Lower Extremity Computed Tomography Angiography Research Articles

Coordinate-aware three-dimensional neural network for lower extremity arterial stenosis classification in CT angiography

BackgroundLower Extremity Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) is an effective non-invasive diagnostic tool for lower extremity artery disease (LEAD). This study aimed to develop an automatic classification model based on a coordinate-aware 3D deep neural network to evaluate the degree of arterial stenosis in lower extremity CTA. MethodsThis retrospective study included 277 patients who underwent lower extremity CTA between May 1, 2017, and August 31, 2023. Radiologists annotated the lower extremity artery segments according to the degree of stenosis, and 12,450 3D patches containing the regions of interest were segmented to construct the dataset. A Coordinate-Aware Three-Dimensional Neural Network was implemented to classify the degree of stenosis of the lower extremity arteries with these patches. Metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. ResultsThe accuracy, F1 score, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of our proposed model were 93.08 %, 91.96 %, and 99.15 % for the above-knee arteries, and 91.70 %, 89.67 %, and 98.2 % respectively for below-knee arteries. The results of our proposed model exhibited a lead of 4–5% in accuracy score over the 3D baseline model and a lead of more than 10 % over the 2D baseline model. ConclusionWe successfully implemented a deep learning model, a promising tool for assisting radiologists in evaluating lower extremity arterial stenosis on CT angiography.

Reduction of metal artefacts from bilateral hip prostheses during lower extremity computed tomography angiography: an experimental phantom study.

Image quality reduction due to metallic artefacts is a significant challenge during vascular computed tomography (CT) imaging of the lower extremities in patients with hip prostheses. This study aims to analyse various reconstruction algorithms' ability to reduce metal artefacts due to two types of hip prostheses during lower extremity CT angiography examinations. A pelvis phantom was fabricated with the insertion of a tube filled with contrast media to simulate the femoral artery, and the phantom was then CT scanned with and without hip prostheses. Multimodal images were acquired using different kilovoltage peak (kVp) settings and reconstructed with different algorithms, such as filtered back projection (FBP), iterative reconstruction (iDose4), iterative model-based reconstruction (IMR) and orthopaedic metal artefact reduction (O-MAR). Image quality was assessed based on image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Hounsfield unit (HU) deviation. The IMR approach significantly improved image quality compared to iDose4 and FBP. For the vascular region, O-MAR improves SNR by 5 ± 1, 23 ± 5 and 42 ± 9 for FBP, iDose4 and IMR respectively, and improves HU precision towards the baseline values by 49% and 83% for FBP and IMR, respectively. The noise reduction was 71% and 89% for FBP and IMR, and 57% for iDose4. O-MAR greatly enhances SNR corrections among the most severe artefacts, with 29 ± 1 and 43 ± 4 for FBP and IMR, compared to iDose4 by 37 ± 7. IMR combined with O-MAR could improve the CT angiography of the lower extremities of patients with a hip prosthesis.

Evaluation of Computerized Tomography Utilization in Comparison to Digital Subtraction Angiography in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

