in different individuals, used to see if any variation is related to traits) after adjusting for age, sex, area of residence, and body mass index (BMI). Nutrient intakes were assessed using food frequency questionnaires. Interactions between haplotype and lifestyles and 3GO risk were investigated. Parameters related to metabolic syndrome were significantly different in the 0GO, 1–2GO, and 3GO groups, that is, groups of individuals with none, one to two, or all three of the components of 3GO. At the 11q23 locus, KCNQ1_rs2237892, ZPR1_rs2075291, APOA5_rs662799, APOA1_rs5072, and SIK3_rs151139277, influenced 3GO risk, and the minor alleles of their haplotype had a 3GO risk 3.23 times higher than the major alleles. For subjects with a high energy intake, the 3GO risk of the minor alleles was significantly higher than that of the major alleles (OR = 3.230, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.062~5.061, p < 0.001). BMI, HbA1c, SBP, and serum concentrations of glucose, HDL, and triglyceride were significantly higher for the minor allele than the major alleles (p < 0.001). The haplotype interacted with the intakes of protein (p = 0.033), digestible carbohydrate (p = 0.012), fat (p = 0.008), and undigestible carbohydrates (p = 0.015) to increase 3GO risk. An interaction was also observed between smoking and the haplotype (p = 0.007). The minor allele effects on 3GO incidence were higher in the high digestible carbohydrate intake and smoking groups. By contrast, the minor allele impacts on 3GO frequencies were much higher in the low intake of undigestible carbohydrates, protein, and fat. In conclusion, people who carry a minor allele of the 11q23 locus haplotype should avoid smoking and replace digestible carbohydrate intake with consuming high-quality protein, healthy fat, and undigestible carbohydrates.

Vegetarian Diet: Why Is It Beneficial?

A vegetarian diet is a type of diet that excludes meats, or seafoods, or sometimes even eggs and dairy. People choose to have a plant-based diet like that are called vegetarians, and some of them do so for the purpose of preventing and treating disease. Because of the higher intake of vegetables, grains, fruit, nuts and fiber from a vegetarian diet and lower intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, a vegetarian diet has health benefits in lowering the risks of getting chronic disease like obesity, cardiovascular disease, and maybe even cancer. However, some people believe that eating a plant-based diet might cause an increased risk of deficiency of certain nutrients. The evidence available suggests that through carefully planning their diets and eating fortified food or supplement regularly, vegeterians can certainly be able to meet their nutrition needs. In order to give people who are considering to become a vegetarian some information about the health benefits and suggestions of having a plant-based diet, in this article, we carefully describe and analyze the relationships between vegetarian diets and BMI, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, and then the relationship between vegetarian diets and mortality from the commonest causes of death and cancer.

Early protein intake predicts functional connectivity and neurocognition in preterm born children

Nutritional intake can promote early neonatal brain development in very preterm born neonates (< 32 weeks’ gestation). In a group of 7-year-old very preterm born children followed since birth, we examined whether early nutrient intake in the first weeks of life would be associated with long-term brain function and neurocognitive skills at school age. Children underwent resting-state functional MRI (fMRI), intelligence testing (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 5th Ed) and visual-motor processing (Beery-Buktenica, 5th Ed) at 7 years. Relationships were assessed between neonatal macronutrient intakes, functional connectivity strength between thalamic and default mode networks (DMN), and neuro-cognitive function using multivariable regression. Greater functional connectivity strength between thalamic networks and DMN was associated with greater intake of protein in the first week (β = 0.17; 95% CI 0.11, 0.23, p < 0.001) but lower intakes of fat (β = − 0.06; 95% CI − 0.09, − 0.02, p = 0.001) and carbohydrates (β = − 0.03; 95% CI − 0.04, − 0.01, p = 0.003). Connectivity strength was also associated with protein intake during the first month (β = 0.22; 95% CI 0.06, 0.37, p = 0.006). Importantly, greater thalamic-DMN connectivity strength was associated with higher processing speed indices (β = 26.9; 95% CI 4.21, 49.49, p = 0.02) and visual processing scores (β = 9.03; 95% CI 2.27, 15.79, p = 0.009). Optimizing early protein intake may contribute to promoting long-term brain health in preterm-born children.

