Lower Extremity Injuries Research Articles

Reliability of Spatiotemporal Characteristics During Single-Legged Hop and Bilateral Drop Jump Tasks Using an Instrumented Pressure Walkway.

Single-legged hop tests have been widely used to assess performance-based outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Traditional single, triple, or 6-meter (6m) timed hop tests only measure distance or time as the principal variables, neglecting other variables, such as individual hop distances within a series of hops, flight time, and stance time. The development of portable instrumented pressure walkways has made it possible to collect parameters such as hop velocity, flight time, stance time, distance, and pressure outside of a laboratory setting. However, the reliability of instrumented pressure walkways in measuring spatial and temporal variables during single-legged hop tests is unknown. This study aimed to determine if the Zeno walkway can reliably measure spatiotemporal (ST) characteristics of hop tests. Cross-Sectional Study. Individuals (n=38) in this cross-sectional study performed single, triple, and 6m hop tests on a pressure-sensitive Zeno walkway. Twenty-one participants completed follow-up testing between one and 14 days later. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(3,k)) were used to assess test-retest reliability of ST variables. The accuracy of vertical jump height and 6m hop timing were also measured. All ST variables demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC > 0.86) with small minimal detectable change (MDC) values during single-legged hop tests. Six-meter hop time and jump height during a bilateral drop jump were also accurately measured by the walkway. An instrumented pressure walkway is a novel tool to reliably assess non-traditional parameters of clinically relevant hop and jump tests such as flight time, stance time, and jump height after lower extremity injury, surgery, and rehabilitation. 3b.

What outcomes do patients value after orthopaedic trauma: A best-worst scaling choice experiment

IntroductionPatient-centered treatment and research should focus on the outcomes that matter to patients. The primary aim of this study was to determine the outcome preferences of patients after musculoskeletal trauma. The secondary aim was to identify discrepancies between outcome preferences of surgeons and patients. MethodsA Best-worst scaling choice experiment survey was administered to patients with operative lower extremity injuries and orthopaedic surgeons who take trauma call. Participants completed 13 choice sets of 3 randomly-ordered outcomes, including: a full recovery (back to normal) without any problems; a problem that requires additional surgery or hospital stay versus medication or treatment in clinic/emergency department; minimal to moderate versus severe pain for 6 weeks; need for crutches/walker versus wheelchair for 6–12 weeks; being unable to work for 6–12 weeks; requiring 2–4 weeks in a facility; a perfect versus poor or worst-possible EuroQol 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) score at 1 year; and death. Within each set, participants ranked their “most-preferred” to “least-preferred” outcomes. Responses were aggregated to calculate the relative importance, or marginal utility, of each outcome stratified by respondent type. ResultsFifty-five patients and 65 surgeons participated. The most preferred outcome for patients and surgeons was a full recovery (back to normal) without any problems, followed by minimal to moderate pain for 6 weeks and a perfect EQ-5D score. The least preferred outcomes were death and the worst EQ-5D score, which had similar marginal utility, followed by a poor EQ-5D score and a problem that needs another surgery or stay at a hospital, which also had similar marginal utility. Surgeons, in comparison to patients, assigned a higher marginal utility to perfect EQ-5D scores at one year (3.55 vs. 2.03; p < 0.0001) and a 2–4 week stay in a facility (0.52 vs. -0.21; p = 0.001), and a lower marginal utility to severe pain for 6 weeks (-0.58 vs. -0.08; p = 0.04) and a poor EQ-5D score (-1.88 vs. -1.03; p = 0.02). ConclusionsA full recovery (back to normal) without any problems was the most-preferred outcome for both patients and surgeons. Patient-centered care and research should focus on both patients’ return to baseline and the avoidance of complications. Level of evidenceN/A

The relationship between leg muscle strength and static balance in surfers

Background: Surfing is a type of water sport that involves playing on the waves by using a surfboard to maneuver on the waves. It requires good static balance and good leg muscle strength. Methods: The method used in the analytical cross-sectional study design. This research was conducted on February 25, 2023. The inclusion criteria for male surfers aged 18-25 years have ever surfed (nor in the training or learning process). According to the screening assessment, the exclusion criteria included individuals who have experienced a lower extremity injury in the last 3 months (except lacerations or injuries with open wounds). The sampling technique used was a nonprobability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique. The number of samples obtained in this research was 46 samples. Results: Data collection was carried out by measuring leg muscle strength and static balance. Leg muscle strength was measured with a leg dynamometer while static balance was measured with the Stork Standing Test. Based on the non-parametric Spearman rho analysis test, the value of p = 0.000 (p &lt; 0.05) and the correlation coefficient r = 0.954. Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there was a significant relationship between leg muscle strength and static balance in surfers.