ObjectivesPerform literature review to analyze current practices in imaging patient with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and examine patterns in our practice in order to assess whether a lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) in addition to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) enhanced the assessment of vessel calcification, percentage of stenosis; and affected outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Methods and MaterialsThe study included patients who underwent lower extremity imaging and were followed up to 12 months. This population was divided into cases who had both an angiogram and CTA performed within 30 days (n=20), and controls who underwent angiography only (n=19). Baseline characteristics, imaging results, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. ResultsThirty-nine patients met study criteria (mean age was 58.4 years, 69.2% were males, and 33.3% had diabetes). Patients mostly presented with tissue loss/rest pain (10.3%), claudication (15.4%), acute limb (10.3%), and trauma (15.4%). We have not observed any statistically significant differences in various examined blood vessels when their features (e.g. vessel diameter, stenosis, calcifications) were assessed by CTA combined with angiography versus angiography alone. The exceptions were external iliac artery, superficial femoral artery and dorsalis pedis vessels. In external iliac artery percentage of stenosis was 1.11% as determined by CT scan versus 30% by angiography (P=.009). For superficial femoral artery stenosis the percentage determined by CT was 48.68% versus 81.41% by angiography, and observed difference between two modalities was statistically significant (P=.025). For dorsalis pedis percentage of stenosis detected by CT scan was 60.63% versus 22.73% by angiography, and the differences in findings by these modalities were statistically significant (P=.039). The most frequent perioperative complication was cardiac-related (35.5%). Nineteen patients were readmitted and 8 had re-interventions within 12 months. ConclusionBoth imaging modalities yielded similar results for assessing vessel calcification and percentage of stenosis regardless of anatomic vessel location. Overall, utilization of CTA in addition to angiography for large vessels above the knee (e.g. iliac artery, superficial femoral artery) and below the knee for dorsalis pedis provided more detailed information on the properties of these vessels. Therefore, during pre-operative assessments, CTA may be helpful in addition to angiography for planning surgical and endovascular interventions for symptomatic PAD treatment in larger vessels.

Sarcopenia in peripheral arterial disease: Establishing and validating a predictive nomogram based on clinical and computed tomography angiography indicators

PurposeTo establish, validate, and clinically evaluate a nomogram for predicting the risk of sarcopenia in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) based on clinical and lower extremity computed tomography angiography (LE-CTA) imaging characteristics. MethodsClinical data and CTA imaging features from 281 PAD patients treated between January 1, 2019, and May 1, 2023, at two hospitals were retrospectively analyzed using binary logistic regression to identify the independent risk factors for sarcopenia. These identified risk factors were used to develop a predictive nomogram. The nomogram's effectiveness was assessed through various metrics, including the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the curve (AUC), concordance index (C-index), Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test, and calibration curve. Its clinical utility was demonstrated using decision curve analysis (DCA). ResultsSeveral key independent risk factors for sarcopenia in PAD patients were identified, namely age, body mass index (BMI), history of coronary heart disease (CHD), and white blood cell (WBC) count, as well as the severity of luminal stenosis (P < 0.05). The discriminative ability of the nomogram was supported by the C-index and an AUC of 0.810 (95% confidence interval: 0.757–0.862). A robust concordance between predicted and observed outcomes was reflected by the calibration curve. The HL test further affirmed the model's calibration with a P-value of 0.40. The DCA curve validated the nomogram's favorable clinical utility. Lastly, the model underwent internal validation. ConclusionsA simple nomogram based on five independent factors, namely age, BMI, history of CHD, WBC count, and the severity of luminal stenosis, was developed to assist clinicians in estimating sarcopenia risk among PAD patients. This tool boasts impressive predictive capabilities and broad utility, significantly aiding clinicians in identifying high-risk individuals and enhancing the prognosis of PAD patients.

Peroneal artery injury potential due to different syndesmosis screw placement options: a simulation study with lower extremity computed tomography angiography.

The aim of this study is to assess the risk of peroneal artery injury of hardware placement at the fixation of syndesmotic injuries. The lower extremity computed tomography angiography was used to design the study. The syndesmosis screw placement range was simulated every 0.5cm, from 0.5 to 5cm proximal to the ankle joint. The screw axes were drawn as 20°, 30° or individual angle according to the femoral epicondylar axis. The proximity between the screw axis and the peroneal artery was measured in millimeters. Potential peroneal artery injury was noted if the distance between the peroneal artery to the axis of the simulated screw was within the outer shaft radius of the simulated screw. The Pearson chi-square test was used and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The potential for injury to the peroneal artery increased as the syndesmosis screw level rose proximally from the ankle joint level or as the diameter of the syndesmosis screw increasds. In terms of syndesmosis screw trajection, the lowest risk of injury was observed with the syndesmosis screw angle of 20°. Simulations with a screw diameter of 3.5mm exhibited the least potential for peroneal artery injury. Thanks to this radiological anatomy simulation study, we believe that we have increased the awareness of the peroneal artery potential in syndesmosis screw application. Each syndesmosis screw placement option may have different potential for injury to the peroneal artery. To decrease the peroneal artery injury potential, we recommend the followings. If individual syndesmosis screw angle trajection can be measured, place the screw 1.5cm proximal to the ankle joint using a 3.5mm screw shaft. If not, fix it with 30° trajection regardless of the screw diameter at the same level. If the most important issue is the peroneal artery circulation, use the screw level up to 1cm proximal to the ankle joint regardless of the screw angle trajection and screw diameter.