Abstract GS2-09: Diabetes risk reduction diet and survival following breast cancer

Abstract Importance: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with poor breast cancer prognosis. Adherence to a dietary pattern associated with lower T2D risk may improve breast cancer outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the association between adherence to a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) after diagnosis and survival outcomes following breast cancer. Method: We followed 8,320 women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer from two large prospective cohort studies, the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1980-2014) and the NHSII (1991-2015). Information on diet and other covariates was repeatedly measured in validated follow-up questionnaires every two to four years. The DRRD adherence score includes 9 dietary components: higher intakes of cereal fiber, coffee, nuts, whole fruits and polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio; and lower glycemic index of diet, lower intakes of trans fat, sugar-sweetened beverages/fruit juices, and red meat. Cumulative average DRRD score was calculated using repeated measures of diet after breast cancer diagnosis. Deaths were reported by family members or via the search of National Death Index, and cause of death was assigned by reviewing death certificates/medical records. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between DRRD score and breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During a median of 16 years of follow-up after diagnosis, we ascertained 2,146 deaths, of which 948 were due to breast cancer. In the multivariable-adjusted models, women with higher post-diagnostic DRRD scores had a 17% lower risk of breast cancer-specific mortality (top vs. bottom quintile HR =0.83; 95%CI=0.67-1.02; p-trend=0.03) and 33% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR =0.67; 95%CI=0.58-0.78; p-trend &amp;lt;0.0001). Associations were slightly attenuated after further adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status index (breast cancer mortality: HR =0.86; 95%CI=0.70-1.07; p-trend=0.06; overall mortality: HR =0.69; 95%CI=0.60-0.80; p-trend &amp;lt;0.0001). Compared with women who consistently had lower DRRD score (≤median) before and after diagnosis, those who improved their score from low to high had a significantly lower risk of breast cancer mortality (HR =0.81; 95%CI=0.65-1.00). Conclusion: We found that greater adherence to the DRRD after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with better survival, suggesting dietary modification after diagnosis consistent with T2D prevention may be important to breast cancer survivors. Table 1. Multivariable HRs and 95% CIs for the association between post-diagnostic diabetes risk reduction diet score and mortality among breast cancer survivors using pooled data from NHS abd NHSII (N=8,320)Quintile 1Quintile 2Quintile 3Quintile 4Quintile 5p-trendMedian (IQR)20 (18-21)24 (23-25)27 (26-28)30 (29-31)34 (33-37)Breast cancer-specific mortalityNo. of events (n=948), 589,953 py207205184176176Model 11 (referent)0.97 (0.80-1.18)0.80 (0.65-0.97)0.79 (0.64-0.96)0.75 (0.61-0.92)0.0008Model 21 (referent)0.88 (0.72-1.07)0.76 (0.62-0.93)0.77 (0.63-0.95)0.83 (0.67-1.02)0.03Model 31 (referent)0.99 (0.81-1.20)0.82 (0.67-1.00)0.85 (0.69-1.04)0.86 (0.70-1.07)0.06All-cause mortalityNo. of events (n=2,146), 589,953 py506447476383334Model 11 (referent)0.83 (0.73-0.94)0.80 (0.71-0.91)0.67 (0.59-0.76)0.57 (0.50-0.65)&amp;lt;.0001Model 21 (referent)0.81 (0.71-0.92)0.87 (0.76-0.98)0.74 (0.65-0.85)0.67 (0.58-0.78)&amp;lt;.0001Model 31 (referent)0.89 (0.78-1.01)0.91 (0.80-1.04)0.78 (0.68-0.90)0.69 (0.60-0.80)&amp;lt;.0001 Table 2. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between changes of diabetes risk reduction diet score before or after diagnosis and mortality among breast cancer survivors using pooled data from NHS abd NHSII (N=8,320)CharacteristicsHR (95% CI)Breast cancer-specific mortalityCross classified changesNo. of events (n=948), 589,953 pyLow to Low1 (referent)Low to High0.81 (0.65-1.00)High to Low0.97 (0.79-1.19)High to High0.87 (0.74-1.02)All-cause mortalityCross classified changesNo. of events (n=2,306), 589,953 pyLow to Low1 (referent)Low to High0.88 (0.76-1.02)High to Low0.99 (0.87-1.12)High to High0.80 (0.72-0.89) Citation Format: Tengteng Wang, Maryam Farvid, Jae Hee Kang, Michelle Holmes, Bernard Rosner, Rulla Tamimi, Walter Willett, A. Heather Eliassen. Diabetes risk reduction diet and survival following breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS2-09.

