Low Education Group Research Articles

The Relationship Between Time Spent on Social Media and Adolescent Cigarette, E-cigarette, and Dual Use: A Longitudinal Analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study.

To estimate the effect of social media use in 14 year olds on risk of and inequalities in cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use at 17 years, using the UK-representative Millennium Cohort Study (born 2000-2002). The relationship of time spent on social media (using questionnaires [n = 8987] and time-use-diaries [n = 2520]) with cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use was estimated using adjusted odds ratios (AORs) or relative risk ratios (ARRRs). Effect modification was examined (using parental education as an indicator for socioeconomic circumstances) by comparing adjusted risk differences within low and high-parental education groups. Analyses accounted for prespecified confounders (identified via directed acyclic graphs), baseline outcome measures (to address reverse causality), sample design, attrition, and item-missingness (through multiple imputation). Time spent on social media was associated with increased risk of cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use in a dose-response manner. Social media use for ≥2 hours/day (vs. 1-<30 minutes) was associated with increased cigarette (AOR 2.76 [95% confidence interval 2.19 to 3.48]), e-cigarette (3.24 [2.59 to 4.05]), and dual use (ARRR 4.11 [2.77 to 6.08]). The risk of cigarette use among 30 minutes-<1 hour/day users (vs. non-users) were smaller in those with high versus low parental education (ARDs 1.4% vs. 12.4%). Similar findings were observed across the higher time categories. Analyses using time-use-diaries, in complete case samples, and with additional adjustment for baseline outcome measures generally revealed similar findings. After accounting for observed confounders and potential reverse causality, findings suggest social media use increases the risk of cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use in a dose-response manner. Guidance addressing adolescent online safety should be prioritized. This study's identification of a dose-response relationship and differential effects across socioeconomic groups, could assist in the development of guidance on time spent on social media. The adverse effects of social media use on adolescent cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use supports legislation aimed at promoting adolescent online safety. Study findings strengthen calls to prohibit social media marketing of nicotine-related products and importantly highlight the need to increase awareness and understanding of the underlying algorithms which drive adolescent exposure to nicotine-related content on social media to ensure they are functioning in a way that best serves the adolescent population.

Educational influence on women’s colour perception: C1 eventrelated component analysis

Objective This study aimed to investigate colour perception in women from different educational groups using an event-related potential (ERP) analysis to examine the influence of education on colour processing among women.&#x0D; Materials and methods Twenty-four age-matched women, from high-, medium-, and low-education groups (n = 8 in each group), were recruited in this study. 128-ERP net was used for the ERP study. All women presented their like or dislike for a particular colour by pressing button ‘1’ or ‘2’, respectively. Nine electrodes were chosen to analyse the amplitudes and latencies of the C1 ERP component.&#x0D; Results and Discussion We found no significant differences in the amplitudes and latencies of the C1 ERP component between groups. A smaller amplitude of the C1 component indicated good perceptual learning, and no significant change indicated spatial or featurebased neutral stimuli. In this study, no significant change in the C1 amplitude was found, and we inferred that education did not influence colour processing, as colour was possibly a featurebased neutral stimulus for women. Conclusion: Education did not influence colour perception in women.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 471-475

Social Disadvantage and Multimorbidity Including Oral Conditions in the United States

Existing studies on multimorbidity have largely excluded oral diseases in multimorbidity prevalence estimates. The reason behind this is somewhat unclear, as chronic oral conditions are highly prevalent, affecting over half the global population. To address this gap, we examined the relationship between social disadvantage and multimorbidity, stratifying by the inclusion and exclusion of oral conditions. For participants aged 30 y and over (n = 3,693), cross-sectional analysis was carried out using the US National Health and Nutrition Survey (2013–2014). Multimorbidity was defined as having 2 or more chronic conditions. Five medical conditions were examined: diabetes, asthma, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and depression, as well as 4 oral health conditions: caries, periodontal disease, number of teeth, and edentulousness. Education and income poverty ratio were selected as measures of social disadvantage. Multimorbidity prevalence estimates according to social disadvantage were analyzed on an absolute and relative scale using inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW), adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity. The inclusion of oral health conditions in the assessment of multimorbidity increased the overall prevalence of multimorbidity from 20.8% to 53.4%. Findings from IPTW analysis demonstrated clear social gradients for multimorbidity estimates stratified by the exclusion of oral conditions. Upon inclusion of oral conditions, the prevalence of multimorbidity was higher across all social groups for both education and income. Stratifying by the inclusion of oral conditions, the mean probability of multimorbidity was 27% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23%–30%) higher in the low-education group compared to the high-education group. Similarly, the mean probability of multimorbidity was 44% (95% CI, 40%–48%) higher in the low-income group. On a relative scale, low education was associated with a 1.52 times (95% CI, 1.44–1.61) higher prevalence of multimorbidity compared to high education. Low income was associated with a 2.18 (95% CI, 1.99–2.39) higher prevalence of multimorbidity. This novel study strongly supports the impact of chronic oral conditions on multimorbidity prevalence estimates.