Establishment of an institutional diagnostic reference level for vascular lower extremity computed tomography angiography

About 70% of all collective doses from medical tests come from computed tomography (CT), the primary public radiation exposure source. Patients received higher doses during contrast-enhanced CT procedures (Angiography) than routine CT procedures. The current research aims to quantify the patients' radiation doses, estimate the cancer risk probability, and establish institutional diagnostic reference level (IDRL) during lower extremity angiography. One hundred eleven patients (61.3% male and 38.7% female) underwent contrast-enhanced CT procedures. A 160-Slice CT scanner was used for image acquisition for all patient populations. IDRL values were quantified based on the 3rd quartile value of the CT dose descriptors. All procedures were carried out at Al-Moaallim Medical City, Khartoum, Sudan. A computer software (CT-Expo, ImPACT) was used to extrapolate the effective dosage per extremity CTA examination was estimated. The mean patient age (years) was 56.1 ± 18 (18–82). The patient’s radiation doses was quantified using volume CTDI and dose length product (DLP) to 7.3 ± 2 (2.9–16.8) (mGy) and 3712 ± 126 (279–8374) (mGy.cm), respectively. The average effective doses were 22 mSv (range: 1.7–50) per lower CT angiography for the lower extremity. The proposed IDRL for the VCTA procedure was 3562 mGy cm and 17 mGy for DLP and CTDIvol, respectively. The proposed IDRL is higher than the previously published studies; therefore, patient dose optimization is recommended.

Accuracy and reproducibility of two-dimensional computed tomography-based positioning of femoral component rotational alignment in preoperative planning for total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundPoor rotation of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can result in various postoperative complications, underscoring the critical importance of preoperative planning.PurposeTo improve the accuracy of femoral component positioning during TKA, this study compared the accuracy and repeatability of different two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) measurement methods for measuring the posterior condylar angle (PCA) in preoperative TKA planning.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 75 patients (150 knees) who underwent bilateral lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) at Fuyang People's Hospital from January 2021 to July 2021. Three different methods were used to measure the PCA based on 2D CT images (axial CT slices) and three-dimensional(3D) models (femoral models reconstructed from CT data) in this study. Method 1: Single-plane 2D CT measurement, measuring PCA in the most obvious single-plane CT slice of the surgical transepicondylar axis (sTEA); Method 2: multi-plane 2D CT measurement, identifying and locating anatomical landmarks in multiple 2D CT slices and measuring PCA; Method 3: 3D model measurement, measuring PCA in the reconstructed femur 3D model. Compare the differences in PCA measurements between the three measurement methods. A positive PCA measurement was recorded when the sTEA was externally rotated relative to the posterior condylar line (PCL). Any difference exceeding 3° between the PCA measurement in the 2D CT and the PCA reference value in the 3D model was classified as an outlier. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman method were utilized to assess the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the three measurement methods.ResultsThe PCA measurement in the single-plane 2D CT was 1.91 ± 1.94°, with a measurement error of − 1.22 ± 1.32° and 12.7% of outlier values. In the multi-plane 2D CT, the PCA measurement was 2.96 ± 1.68°, with a measurement error of -0.15 ± 0.91° and 6.0% of outlier values. The PCA measurement in the 3D model was 3.12 ± 1.69°. The PCA measurement in single-plane 2D CT was notably smaller than that in multi-plane 2D CT and 3D models, with no significant difference between the latter two. The multi-plane 2D CT showed significantly lower measurement error and outlier values than the single-plane 2D CT. All three PCA measurement methods exhibited high reproducibility (ICC: 0.93 ~ 0.97).ConclusionsUsing of multi-plane 2D CT for measuring PCA in preoperative planning of TKA has high reproducibility and accuracy, with fewer outlier values. We recommend preoperative measurement of PCA using muti-plane 2D CT to improve the accuracy of positioning the femoral component rotational alignment during surgery.