An examination of contributions of animal- and plant-based dietary patterns on the nutrient quality of diets of adult Canadians.

Dietary guidance and Canada's 2019 Food Guide encourage increased consumption of plant-based foods as a source of dietary protein. However, there is an absence of recent data on protein and nutrient intakes and quality of Canadian dietary patterns that might occur with increased plant protein intakes. This study compared food sources and nutrient intakes of Canadian adults within groups of increasing plant protein-containing diets. The CCHS 2015 Public-Use Microdata File of single 24-hour dietary recalls of males and females ≥19years (n= 6498) or ≥70years (n= 1482) were examined. Respondents were allocated into 4 groups defined by their protein intake percentage coming from plant-based foods (i.e., group 1: 0-24.9%, group 2: 25-49.9%, group 3: 50-74.9%, group 4: 75-100%). Protein intake in adults averaged 63.3% animal and 36.7% plant protein. Where plant protein contributed >50% protein, higher intakes of carbohydrate, dietary fibre, folate, dietary folate equivalents, iron and magnesium (p< 0.001) but lower intakes of total and saturated fat, protein, vitamin D, vitamin B12, riboflavin and niacin (p< 0.0001) were reported. In contrast, group 1 had higher total and saturated fat, protein, vitamin B12, thiamin, niacin, and zinc, but lower carbohydrate, dietary fibre, and magnesium. Balancing plant- with animal-based protein foods leads to healthier dietary patterns with more favourable nutritional properties when compared with diets based on either high animal or high plant protein content. Novelty: Combinations of animal- and plant-based proteins improve nutrient quality of Canadian diets. The source of protein influences diet quality.

Dietary Fat and Protein Intake in Relation to Plasma Sphingolipids as Determined by a Large-Scale Lipidomic Analysis.

Sphingolipid concentrations have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Because sphingolipids can be synthesized de novo from saturated fatty acids (SFA), dietary fatty acids may affect plasma sphingolipid concentrations. We aimed to evaluate dietary fat and protein intakes in relation to circulating sphingolipid levels. We used cross-sectional data from 2860 ethnic Chinese Singaporeans collected from 2004–2007. Nutrient intakes were estimated on the basis of a validated 159-item food frequency questionnaire. We quantified 79 molecularly distinct sphingolipids in a large-scale lipidomic evaluation from plasma samples. Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher concentrations of 16:1;O2 sphingolipids including ceramides, monohexosylcermides, dihexosylceramides, sphingomyelins, and sphingosine 1-phosphates. Higher polyunsaturated fat intake was associated with lower plasma long-chain ceramides and long-chain monohexosylcermide concentrations. Protein intake was inversely associated with concentrations of most subclasses of sphingolipids, with the exception of sphingolipids containing a 16:1;O2 sphingoid base. Lower intake of saturated fat and higher intake of polyunsaturated fat and protein may decrease plasma concentrations of several sphingolipid classes. These findings may represent a novel biological mechanism for the impact of nutrient intakes on cardio-metabolic health.

Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Children with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.

Although case studies in avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) indicate severe nutritional deficiencies in those with a highly limited amount or variety of food intake, systematic analyses on food intake in treatment-seeking children and adolescents with ARFID are lacking. Within this study, n = 20 patients with an interview-based diagnosis of ARFID (0–17 years) were included and compared to n = 20 healthy controls individually matched for age and sex. Children or parents completed three-day food diaries and a food list. Macronutrient, vitamin, and mineral supply was determined based on the percentage of their recommended intake. The results showed a significantly lower total energy and protein intake in ARFID versus controls, with trends for lower fat and carbohydrate intake. ARFID subtypes of limited amount versus variety of food intake significantly differed in macro-, but not micronutrient intake. Those with ARFID met only 20–30% of the recommended intake for most vitamins and minerals, with significantly lower intake relative to controls for vitamin B1, B2, C, K, zinc, iron, and potassium. Variety of food intake was significantly reduced in ARFID versus controls in all food groups except carbohydrates. This study demonstrated that ARFID goes along with reduced everyday life macro- and micronutrient intake, which may increase the risk for developmental and health problems. Future studies additionally assessing serum nutrient levels in a larger sample may further explore differences in food intake across diverse ARFID presentations.