The effect of trans-provincial immediate reimbursement for healthcare expenses on inequity in the utilization of healthcare services for migrants

BackgroundImproving the accessibility of public services for migrants is an important endeavor to promote equity in economic and social development. As a response to the large-scale movement of migrants and the fragmentation of China’s health insurance system, the Chinese Government has launched a policy of trans-provincial immediate reimbursement for healthcare expenses. The present study hopes to examine the effect of immediate reimbursement policy on the utilization of healthcare services for migrants in China.MethodsThis study used two waves of data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) collected in 2013 and 2017, with the sample comprising 13,540 individuals. We constructed a difference-in-differences (DID) model to investigate the impact of the policy on the utilization of healthcare services for migrants. Meanwhile, we also analyzed the heterogeneity of the policy effect by grouping the samples by industry, gender, income, and education level.ResultsThe results found that the trans-provincial immediate reimbursement significantly promoted the probability of migrants’ utilization of quality healthcare services (average treatment effect on the treated = 0.072, p < 0.05). Heterogeneity analyses revealed that the policy effect was more pronounced among higher-income and better-educated migrants. In addition, the policy effect was more significant for female migrants, and the benefits were more marked for migrants in high-risk industries.ConclusionsThe trans-provincial immediate reimbursement policy has improved the inequity of healthcare services utilization among migrants as a whole; however, within the migrants, inequity still exists. More attention should also be paid to low-income or low-education groups in future policy design.

Determinants of health literacy and its impact on glycemic control among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital, Puducherry - A cross-sectional analytical study.

Health literacy is vital during pregnancy, as maternal health knowledge and behavior have a significant impact on the health of both mother and child. Hence, this study aimed to assess the health literacy status of pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as well as its associated factors and impact on glycemic control. The facility-based Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 200 pregnant women with GDM in a tertiary care hospital. The eligible participants were consecutively selected for the study. The study was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023. A validated semi-structured questionnaire, the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) for GDM, was used to measure health literacy status. Stata V.17 software was used for data analysis. Out of 200 pregnant women with GDM, the mean (SD) age of the participants is 29.5 (±5.5) years. It was observed that 164 (82%) of the participants had adequate health literacy, whereas 36 (18%) had inadequate health literacy about Gestational Diabetes. Adequate health literacy (HL) was observed among 88.5% of women with controlled blood sugar and 55.1% of women with uncontrolled blood sugar. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that pregnant mothers' educational status (PR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.5) and glycemic control (PR: 1.4; 95% CI (1.2-1.7) were associated with adequate HL. In conclusion, this study supports the association between adequate HL and glycemic control in pregnant women with GDM. Addressing this gap is essential for healthcare officials and planners to implement programs that promote women's HL during pregnancy, with a focus on low-educated groups.

Impact of socioeconomic status on biologics utilization in rheumatoid arthritis: revealing inequalities and healthcare efficiency.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate biologics treatment disparities in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients based on socioeconomic status (SES). Data from the KOrean Observational Study Network for Arthritis (KORONA) database were analyzed to assess various factors associated with SES, health behaviors, and biologics use. Logistic regression and structured equation modeling (SEM) were utilized for data analysis. Among 5,077 RA patients included, 393 (7.7%) patients were identified as biologics users. Within the entire cohort, 31.8% of the participants were in the low-income and low-education groups, and 39.3% of the participants were in the high-income and high-education groups. Despite the patients with low income or low education experienced higher disease activity at diagnosis, had more comorbidities, exhibited higher medication compliance, underwent more check-ups, and had more hospital admissions than their counterparts, the odds of patients with low-income receiving biologics were 34% lower (adjusted odds ratio = 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.96, p = 0.021) after adjustment for demographics and comorbidities. SEM and pathway analyses confirmed the negative impact of low SES on biologics use. The findings suggest that SES plays a significant role in biologics use among RA patients, indicating potential healthcare inefficiencies for low SES patients. Moreover, adverse healthcare habits negatively affect biologics use in RA patients. The study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic factors while discussing biologics use and promoting equitable access to biologics for optimal RA management.