The Metabolic Characteristics of Patients at the Risk for Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Comparative Study of Diabetic Patients with and without Diabetic Foot.

Diabetic foot is a relatively severe complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), with peripheral neuropathy and angiopathy frequently serving as risk factors. However, it is unknown how the other major systemic metabolic factors impacted the profile of these patients, besides glucose management. Thus, we investigated the distinct characteristics of patients with diabetic foot ulcers and their relationships with angiopathy. We obtained the laboratory data of 334 diabetic patients at Shanghai Pudong Hospital from 2020 to 2023. The comparisons were performed between the groups with or without diabetic foot, including glucose metabolism, lipids profile, liver and kidney function, thyroid function, and serum iron. The association between metabolic factors and lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) was analyzed. We found significant disparities between groups in relation to age, serum protein content, liver transferase, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum uric acid (UA), small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL), lipoprotein A (LP(a)), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), thyroid function, serum iron, and hemoglobin (Hb) (p<0.05). The Spearman correlational analyses showed that the severity of CTA, categorized by the unilateral or bilateral plaque or occlusion, was positively significantly correlated with UA (r=0.499), triglyceride (TG) (r=0.751), whereas inversely correlated with serum albumin (r=-0.510), alanine aminotransferase (r=-0.523), direct bilirubin (DBil) (r=-0.494), total bilirubin (TBil) (r=-0.550), Hb (r=-0.646). This cross-section investigation showed that compared to T2D only, the patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) might display similar glucose metabolic control context but adverse metabolic profiles, and this profile is associated with macrovascular angiopathy characteristics and their severity.

Image quality comparison of lower extremity CTA between CT routine reconstruction algorithms and deep learning reconstruction

BackgroundTo evaluate the image quality of lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) with deep learning–based reconstruction (DLR) compared to model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR), hybrid-iterative reconstruction (HIR), and filtered back projection (FBP).MethodsFifty patients (38 males, average age 59.8 ± 19.2 years) who underwent lower extremity CTA between January and May 2021 were included. Images were reconstructed with DLR, MBIR, HIR, and FBP. The standard deviation (SD), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), noise power spectrum (NPS) curves, and the blur effect, were calculated. The subjective image quality was independently evaluated by two radiologists. The diagnostic accuracy of DLR, MBIR, HIR, and FBP reconstruction algorithms was calculated.ResultsThe CNR and SNR were significantly higher in DLR images than in the other three reconstruction algorithms, and the SD was significantly lower in DLR images of the soft tissues. The noise magnitude was the lowest with DLR. The NPS average spatial frequency (fav) values were higher using DLR than HIR. For blur effect evaluation, DLR and FBP were similar for soft tissues and the popliteal artery, which was better than HIR and worse than MBIR. In the aorta and femoral arteries, the blur effect of DLR was worse than MBIR and FBP and better than HIR. The subjective image quality score of DLR was the highest. The sensitivity and specificity of the lower extremity CTA with DLR were the highest in the four reconstruction algorithms with 98.4% and 97.2%, respectively.ConclusionsCompared to the other three reconstruction algorithms, DLR showed better objective and subjective image quality. The blur effect of the DLR was better than that of the HIR. The diagnostic accuracy of lower extremity CTA with DLR was the best among the four reconstruction algorithms.

Limitations of Computed Tomography Angiography in Preoperative Planning of Peroneus Brevis Rotational Flap.