Cognitive-Behavioral-Based Physical Therapy for Improving Recovery After a Traumatic Lower-Extremity Injury: The Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Lower-extremity injuries can result in severe impairment and substantial years lived with a disability. Persistent pain and psychological distress are risk factors for poor long-term outcomes and negatively influence the recovery process following a traumatic injury. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions have the potential to address these risk factors and subsequently improve outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a telephone-delivered cognitive-behavioral-based physical therapy (CBPT) program on physical function, pain, and general health at 12 months after hospital discharge following lower-extremity trauma. The CBPT program was hypothesized to improve outcomes compared with an education program. A multicenter, randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 325 patients who were 18 to 60 years of age and had at least 1 acute orthopaedic injury to the lower extremity or to the pelvis or acetabulum requiring operative fixation. Patients were recruited from 6 Level-I trauma centers and were screened and randomized to the CBPT program or the education program early after hospital discharge. The primary outcome was the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) scale. The secondary outcomes were objective physical function tests (4-square step test, timed stair ascent test, sit-to-stand test, and self-selected walking speed test), PROMIS Pain Intensity and Pain Interference, and the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey. Treatment effects were calculated using targeted maximum likelihood estimation, a robust analytical approach appropriate for causal inference with longitudinal data. The mean treatment effect on the 12-month baseline change in PROMIS PF was 0.94 (95% confidence interval, -0.68 to 2.64; p = 0.23). There were also no observed differences in secondary outcomes between the intervention group and the control group. The telephone-delivered CBPT did not appear to yield any benefits for patients with traumatic lower-extremity injuries in terms of physical function, pain intensity, pain interference, or general health. Improvements were observed in both groups, which questions the utility of telephone-delivered cognitive-behavioral strategies over educational programs. Therapeutic Level I . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The relationship between ankle landing kinematics, isokinetic strength, muscle activity, and the prevalence of lower extremity injuries in university-level netball players during a single season.

Safe landing in netball is fundamental. Research on the biomechanics of multidirectional landings is lacking, especially among netball players. Furthermore, few studies reporting the associations between ankle kinematics, isokinetic ankle muscle strength, muscle activities, and injury prevalence in South African netball have been undertaken. To determine the relationships between ankle kinematics, kinetics, isokinetic strength, and muscle activity during jump-landing tasks, as well as the prevalence of lower extremity injuries in university-level netball players during a single season. This cross-sectional repeated-measure study consisted of ten university-level female netball players. The injury prevalence data was collected during the 2022 netball season. The ankle muscle activity, kinematic, and kinetic data were collected during multidirectional single-leg landing and muscle strength was collected from plantar- and dorsiflexion trials. Netball players' ankle strength was generally below average. There was evidence of negative correlations between the ankle range of motion (ROM), isokinetic strength, and muscle activity amplitudes. A lack of evidence prevented the conclusion that lower extremity dominance predisposed players to injury, and that any specific body part was more likely to be injured among netball players. Landing forces and muscle activity are direction-dependent, especially for the dominant limb. Lower extremity strength and neuromuscular control (NMC) across multiple jump-landing directions should be an area of focus for female netball players.

Musculoskeletal injury in military specialists: a 2-year retrospective study

BackgroundMilitary specialists are elite personnel who are trained to work across diverse operational environments where a high level of physical conditioning is a prerequisite for their role. Anecdotally, personnel are...

Radiological Verification for the Suitability of Using the Quadriceps Angle to Represent Orientation of the Quadriceps Femoris.