Association of adverse childhood experiences with anemia in older Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.

To examine the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with anemia among older people. 24,116 participants aged 50years or above were recruited. Multivariable linear and logistic regression was used to assess the associations of self-reported ACEs number with hemoglobin concentrations (g/dL) and presence of anemia. Older individuals with two or more ACEs, versus no ACEs, showed lower hemoglobin concentrations (β = - 0.08g/dL, 95% confidence intervals (CI) - 0.12 to - 0.03) and higher odds of anemia (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% CI 1.01-1.59). A more pronounced association between ACEs and anemia in the lower education group was found, while the association became non-significant in those with higher education (P for ACEs-education interaction = 0.02). ACEs was associated with anemia in older people, and the association was stronger in those with lower education, highlighting the significance of early-life psychological stressors assessment and consideration of education background in geriatric care.

Social inequality in the association between life transitions into adulthood and depressed mood: a 27-year longitudinal study.

Few studies have considered the life-course development of depressive symptoms in relation to life transitions in early-adulthood and whether these might affect depressive trajectories differently depending on specific indicators of parental socioeconomic status (SES). In the present work, we explore these questions using the adolescent pathway model as a guiding framework to test socially differential exposure, tracking and vulnerability of the effects of life transitions on depressed mood across different socioeconomic backgrounds. Latent growth modeling was used to estimate the associations between indicators of parental SES (parental education and household income) and depressed mood from age 13 to 40 with life transitions (leaving the parental home, leaving the educational system, beginning cohabitation, attaining employment) as pathways between the two. Our analyses were based on a 27-year longitudinal dataset (n = 1242) of a Norwegian cohort with 10 time points in total. To make socioeconomic comparisons, three groups (low, mid, and high) were made for parental education and income respectively. Depressed mood decreased from age 13 to 40. The low and high parental education groups showed a stable difference in depressed mood during early adolescence, which decreased in young adulthood and then increased slightly in mid-adulthood. The low household income group showed higher depressed mood across young adulthood compared to the medium and higher household income groups. For life transitions, leaving the parental home and beginning cohabitation was associated with an added downturn of the trajectory of depressed mood when adjusting for other transitions. However, adolescents with high parental education showed a relatively stronger decrease in depressed mood when leaving the parental home. Similarly, adolescents with a high household income showed a relatively stronger decrease in depressed mood when leaving the educational system. Depressed mood decreased over time and developed differently depending on parental education and household income. Life transitions were generally associated with reductions in depressed mood across time, but lower SES youths were not found to be more socially vulnerable these effects.

A study on the impact and mechanism of action of public health education on the health of the migrant population: evidence from the 2018 China migrants dynamic survey.

China has the world's largest mobile population. As mobility increases, ensuring the health protection of this population is receiving more attention. Strengthening public health education is a crucial measure to improve their health and achieve equal access to basic public health services in China. Previous research has demonstrated that public health education has an impact on the health of mobile populations. However, there has been limited investigation into the mediating pathways through which health education influences the health of mobile populations, and few studies have examined the heterogeneity of this effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of public health education on the health of the mobile population and its mechanism of action. Additionally, we aimed to explore the differences in this impact among different subdivided groups. This paper analyses the impact of public health education on the health of the mobile population using the 2018 China Migrant Dynamic Survey (CMDS) Data,. The data was cleaned and 4,034 people were included in the analysis. The study employed ordered logistic regression modeling to analyze the mediating pathways through which health education affects health. Additionally, binary logistic regression model, probit model, propensity score matching method and instrumental variables were used to verify the robustness of the results. The self-assessed health status of the mobile population was good, and 82.10% of them accepted public health education. However, 17.89% of the mobile population did not receive any health education. Acceptance of health education can help improve the health status of the mobile population (OR = 1.178, 95% CI = 0.979-1.418). The study found that public health education can positively impact the health of mobile populations by influencing their health and hospitalization behaviors, as well as their social support. The analysis of heterogeneity revealed that the impact of public health education is more significant among rural, middle-aged, low-education, and low-income groups of the mobile population. Public health education can have a positive impact on the health of the migrant populations. To further improve health education for this group, it is necessary to actively promote the establishment of health records for the migrant population, to facilitate the contracting of family doctors by the migrant population, to improve the accessibility to hospitalization services, reduce the burden of hospitalization costs, and enhance social support. Simultaneously, it is essential to offer precise and varied health education to the migrant population based on their characteristics, to promote equity among diverse groups of individuals. These findings not only help to enrich theoretical research on health education for migrant populations and the health of migrant populations but also help to improve the level of public health education for migrant populations and improve the health protection of migrant populations.