Twenty-five patients who underwent bilateral lower extremity CTAs using standard lower extremity protocol were retrospectively identified. Axial two-dimensional images were scanned craniocaudally using our institution's standard CT image viewing software, Merge Radsuite (Merge Healthcare, Hartland, Wis.). The average location of distal-most PB perforators identified on CT angiogram was 13.1 ± 5.1 cm proximal to the distal fibula, or 34.5% ± 13.5% of total fibular length. Standard CTA was only able to locate a pedicle within 8 cm of the lateral malleolus (20.9% of fibular length) in three of 25 patients (12%). Previous studies have described a reliable pedicle within 8 cm of the distal fibular tip upon which to design a distally based PB rotational flap. The absence of such perforators in the CT angiogram suggests that standard CT angiogram is not a reliable technique for identifying the patency of such perforators when evaluating the utility of a distally based PB flap.

Advanced virtual monoenergetic imaging algorithm for lower extremity computed tomography angiography: effects on image quality, artifacts, and peripheral arterial disease evaluation

To investigate the image quality of lower extremity computed tomography angiography (LE-CTA) using a reconstruction algorithm for monoenergetic images (MEIs) to evaluate peripheral arterial disease (PAD) at different kiloelectron volt (keV) levels. A total of 146 consecutive patients who underwent LE-CTA on a dual-energy scanner to obtain MEIs at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 keV were included. The overall image quality, segmental image quality of the arteries and PAD segments, venous contamination, and metal artifacts from prostheses, which may compromise quality, were analyzed. The mean overall image quality of each MEI was 2.9 ± 0.7, 3.6 ± 0.6, 3.9 ± 0.3, 4.0 ± 0.2, and 4.0 ± 0.2 from 40 to 80 keV, respectively. The segmental image quality gradually increased from 40 to 70-80 keV until reaching its highest value. Among 295 PAD segments in 68 patients, 40 (13.6%) were scored at 1-2 at 40 keV and 13 (4.4%) were scored at 2 at 50 keV, indicating unsatisfactory image quality due to the indistinguishability between high-contrast areas and arterial calcifications. The segments exhibiting metal artifacts and venous contamination were reduced at 70-80 keV (2.6 ± 1.2, 2.7 ± 0.5) compared with at 40 keV (2.4 ± 1.1, 2.5 ± 0.7). The LE-CTA method using a reconstruction algorithm for MEIs at 70-80 keV can enhance the image quality for PAD evaluation and improve mitigate venous contamination and metal artifacts.

COMPARISON OF THE 64- AND 80-DETECTOR ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AMONG THE CT NUMBER AND RADIATION DOSE DURING LOWER EXTREMITY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY.

To compare the computed tomography (CT) number and the radiation dose between the 64 (group A) and 80-detector row (group B) during lower extremity computed tomography angiography (LE-CTA). We enrolled 144 patients underwent LE-CTA and compared the CT number for the popliteal arteries, radiation dose and the rate of the optimal CT number during the LE-CTA exceeding 200 HU between the two groups. The CT number for the popliteal arteries and mean dose-length product was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (P<0.01). The rate of the optimal CT number for the popliteal arteries was 23.6% with Group B scanner and 56.9% with Group A (P<0.05). The 64-detector row CT was significantly higher in the CT number for the popliteal arteries, radiation dose and rate of the optimal CT number during the LE-CTA than the 80-detector row. Depiction ability did not improve by using a high CT scanner with a wider detector during LE-CTA.

Comparison of Lower Extremity Computed Tomography Angiography by Using Different Subtraction Techniques

To compare the diagnostic capabilities of orbital synchronized helical scanning at lower extremity computed tomography angiography between the Add/Sub software and the deformable image registration. From March 2015 to December 2016, 100 dialysis patients underwent orbital synchronized lower limb CT subtraction angiography and lower limb endovascular treatment within 4 months. For the visual evaluation of blood vessels in the lower extremities, a stenosis rate of 50% or more was considered to be stenosis. It was classified into two areas: above-knee (AK) region (superficial femoral artery and popliteal artery) and below-knee (BK) region (anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery, and fibula artery). Considering angiography for the lower limb endovascular treatment as the golden standard, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value, negative-predictive value, and diagnostic capabilities. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to calculate the area under curve (AUC). Calcification subtraction failure was observed to be 11% in the AK region and 2% in the BK region using the Add/Sub software. The specificity, positive-predictive value, diagnostic capabilities, and AUC of the deformable image registration were lower than those of the Add/Sub software. Add/Sub software and deformable image registration have high diagnostic capability to remove calcification. On the other hand, the specificity and AUC of the deformable image registration were lower than those of the Add/Sub software. Also, even if the same deformable image registration is used, caution is required because the diagnostic performance varies depending on the site.