Ten-year changes in adherence to a healthy lifestyle: the results of the WOBASZ surveys.

The evidence on the beneficial role of low‑risk characteristics is well established. However, data on trends in lifestyle patterns in Central Europe are limited. The aim of this report was to determine changes in lifestyle patterns among adults in Poland between 2003 and 2014. The study sample comprised 12 857 adults aged 20 to 74 years (5986 men and 6871 women) participating in 2 nationwide representative surveys, the WOBASZ (2003-2005) and WOBASZ II (2013-2014). Low‑risk characteristics included: nonsmoking, nonobese waist circumference, satisfactory physical activity, good-quality diet, and low saturated fat intake. The 5 characteristics cre‑ ated a lifestyle index ranging from 0 to 5. A poor lifestyle was defined as the lifestyle index from 0 to 1. About 2% of the participants followed a healthy lifestyle, and 25%, a poor lifestyle in both surveys. The proportion of nonsmokers significantly increased (from 57.8% to 66.9% for men and from 72.6% to 77.1% for women). There was a significant decrease in the prevalence of nonobese waist circumference (from 75.4% to 71.3% among men and from 61.2% to 57.9% among women), adequate physical activity (from 37.5% to 27.5% among men and from 31.5% to 29% among women), and low saturated fat consumption (from 23.4% to 20.2% among men and from 26.1% to 23.7% among women). Lower educational attainment was the strongest sociodemographic factor contributing to a poor lifestyle (P <0.001). The ultimate goal for the healthcare system should be to implement more effective interventions focused on promoting healthy lifestyle as a whole.

Effects of Caloric Restriction Diet on Arterial Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction.

The most common manifestation of cardiovascular (CV) diseases is the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), which impacts on endothelial dysfunction. CV risk is associated with high values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and depends on the presence of risk factors, both modifiable and not modifiable, such as overweight, obesity, physical exercise, smoking, age, family history, and gender. The main target organs affected by AH are the heart, brain, vessels, kidneys, and eye retina. AH onset can be counteracted or delayed by adopting a proper diet, characterized by a low saturated fat and sodium intake, a high fruit and vegetable intake, a moderate alcohol consumption, and achieving and maintaining over time the ideal body weight. In this review, we analyzed how a new nutritional approach, named caloric restriction diet (CRD), can provide a significant reduction in blood pressure values and an improvement of the endothelial dysfunction. In fact, CRD is able to counteract aging and delay the onset of CV and neurodegenerative diseases through the reduction of body fat mass, systolic and diastolic values, free radicals production, and oxidative stress. Currently, there are few studies on CRD effects in the long term, and it would be advisable to perform observational studies with longer follow-up.

SUCCESSIVE SOLVENT EXTRACTION, PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) PROFILING OF MUSA CAVENDESHII LINN PEEL

Musa cavendeshii belongs to the family Musaceae grown in countries all over the world. The plant has varied ethno-medicinal importance as it has nutritional values which include high intake of sugars, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and the very low intake of fat. Banana leaves and the peel is a waste product but in traditional medicine all over the world, it is useful in the management of wounds, burns and scars and this has been confirmed by the present modern medicine. Qualitative phytochemical screening of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts was performed to explore the scientific basis of its medicinal value. The results revealed the presence of many phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids, tannins, saponnins, calcium glycoside etc in different extracts. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous was performed for some important phytochemicals like triterpenes, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Alkaloids and flavonoids showed their presence in all extracts with the following spots respectively (for hexane Rf-0.85, 0.88; for ethyl acetate Rf-0.89, 0.53; for methanol Rf-0.45, 0.88 and for aqueous Rf-0.46, 0.05). Triterpenes and steroids (Rf-0.86) with tannins were found in hexane and aqueous extracts respectively. These findings had provided evidence that Musa cavendeshii peel is a potent source for some medicinally important phytochemicals which justify its use in traditional medicine. This will help in future investigation of these findings for isolation and identification of the active biochemical compound for drug development.