The age-based digital divides in China: Trends and socioeconomic differentials (2010–2020)

The age-based digital divide is emerging as a major challenge with the integrated development of population aging and digital transformation. This study examines the dynamics of multifaceted age-based digital divides (perceived Internet importance, Internet access, and learning-oriented Internet use) as well as their socioeconomic differentials (urban-rural residence, gender, and education). Using longitudinal data from China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) from 2010 to 2020, the study found that despite increases in perceived importance and physical access, learning-oriented use showed a downward trend. Moreover, the age-based divides regarding importance and access persisted over time while the divides in learning-oriented use by age fluctuated, and these dynamics varied across different social groups. The largest difference was observed between high-educated and low-educated groups: while the age-based divides in perceived importance and access have widened among the low-educated, these gaps have been bridged among the high-educated populations. For the usage gap, this contrasting developmental trend was only observed between middle-aged and young people, but not for the elderly.

Evidence from Empirical Studies: Which Groups of Individuals Experience More Severe Income Hardship Due to COVID-19 Infection?

There is a lack of evidence on whether a pandemic exacerbates economic inequalities among disadvantaged groups. This study examined whether the income of single households was affected by sample adults who were infected with COVID-19. I used NHIS data, compared the average income between infected sample adults and uninfected for each of the sub-groups, and constructed the difference in the difference graph based on the mean value. Also, using a difference-in-difference model to confirm statistically significant differences in mean income between the different groups. The results show that full-time sample adults infected with COVID-19 have significantly lower incomes than those uninfected; the sample adults with hypertension, low education, or non-metropolitan residents groups, who were not infected with COVID-19 were the most disadvantaged financially. The main reason for these unexpected results may be that the unemployment of infected persons instead qualifies them for high benefits.

Does the use of the internet enhance residents’ well-being?—Evidence from China

Using data from the 2018 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this study empirically examined the impact of Chinese residents’ Internet use on their subjective well-being. The results show that Internet use significantly increases residents’ subjective well-being; the results of the marginal effect show that the increase in Internet use increases the probability of residents choosing “Relatively happy” and “Extremely happy”; further analysis shows that Internet use increases the probability of residents choosing “Relatively happy” and “Extremely happy” through the marginal effect. “Moreover, in the heterogeneity analysis, Internet use significantly increases the subjective happiness of middle-aged people aged 35–60, and increases the subjective happiness of low-education and low-income groups, while rural residents have higher subjective well-being from Internet use relative to urban residents. This study mitigates the estimation bias that may be caused by the sample self-selection problem through propensity score matching (PSM), and conducts a series of robustness tests on the empirical results. Therefore, the government should emphasize the role of Internet use in enhancing residents’ happiness and promoting the happiness effect of Internet use by further improving Internet infrastructure and upgrading residents’ Internet use skills.

Risk factors and treatment outcome of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A five-year study in the North of Iran.

It is essential to constantly review the risk factors and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB). This study evaluated some important risk factors of TB over five years. Between 2013 and 2018, all available information and possible risk factors related to TB patients were analyzed from the TB registry program of the health district of Gorgan, Iran. Among 349 TB patients, 194 (55.59%) were males and 167 (47.85%) had at least a comorbidity. The death rate was higher in the age group more than 65 years (p < 0.001), the low-educated group (P = 0.012), and patients with underlying diseases, especially diabetes (p < 0.001). In total, univariate and multivariate statistical analyzes showed that having comorbidity (OR = 4.34; 95% CI 1.49 - 13.49), as well as, being jobless (OR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.19 - 8.59) were the main factors influencing the adverse events. According to the study, aging, underlying diseases, and cultural poverty include a higher share of the main risk factors for active TB and/or treatment outcomes. By considering these risk factors and training the medical staff continually, we can reduce the time of TB diagnosis, and prevent it from spreading.