The orientation of the quadriceps femoris can be represented by the quadriceps angle (Q-angle) has not yet been approved because of the high incidence of patellar instability. In this study, the correlations among components of the quadriceps femoris and the Q-angle using the plain radiographic technique were assessed. This retrospective study aims to use the radiographic technique to clarify these doubts from anatomic viewpoints. One hundred consecutive young adult patients (50 men and 50 women; aged, 34 ± 5 and 33 ± 6 years, respectively) who sustained chronic unilateral lower extremity injuries (unilateral femoral, tibial nonunions or malunions) were enrolled. The contralateral intact lower extremity was used for the study. The full-length standing scanogram (FLSS) was used to evaluate the rectus Q-angle (R-Q angle), vastus Q-angle (V-Q angle), and clinical Q-angle (C-Q angle; i.e., known as the Q-angle). The three Q-angles were compared statistically. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparison among groups. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the degree of relationship between two groups. The C-Q angle or the V-Q angle was statistically different from the R-Q angle (p < 0.001). The C-Q angle between sexes was not different (p = 0.25). High correlation occurred among the C-Q angle, the R-Q angle, and the V-Q angles (correlation coefficient, 0.886-0.979). The multiple linear regression revealed of C-Q angle = 0.72; R-Q angle, p < 0.001 + 0.21; and V-Q angle, (p = 0.009) + 2.61° in 100 patients. Orientation of the quadriceps femoris can be represented by the Q-angle. Compared to the rectus femoris, the three vastus muscles of the quadriceps femoris are more correlated to the Q-angle.

Minimally invasive fixation of posterior malleolus fracture: description of surgical technique and radiological results

Introduction. Ankle fractures are one of the most common lower extremity injuries. Despite the high incidence of these fractures in the population, the best therapeutic approach has not been established yet. The treatment of posterior malleolus fractures is particularly controversial. Aim. Evaluation of percutaneous posterior-to-anterior fixation of posterior malleolus fracture (posterolateral fragment) in terms of safety of the method and accuracy of fracture reduction. A detailed description of the surgical technique was also presented. Materials and methods. A retrospective evaluation included 18 patients operated on due to complex ankle fractures between April 2023 and March 2024. All patients included in the study underwent percutaneous posterior-to-anterior fixation of posterior malleolus fracture. Patients were evaluated for neurovascular complications and postoperative CT scans were assessed to determine the accuracy of posterior malleolus reduction. Results. In 14 patients (77.8%), the fracture displacement was less than 1 mm; in 3 patients (16.7%), the displacement was 1-2 mm; and in one patient (5.5%), the displacement was &gt;2 mm. No neurovascular complications were observed in any patient. Conclusions. Percutaneous posterior-to-anterior fixation of fractures of the posterolateral part of the posterior malleolus is a safe method and provides a high percentage of anatomical reduction.

The effect of a suspension training on physical fitness, lower extremity biomechanical factors, and occupational health in Navy personnel: a randomized controlled trial

Optimal physical fitness is essential for military personnel to effectively meet their rigorous physical demands. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a suspension training program on physical fitness, biomechanical risk factors for lower extremity injury, mental health, and work-related factors in Navy personnel. A total of 50 young men participated in a randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 25): the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group performed an eight-week suspension training session three times per week, while the control group maintained their daily duties. The primary outcome was physical performance. The secondary outcomes were determined biomechanical risk factors for lower extremity injuries, mental health, and work-related factors. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvements in physical performance, biomechanical risk for lower extremity injuries, and work-related factors from baseline to follow-up (p ≤ 0.05). However, there was no improvement in mental health. Based on these findings, suspension training positively impacted physical fitness, reduced injury risk, and enhanced the work-related factors of Navy personnel. This study provides new insights for various related experts and military coaches because it is an easy-to-use and feasible method with minimal facilities.

Navigating perils at the US-Mexico border: an illustrated exploration of trauma among southern border migrants

Surge in migrants at the US-Mexico border, intensified by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to over 2.7 million U.S. Border patrol encounters in 2022. This article explores trauma among Southern border migrants, categorizing injuries from desert crossing, border wall traversal, fleeing, and train travel. Desert migration poses risks from harsh terrain, extreme temperatures, and dehydration. The border wall, covering a quarter of the border, results in varying falls, correlating with increased morbidity at greater heights. Motor vehicle use introduces dangers, including high-speed chases and altercations, causing significant morbidity. "La Bestia," cargo trains, expose passengers to assault, coercion, and injuries during boarding attempts. The study details organ-based injuries, emphasizing distinct patterns in facial trauma, thoracic injuries, abdominopelvic injuries, and lower extremity injuries. Controlled and uncontrolled falls have diverse outcomes, with pediatric populations facing increased morbidity. In conclusion, migrants face serious risks, including heat-related illnesses, violent crimes, and traumatic injuries. Southern border migrants, often deported without complete care, represent an underserved population. This exploration sheds light on their unique healthcare needs, urging attention to their challenges in a concise manner.