Associations of low-carbohydrate and low-fat intakes with all-cause mortality in subjects with prediabetes with and without insulin resistance

We investigated the associations of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets with all-cause mortality in people with prediabetes according to insulin resistance status using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We analyzed the NHANES participants with prediabetes from 2005 to 2008, and their vital status was linked to the National Death Index through the end of 2011. Low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets were defined as ≦40% and ≦30% of calories from carbohydrate and fat, respectively. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to determine insulin resistance. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compare the hazard ratios for the associations of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets with all-cause mortality. Among the 1687 participants with prediabetes, 96 of them had died after a median follow-up of 4.5 years. Participants with a HOMA-IR >3.0 had an increase in all-cause mortality compared with those who had a HOMA-IR ≦3.0 (HR 1.797, 95% CI 1.110 to 2.909, p=0.019). Participants with ≦40% of calories from carbohydrate and >30% from fat (3.75 per 1000 person-years) had a lower all-cause mortality rate compared with those who had >40% from carbohydrate and >30% from fat (10.20 per 1000 person-years) or >40% from carbohydrate and ≦30% from fat (8.09 per 1000 person-years), with statistical significance observed in those who had a HOMA-IR ≦3.0. A low-carbohydrate intake (≦40%) was associated with a lower all-cause mortality rate in people with prediabetes.

Diet Quality and Biological Risk in a National Sample of Older Americans

Biomarkers are sensitive to current health status and capture aspects of health that may precede the development of disease and other health problems. Using comprehensive measures of biological risk, this study aims to investigate the relationship between intake of individual dietary components, overall diet quality, and biological dysregulation. For the analysis, we used nutrition and biomarker data from 3,641 older adults (over age 50) in the Health and Retirement Study. Eleven out of 13 individual dietary components were associated with lower biological risk. After controlling for SES, health behaviors, and access to health care, a high intake of fruits, greens and beans, whole grains, seafood and plant proteins, and fatty acids and a low intake of sodium and saturated fat were still associated with lower biological risk. Respondents with poor/suboptimal quality diet had higher biological risk than those with good quality diet. After controlling for SES, health behaviors, and access to health care, respondents with poor/suboptimal quality diet continued to exhibit higher biological risk than those with good quality diet, though the differences in biological risk were reduced. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of healthy eating in improving health of older adults. Encouraging intake of fruits, greens and beans, whole grains, seafood and plant proteins, and fatty acids, while limiting consumption of sodium and saturated fat would improve overall diet quality and contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases and morbidity.

Prospective study of a diabetes risk reduction diet and the risk of breast cancer

Hyperinsulinemia and higher insulin-like growth factors may increase breast cancer risk. We evaluated a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) and breast cancer risk. We prospectively evaluated the association between adherence to a DRRD and the incidence of breast cancer. We followed 88,739 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1980-2016) and 93,915 women from the NHSII (1991-2017). Incident breast cancer cases (n=11,943) were confirmed with medical records, and subtypes were determined by tissue microarray data and pathology reports. Information on diet and breast cancer risk factors was repeatedly ascertained in follow-up questionnaires. A DRRD score was derived with 9 factors: lower glycemic index of diet; lower intakes of trans fat, sugar-sweetened beverages/fruit juices, and red/processed meat; higher intakes of cereal fiber, coffee, nuts, and whole fruits; and a higher ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat (score range: 9-45). Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (MVHRs) and 95% CIs were calculated with Cox proportional hazards models. Being in the highest compared with the lowest DRRD adherence quintile was associated with a modestly lower breast cancer risk (MVHRQ5vsQ1: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.95; P-trend=0.0002); this was attenuated after adjusting for weight change since age 18 y (MVHRQ5vsQ1: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.98; P-trend=0.01). The inverse association was strongest among women with current BMI<25 kg/m2 (MVHRQ5vsQ1: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.98; P-trend=0.004; P-interaction=0.04). Among tumor molecular subtypes, the strongest inverse association was observed with basal-type tumors (MVHRQ5vsQ1: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.01; P-trend=0.04). Greater DRRD-adherence was associated with lower breast cancer risk, likely mediated by less weight gain with a DRRD; however, independently of weight change, DRRD-adherence was modestly associated with lower breast cancer risk, particularly among lean women.