CT-Angiography-Based Outcome Prediction on Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients: A Statistical Learning Approach.

The purpose of our study is to predict the occurrence and prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) by clinical and lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) data of patients using the artificial neural networks (ANN) model. DFU is a common complication of diabetes that severely affects the quality of life of patients, leading to amputation and even death. There are a lack of valid predictive techniques for the prognosis of DFU. In clinical practice, the use of scales alone has a large subjective component, leading to significant bias and heterogeneity. Currently, there is a lack of evidence-based support for patients to develop clinical strategies before reaching end-stage outcomes. The present study provides a novel technical tool for predicting the prognosis of DFU. After screening the data, 203 patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) were analyzed and divided into two subgroups based on their Wagner Score (138 patients in the low Wagner Score group and 65 patients in the high Wagner Score group). Based on clinical and lower extremity CTA data, 10 predictive factors were selected for inclusion in the model. The total dataset was randomly divided into the training sample, testing sample and holdout sample in ratio of 3:1:1. After the training sample and testing sample developing the ANN model, the holdout sample was utilized to assess the accuracy of the model. ANN model analysis shows that the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and area under the curve (AUC) of the overall ANN model were 92.3%, 93.5%, 87.0%, 94.2% and 0.955, respectively. We observed that the proposed model performed superbly on the prediction of DFU with a 91.6% accuracy. Evaluated with the holdout sample, the model accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 88.9%, 90.0%, 88.5%, 75.0% and 95.8%, respectively. By contrast, the logistic regression model was inferior to the ANN model. The ANN model can accurately and reliably predict the occurrence and prognosis of a DFU according to clinical and lower extremity CTA data. We provided clinicians with a novel technical tool to develop clinical strategies before end-stage outcomes.

Preoperative Computed Tomography Angiography for ALT Flaps Optimizes Design and Reduces Operative Time.

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been widely used for perforator mapping in abdominal-based reconstruction, but it is less widespread in the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap. However, CTA may be quite useful for ALT planning, as this flap has demonstrated substantial variability in intrapatient bilateral vascular anatomy. This study investigated whether standard use of preoperative CTA resulted in selection of the donor extremity with preferential perforator anatomy, and whether this affected operative time and postoperative outcomes. A retrospective review of 105 patients who underwent proposed ALT flap reconstruction was performed. Seventy-nine patients received bilateral lower extremity CTAs, which were evaluated for dominant perforator anatomy (septocutaneous, musculoseptocutaneous, or musculocutaneous). Donor extremity selection was noted, and predicted perforator anatomy was compared with that encountered intraoperatively. Among the 73 patients who received bilateral imaging and ultimately received an ALT, congruent findings between imaging and surgical exploration were observed in 51 (69.8%) patients. Thirty (37.9%) patients had asymmetric perforator anatomy between their bilateral extremities on imaging. Among these, the leg with optimal perforator anatomy was selected in 70% of cases. There were no significant reductions among postoperative complication rates, but selection of the donor site with preferential anatomy was associated with a decrease in operative time (p = 0.049) among patients undergoing extremity reconstruction. CTA is a useful tool for optimizing donor site selection for ALT flaps and reducing operative time. We believe that standard use of preoperative CTA in ALTs warrants further consideration.

Lower extremity CT angiography in peripheral arterial disease: from the established approach to evolving technical developments.