Evaluation of musculoskeletal system injuries after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Turkey earthquakes: Our single-center experience.

This study aimed to retrospectively analyze patients who presented to the orthopedic and traumatology clinic following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Over a week after the earthquakes, two hundred and sixty patients were consulted at our clinic. Demographic data of the patients, duration of being under the rubble, fracture locations, types of surgeries performed, number of surgical sessions attended by individuals, and early mortality rate within one month were determined. The mean age of the patients was 40.2 ± 22.4 years. One hundred thirty-eight (53.1%) were female, and 122 (46.9%) were male. The average duration of being under the rubble was determined as 27.1 ± 28.0 hours. Sixteen patients died within one month after the earthquake. The one-month mortality rate among patients with orthopedic injuries was 6.15%. Forty-seven fasciotomies were performed in 35 patients, and 22 amputations were performed in 19 patients. The most injured region was the lower extremity (78 cases, 40%). The ratio of external and internal fixation in extremity fractures was 22%. The management of musculoskeletal injuries can be successful with proper triage and treatment plans. Decisions regarding fasciotomy and amputation in patients with crush syndrome following an earthquake should be individualized. Implant sets should be planned accordingly, especially considering the higher occurrence of lower extremity injuries.

Are Functional Performance Test Scores Better When Compared to Baseline or Contralateral Limb Scores Following LE Injury in Adolescent Athletes?

Functional performance tests (FPT) have been used with athletes following an injury to determine readiness to return-to-play (RTP), usually using limb symmetry indices to the contralateral limb or a baseline score. There is not a consensus as to which criterion scores are best compared. This study aimed to compare common functional performance test scores from injured athletes at the time of release to RTP to both preseason baseline scores and to the contralateral limb. It was hypothesized that using baseline scores for comparison would be more responsive to residual deficits following injury than using the contralateral limb. Prospective longitudinal cohort study. High school athletes (n=395) from all varsity sports completed a battery of FPTs including the Y-Balance Test (YBT), single limb hop tests and T-Test for agility (TT) during their preseason to establish baseline data. Injured athletes (n=19) were re-tested using all FTP's again at the time of RTP. Paired t-tests were used to detect if significant (p\<0.05) residual deficits were present at time of RTP when compared to baseline and to contralateral scores on FPTs. Differences in YBT scores were found in the anterior direction only (p=0.021) when comparing RTP to preseason, but there were no differences when compared to RTP data for the contralateral limb. Differences were detected with the single leg hop test (p = 0.001) when comparing the RTP to preseason and were also detected in both the single leg hop (p= 0.001) and triple hop (p=0.018) when compared to the contralateral limb. Differences in TT scores were detected when comparing RTP to preseason for cutting first with both the unaffected (p = 0.019) and affected (p = 0.014) limbs. The YBT in the anterior direction and the TT are better able to detect residual deficits when comparing RTP to preseason scores. Hop tests are better able to detect deficits when compared to the contralateral limb. These results could make preseason testing more efficient when creating a reference for determining RTP readiness following lower extremity injury.

Interpersonal Coordination between Female Soccer Players: Leader-Follower Roles within a Collision-Avoidance Task.

Return to sport decision-making may be improved by assessing an athlete's ability to coordinate movement with opponents in sport. The purpose was to investigate whether previous injuries associated with female soccer players' interpersonal coordination during a collision avoidance task. The authors hypothesized that external perturbations would disrupt the strength and stability of coordinated movement, and that individuals with a history of injury would be less likely to recover coordinated movement. Cross-Sectional. Nine female athletes with a history of lower extremity injuries and nine without injuries were paired into dyads. Each dyad completed twenty trials of an externally paced collision-avoidance agility task with an unanticipated perturbation. Participant trajectories were digitized and analyzed using cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) to determine the strength and stability of interpersonal coordination dynamics. Trials in which participants with injury history assumed leader or follower roles within each dyad were then used to study how dyadic coordination varied across task stages (early, perturbation, and late) using linear mixed effect models. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to demonstrate magnitude of differences. In exploratory analysis, psychological readiness (i.e., self-reported knee functioning, fear of injury, and risk-taking propensity) was evaluated for their association with leader-follower status. Perturbation disrupted the strength (R2=0.65, p<0.001, early=49.7±1.7, perturbation=41.1±1.7, d=0.39) and stability (R2=0.71, p < 0.001, early=65.0±1.6, perturbation=58.0±1.7, d=0.38) of interpersonal coordination regardless of leader-follower status. Individuals with injury history failed to restore coordination after the perturbation compared to control participants (injury=44.2.0±2.1, control=50.8±2.6, d=0.39). Neither demographic nor psychological measures were associated with leader-follower roles (B=0.039, p=0.224). Individuals with a history of lower extremity injury may have a diminished ability to adapt interpersonal coordination to perturbations, possibly contributing to a higher risk of re-injury. 3.