Cognitive dietary restraint score is associated with lower energy, carbohydrate, fat, and grain intake among female adolescent endurance runners

This cross-sectional study investigated associations between cognitive dietary restraint (CDR), energy, macronutrient and food group intake, menstrual function, and bone density in female adolescent endurance runners. Participants were forty female adolescent endurance runners. The independent variable was CDR, as assessed by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Runners with CDR subscale scores ≥11 were classified with elevated CDR. The main outcomes measured were dietary intake measured by 24-hour recall for 7 days, menstrual history, and bone mineral density (BMD). Twelve of 40 participants (30.0%) met criteria for elevated CDR. Compared to runners with normal CDR, runners with elevated CDR scores reported consuming lower energy (kcal/kg/day) (37.5 ± 8.6 vs. 44.0 ± 9.6, p = 0.052), lower carbohydrate (g/kg/day) (5.3 ± 1.3 vs. 6.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.042), more fiber (g/day) (24.9 ± 6.7 vs. 20.0 ± 5.3, p = 0.018), more servings of fruit (3.3 ± 1.4 vs. 1.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.003), more servings of vegetables (2.7 ± 1.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7, p = 0.004), and fewer servings of grain (7.6 ± 2.4 vs. 9.8 ± 2.4, p = 0.009) per day. Runners with elevated CDR exhibited significantly lower lumbar spine BMD Z-scores (adjusting for BMI) (−0.78 ± 0.19 vs. −0.22 ± 0.12, p = 0.016) than runners with normal CDR. Menstrual history did not significantly differ based on CDR status. Elevated CDR may increase risk of dietary patterns associated with consuming inadequate levels of energy, key nutrients, and developing low BMD in endurance runners.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01059968

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children is Associated with Several Changes in Nutrient Intakes and Food Consumption Patterns of Participating Infants and Young Children, 2008 Compared with 2016

In 2009 the USDA's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) updated the food packages provided to participants. This study investigates associations between WIC participation and nutrients and food groups consumed using data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study's 2008 and 2016 nationwide, cross-sectional surveys of children <4 y,weighted to be representative of the US population. The study data included 2892 children aged 6-47.9mo in 2008 and 2635 in 2016. Differences were analyzed by WIC participation, survey year, and child age (infants 6-11.9mo old, toddlers 12-23.9mo old, preschoolers 24-47.9mo old). Usual nutrient intake distributions were estimated using National Cancer Institute methodology. Daily food group consumption differences were tested via multivariate regression. All analyses controlled for income. In 2016 18.6% of infants had iron intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR), compared to 7.6% in 2008; 87% of WIC infants met the EAR, compared with 69% of non-WIC infants. In 2016 37% of WIC preschoolers met saturated fat guidelines, compared with 25% in 2008; in both years, fewer than one-third of non-WIC preschoolers met the guidelines. More WIC infants than non-WIC infants consumed infant cereals in 2016 (58%compared with 45%, respectively). More WIC infants ate vegetables daily in 2016 than in 2008 (74%compared with 59%, respectively). In 2016, as compared with 2008, more WIC infants consumed baby-food vegetables (55%compared with 29%, respectively) and fruits (56%compared with 41%, respectively). In 2016 47% of WIC preschoolers drank low-fat milk, compared with 19% of non-WIC preschoolers. Infant iron intakes are concerning, although more WIC infants meet the EAR. WIC infants' vegetable intakes have improved; baby-food vegetables have become important contributors to their intakes. In 2016 WIC children were more likely than non-WIC children to shift to lower-fat milks at 2 y of age, likely contributing to lower saturated fat intakes.