With the advent of multidetector computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA) has gained widespread popularity for noninvasive imaging of the arterial vasculature. Peripheral extremity CTA can nowadays be performed rapidly with high spatial resolution and a decreased amount of both intravenous contrast and radiation exposure. In patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), this technique can be used to delineate the bilateral lower extremity arterial tree and to determine the amount of atherosclerotic disease while differentiating between acute and chronic changes. This article provides an overview of several imaging techniques for PAD, specifically discusses the use of peripheral extremity CTA in patients with PAD, clinical indications, established technical considerations and novel technical developments, and the effect of postprocessing imaging techniques and structured reporting.

Popliteal artery anatomy: An angiographic description of variants

PurposeVariations of the terminal branches of the popliteal artery (PA) are not uncommon and manifest by a wide range of pathology. Medical professionals thus require knowledge and insight into popliteal anatomic arterial variability for effective medical practice. This study aimed to use computed tomography angiography (CTA) to describe variations of the terminal branches of the PA in a cohort not yet known to be affected by any acquired arterial abnormalities. Materials & methodsHundred and seventy-four bilateral lower extremity CTA scans of patients that underwent angiographic evaluation at our research affiliated hospital, with a total of 348 limbs were retrospectively reviewed after ethical approval was granted. The different anatomical terminal branching patterns of the PA were analysed and classified and the length of the tibiofibular trunk (TFT) were recorded. ResultsThe most prevalent PA branching pattern was the “usual” Type I-A pattern, found in 301 limbs (86.49%). The TFT length in all Type I-A patterns varied greatly and ranged between 7 and 127 mm, with the mean TFT length equating to 30.99 mm ± 16.46. Variant branching's occurred in 47 limbs (13.51%). Most notably, a rare anomaly in the form of a bilateral hypoplastic fibular artery variation was observed in one scan, named as the newly classified Type III-D pattern. ConclusionRecognizing variations in the terminal branching patterns of the PA is important in vascular and orthopaedic surgical procedures of the lower extremity. Identification of these variations prior to procedural intervention can facilitate the planning of optimal treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.

Deep learning-based classification of lower extremity arterial stenosis in computed tomography angiography

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a deep learning model to assist radiologists in classifying lower extremity arteries based on the degree of arterial stenosis caused by plaque in lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) of patients with peripheral artery disease. MethodsIn this retrospective study, 265 patients who underwent lower-extremity CTA between January 1, 2016 and October 31, 2019 were selected. A total of 17050 axial images of iliac, femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal artery from these patients were used for the training and validation of the parallel efficient network (p-EffNet), a kind of supervised convolutional neural network, to classify the lower-extremity artery segments according to the degree of stenosis with digital subtraction angiography as reference standard. The classification results of the p-EffNet were then compared with those obtained from radiologists. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the performance of the p-EffNet and accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC) were used as measure metrics to compare the performance of the p-EffNet and that of radiologists. ResultsThe p-EffNet exhibited a good performance of 91.5 % accuracy, 0.987 AUC and 90.2 % sensitivity and 97.7 % specificity in classifying above-knee artery and 90.9 % accuracy, 0.981 AUC, 91.3 % sensitivity and 95.2 % specificity in classifying below-knee artery. When compared with human readers, for both above-knee and below-knee artery, the p-EffNet had comparable accuracy (p = 0.266 and p = 0.808, respectively) and specificity (p = 0.118 and p = 0.971, respectively) but lower sensitivity (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022, respectively). ConclusionsThe p-EffNet demonstrates promising diagnostic performance and has the potential to reduce the workload of radiologists and help to find the plaques that might otherwise have been missed or misjudged.

Arterial Duplex Utilization Prior to First-Time Infrainguinal Peripheral Vascular Intervention Among Medicare Beneficiaries

There is some concern that the use of office-based lower extremity duplex ultrasonography before index peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) is being overused, particularly in patients who have already undergone lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA). We aimed to identify patient- and physician-level characteristics associated with the use of lower extremity arterial duplex in addition to CTA before first-time endovascular intervention for infrainguinal peripheral vascular disease.

Feasibility of Reduced Radiation Dose and Iodine Load in Lower Extremity Computed Tomography Angiography

Feasibility of Reduced Radiation Dose and Iodine Load in Lower Extremity Computed Tomography Angiography