The (Un)Predictability of Early (Un)Employment: A Machine Learning Approach

This article integrates scholarship on determinants of labor market transitions with the flexible modeling strategies available through machine learning. Leveraging population registers from Finland, this study analyzes how well we can predict (un)employment and for whom we can (not) predict. The study finds that the predictability of long-term (un)employment improves when using tree-based nonparametric models compared to logistic regression but that predictability varies substantially across outcome groups. None of the models predict very accurately for the unemployed net of baseline likelihood to be unemployed—a group that is well researched and often of interest when designing policies and interventions. Overall accuracy is driven by the employed while incorrectly predicting most of the unemployed. Additionally, the outcomes for individuals with low parental education are overall more difficult to predict than the outcomes for individuals with mid/high parental education, whereas predicting unemployment slightly improves among the low parental education group.

Is Education Level a Modulation Factor of Cognitive Abilities in Older Individuals?

Purpose: Similar to bilingualism, musical abilities, socio-economic status, and physical activities; education level also plays a contributing factor to cognitive reserve in an individual. Literature suggests that educational level and years of schooling enhance cognitive development and also show a correlation with better Intelligence Quotient. It is important to consider the level of education and its relationship with cognitive abilities particularly assessed on standardized cognitive tests which were not considered in earlier research.Methods: The present study recruited 25 native Kannada speakers aged 50 to 70 years and divided them into two groups based on level of education (lower education and higher education group). All the participants were assessed on Cognitive Linguistic Assessment Protocol (CLAP)-Kannada (Kamath &amp; Prema, 2001). The performance scores were tabulated and analyzed across all the domains of the test.Results: Descriptive statistics highlighted that the higher education group had greater overall scores and also across the domains compared to their counterparts. Inferential statistics utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test found a significant difference between the two groups on overall performance and also across the domains with high effect size. Both groups performed poorly in the organization domain, attributed to task demands that need a greater level of processing skills.Conclusions: The current study highlights that higher education levels influence better cognitive function and that this effect persists with age as compared to the lower education levels group indicating higher educational levels can help an individual to resist the effects of the aging process on cognitive function decline.

Magnetic resonance image-based brain age as a discriminator of dementia conversion in patients with amyloid-negative amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Patients with amyloid-negative amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have a conversion rate of approximately 10% to dementia within 2 years. We aimed to investigate whether brain age is an important factor in predicting conversion to dementia in patients with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI. All participants underwent detailed neuropsychological evaluation, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and [18F]-florbetaben positron emission tomography. Brain age was determined by the volumetric assessment of 12 distinct brain regions using an automatic segmentation software. During the follow-up period, 38% of the patients converted from amnestic MCI to dementia. Further, 73% of patients had a brain age greater than their actual chronological age. When defining ‘survival' as the non-conversion of MCI to dementia, these groups differed significantly in survival probability (p = 0.036). The low-educated female group with a brain age greater than their actual age had the lowest survival rate among all groups. Our findings suggest that the MRI-based brain age used in this study can contribute to predicting conversion to dementia in patients with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI.

Extending the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis to Narrative Persuasion: Parents' Information-Seeking Intention and Learning About Adolescent Children's Covid-19 Vaccination.

The gap in knowledge and information-seeking between high and low socioeconomic status (SES) has been well documented. This study extends this knowledge gap hypothesis to narrative persuasion in the context of parents' knowledge and information-seeking intention concerning adolescents' COVID-19 vaccination. It specifically tests if the gap is moderated by a message type (narrative vs. non-narrative). An online quasi-experiment, with a 2 (participants' education level: high vs. low) × 3 (message type: narrative vs. non-narrative vs. no-message) between-subject design, showed a main effect of education level (i.e., parents with a higher [vs. lower] education level rated a higher intention to seek information and provided more correct answers on questions about adolescents' COVID-19 vaccination) and an interaction between the two factors. The interaction showed that the gap between high- and low-education groups in information-seeking intention disappeared among those who read the narrative or non-narrative, and the gap in knowledge disappeared among those who read the narrative. Study findings suggest the utility of narratives in narrowing the gap in knowledge and information-seeking to improve parents' decisions on child vaccination.