Effect of Impact Speed and Position of Pedestrian on Lower Extremity Injuries Caused by a Pickup Truck in Traffic Accidents

Pedestrians often suffer severe injuries in road traffic accidents. Therefore, pedestrian safety and, more precisely, analysis of injuries of the knee joint and lower limb bones were the focus of this research. A Vietnamese-sized human body model (HBM), named V-THUMS, scaled from the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) representing a walking pedestrian, was utilized in a numerical simulation. A pickup truck model was used to simulate pedestrian collisions with impact speeds from 20 km/h to 50 km/h. To reduce the computational time, the pickup truck model was simplified. In addition, the collision angle was varied from 0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, -30o, -60o to -90o to explore the effect of angle position on the injury mechanisms of the leg. The results illustrate that in some cases at low speeds there is a relationship between bone fracture and ligament rupture that does not exist at high speeds. The femur is very difficult to fracture because the bone is very hard and thick. It was found that at 20 km/h impact speed, the lower limbs are unharmed.

Proprioceptive training methods (PTM) in female soccer players – a systematic review

BackgroundAlthough previous studies have reported that proprioceptive training methods (PTM) have positive effects, there is a relatively small number of studies regarding the impact of PTM in women’s soccer. Therefore, there is a need to systematize the given results. In this regard, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of proprioceptive training methods in female soccer players.MethodsThe studies’ search and analysis were done according to the PRISMA guidelines. The following databases were checked (Google Scholar, PubMed Cochrane and ProQuest), with additional publication time criteria (2000–2023) using the following keywords: proprioceptive, balance, neuromuscular, training, exercise, intervention, method, activity, female football players, female soccer players, woman soccer players.ResultsA total of 7 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis that meet all the criteria with the number of participants being 2.247. Based on the analysis of the previous research and detailed discussion, the main findings of the study resulted in the partial improvement of explosive strength (66%), strength (50%), muscle imbalance and flexibility (50%) and the prevention and reduction of lower extremity injuries in female soccer players (60%). Only one study reported no significant differences between groups, where rate of major injuries was higher in experimental group.ConclusionThe obtained results indicate the necessity to implement proprioceptive training in female soccer training programs, in order to influence the prevention and reduction of injuries and improve balance, proprioceptive ability and body control.

Interrater Reliability of Performing a Step-by-Step Procedure for Selected Pain Provocation Tests for Hamstrings and Special Tests for Other Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injuries

Objective: Our study aims to establish interrater reliability in performing the step-by-step procedure of selected pain provocation tests for hamstrings and special tests for lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. Study Design : An interrater reliability study Setting: University of Santo Tomas - Sports Science Laboratory Participants: Ten healthy adults (five females, five males; age = 22.2 ± 0.42) from the university community. Main Outcome Measures: Interrater reliability of performing step-by-step procedures for selected pain provocation tests for hamstrings (painful resisted knee flexion 90°, painful resisted knee flexion 30°, active slump test, Puranen-Orava Test, bent knee stretch) and special tests for lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries (Lachman’s test, McMurray’s test, posterior drawer test, valgus, and varus stress test). Results: Fleiss kappa showed perfect agreement (κ = 1.00) for all test procedures except for Lachman’s test procedure 1 (κ= -0.11 [95% CI, -0.36 to 0.14]), active slump test procedure 4 (κ= -0.03 [95% CI, -0.28 to 0.23]), active slump test procedure 5 (κ= -0.11 [95% CI, -0.28 to 0.23]), and active slump test procedure 6 (κ= -0.05 [95% CI, -0.31 to 0.20]), which resulted in negative agreements. Conclusions: The researcher developed protocols for each special and provocative test were consistent in measuring the intended procedures, and the raters were generally consistent with their ability to measure these tests. Keywords: Interrater reliability, special tests, pain provocation tests, lower extremity injuries

The Impact of Knee and Ankle Injuries on National Basketball Association Player Performance Post-injury.