EXPLORING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN EDUCATION AND INCOME: THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN THE FORMAL SECTOR

Education is the key gateway for people with disabilities to become skilled laborers for self-reliance and to create better welfare. Using Sakernas data for 2021, this study aims to analyze the impact of education level on people with disabilities between two groups, namely people with disabilities with high education and people with low education, with additional observations on people with disabilities working in the formal or informal sector. The sample selected for the study is made up of workers with disabilities who have an income of 27,049. The higher education category is the level of education completed by persons with disabilities at the equivalent of high school to doctoral level, while the low education group is the level of education of persons with disabilities at the junior high school level and below. The results of the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method state that higher education and working in the formal sector have an impact of more than 58 percent on increasing their income compared to persons with disabilities who have low education and work in the informal sector.

Factors Related to Cognitive Resilience according to Education Level in Normal and Cognitively Impaired Individuals

AbstractBackgroundCognitive resilience (CR) is a concept to explain the difference between pathologic burden and cognitive function. Understanding CR is important as increasing CR can be applied to dementia prevention strategies. CR is closely related to education and it was widely used as proxy for CR. However, using an education as proxy of CR may have limitation in reflecting the CR of low educated individuals. Related factors to CR can be different according to the educational level. However, factors related to low educated individuals has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate factors related to cognitive resilience in low‐ and highly educated individuals using residual approach.MethodWe collected 1,085 patients who underwent neuropsychological assessment and MRI from the Establishment of Precision Medicine Platform for Early Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (PREMIER) Cohort (305 SCD, 639 MCI, 141 AD). To capture CR using residual approach, firstly, cognitive score was predicted on global cortical thickness, adjusted for age, sex, education, and disease stage. Then, individual differences between predicted and observed cognitive score were used as the measure of CR(CR_rsd). Next, we divided the participants into two groups based on their education level. To investigate the factors related to CR_rsd between two groups, we used multiple linear regression and logistic regression model after adjusted age, sex. Demographic, socioeconomic and psychiatric factors were evaluated.ResultMean age was 70.5 years and 65.3% were female. There were 286 patients in low educated group (26.4%). Depression, literacy, cognitive activity, and presence of diabetes were related to CR_rsd. Literacy was related to CR_rsd in both low‐ and high‐education group (low education group, p = 0.035; high education group, p = &lt;0.001). Depression was associated with low CR_rsd only in high education group (p = 0.001). Cognitive activity was associated with high CR_rsd in both group (low education group, p = 0.042; high education group, p = &lt;0.001). However, social activity was only related to high CR_rsd low education group (p = 0.044).ConclusionOur findings suggest that factors related to CR could be different according to the educational level.

Developing Topics.

Amyloid-negative amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients have a conversion rate to dementia of approximately 10% within 2 years. This study aimed to investigate whether brain age, calculated using quantitative data obtained from brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) artificial intelligence (AI) software can be an important factor in predicting the conversion of dementia in amyloid-negative amnestic MCI patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI who visited the memory clinic of Asan Medical Center. All participants underwent detailed neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and [18F]-florbetaben (FBB) positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Conversion to dementia was determined by a neurologist based on a clinical interview with a detailed neuropsychological test or a decline in the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination score of more than 4 points per year combined with impaired activities of daily living. Brain age was determined through volumetric assessment of 12 distinct brain regions using commercially available segmentation software, Neurophet AQUA. During the follow-up period, 38% (35/91) of patients converted to dementia from amnestic MCI. 73% (66/91) of patients had a higher brain age than their actual chronological age. In the conversion group, all participants except three (91%, 32/35) had a brain age older than their chronological age. Conversely, the conversion rate to dementia was significantly lower in the group with a younger brain age than their actual age. The subjects were divided into eight groups based on sex, education level, and brain age. When defining the 'survival' as the non-conversion of MCI to dementia, these groups significantly differed in survival probability with a p-value of 0.036. The low-educated female group with a higher brain age than their actual age had the lowest survival rate of all groups. Our findings suggest that MRI-based brain age used in this study can contribute to predicting conversion to dementia in patients with amyloid-negative amnestic MCI.