Athletes in the National Basketball Association (NBA) are subjected to high levels of mechanical stress increasing their risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to see how certain lower extremity injuries affect in-game performance in relation to each NBA athlete's demographics. The hypothesis was that NBA players' post-injury performance would differ depending on their demographics and the type of injury sustained. Descriptive epidemiology study of NBA injury list designations from the 2010/2011 season to the 2018/2019 season. About 255 lower leg injuries that met the inclusion criteria were selected from the injury lists spanning from the 2010/2011 season to the 2018/2019 season. These included ligamentous knee injuries, knee sprains, knee strains, knee hyperextensions, patellar injuries, ankle injuries, and Achilles injuries. The change in performance was determined by comparing mean game scores before and after injury with single-tailed, heteroscedastic t-testing and 95% confidence intervals for mean values. An overall statistically significant decrease in mean game score from 9.82 to 8.75 was seen in all included players (p = 0.01). Only athletes taller than the mean height (199.85 cm; p = 0.01) and heavier than the mean weight (101.63 kg;p = 0.02) showed a significant decline in performance. Ankle and knee injuries both resulted in a significant loss in game score (p = 0.04), with ankle injuries resulting in a greater average decline (-1.76 post-injury) than knee injuries (-1.34 post-injury). These findings suggest that treatment regimens should reflect the type of injury and demographics of the specific NBA player injured. Further research is warranted to determine if treatment may be more efficacious when streamlined based on player size and injury type.

Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Injuries in Hip-Hop Dancers

Background: Hip-hop dance is one of many types of dances that is very popular in the international community. Dance is a profession that combines art with sports so it is very vulnerable to injury. Lower extremity injuries in dancers can occur due to muscle weakness, extreme movements, or overuse. Objective: To determine the risk factors that can cause lower extremity injuries in hip-hop dancers. Method: The method used is a literature review with a compilation of journals related to risk factors of lower extremity injuries in hip-hop dancers taken in the form of PubMed page. Results: It's really common for dancers who report injuries to lose time for work because of the physical limitation due to the injury. Based on the journals reviewed, factors that often caused dancers to suffer injuries include overuse (35.2%), lack of or not warming up before dancing (37%) fatigue and muscle stiffness in the lower extremity (51.6%), joint hypermobility (43 %), and using incorrect dancing techniques (49.1%). Conclusion: Based on literature reviews and the discussion in the journals discussed, the results show that fatigue and muscle stiffness were the common factors that caused lower extremity injuries in hip-hop dancers. Keywords: Risk Factors, Lower Extremity Injury, Hip-Hop Dancer

Kinesiophobia in Injured Athletes: A Systematic Review.

Athletes have a high risk of injury. Kinesiophobia is a condition in which an individual experiences a fear of physical movement and activity after an injury occurs. Our purpose was to systematically review the literature about Kinesiophobia in athletes. A systematic review was conducted in February 2023 using PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Medline. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, in English, within the last 20 years and included athletes who had been injured and tracked Kinesiophobia. Articles were checked for quality via the modified Downs and Black checklist. Fourteen studies were included in the review and had an average "fair" quality score. Authors examined Kinesiophobia in injured athletes with mostly lower-extremity injuries. Kinesiophobia was associated with lower physical and mental outcomes. Kinesiophobia exists in athletes and can affect both physical and mental factors. The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) was the most common tool used to examine Kinesiophobia. Common mental factors associated with Kinesiophobia include anxiety, low confidence, and fear avoidance.

Analysis of functional hop test with dual task on injured and uninjured athletes

Purpose: Maladaptive neuroplasticity may develop after injury. However, most of the test applications in the return to the sport process mainly focus on the motor end of the sensorimotor system. In this study, we aimed to examine the performance outputs of the functional hop tests with the dual task methodology.&#x0D; Methods: Triple hop for distance (THD), crossover hop for distance (CHD) and 6-meter hop for timed (6MHT) tests were done. For the cognitive task the backward digit span test of the Wechsler intelligence scale was preferred. Nineteen athletes with a history of unilateral lower extremity injuries were assigned to the previously injured group (PIG), and 20 athletes with no previous injury were assigned to the control group (CG).&#x0D; Results: There were no significant differences between the results of the cognitive task levels and Mini Mental State Examination scores of the athletes in our study (p&gt;0.05). PIG athletes showed significantly lower jump performances compared to CG athletes; in the injured extremity side, differences were found between the groups' THD, CHD, and 6MHT values during a single task (p