Lower Dry Matter Yield Research Articles

Effect of four different tillage practices on maize performance under rainfed conditions

An experiment was conducted on Ferric Acrisol under rainfed conditions during the 2010 minor crop growing season in Kumasi, Ghana to determine the effect of different tillage practices on Akposoe maize (Zea mays .L) variety performance. The experiment was arranged in a randomised complete block design with four treatments namely disc ploughing only, disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing, disc harrowing only and No Tillage. Each treatment was replicated three times. At ten weeks after planting, the disc harrowing only plots produced the tallest plant, biggest stem girth, highest number of leaves per plant, and highest leaf area index. On the other hand the No Tillage plots presented the shortest plant, smallest stem girth, lowest number of leaves per plant, and smallest leaf area index. At harvest, the longest root, highest dry matter yield and highest fresh cob weight were obtained from the disc harrowing only plots while the shortest root, lowest dry matter yield, lowest fresh cob weight, lowest dry cob weight, and smallest 1000-seed weight were located in the No Tillage plots. The disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing treatment produced the highest dry cob weight and highest 1000-seed weight. There was no significant difference in Akposoe maize plant growth, dry matter yield and yield components between the disc harrowing only and the disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing treatments. Thus, considering the soil and weather conditions of the experiment, the optimum tillage practice for producing Akposoe maize variety is disc harrowing only.

Electrophoretic and Functional Mapping of Indica Rice Glutelin Protein Isolates

Rice glutelin protein isolates were extracted from export quality Pakistani rice varieties and their milling fractions, characterized by dry matter yield, protein content, molecular weight profile using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and also explored the functional properties. The glutelin protein content and its dry matter yield varied significantly among rice varieties and their milling fractions. The highest dry matter yield and protein content was found in brown rice of Basmati 2000 rice variety and the lowest dry matter yield and protein content was observed in white rice of KS-282. The electrophoretic pattern showed 11 different molecular weight subunits with three major polypeptides observed at 32.1 to 34.0, 23.9 to 24.5, and 12.1 to 16.1 kDa, respectively. The overall electrophoretic profile and alpha glutelin subunits in different rice samples ranged from 12.1 to 100.9 and 32.1 to 34.0 kDa, respectively, while beta glutelin subunits ranged from 23.9 to 24.5 kDa. The variation in rice milling fractions did not show any effect on the molecular weight subunit composition of glutelin within a variety. Little is known about its functional properties, which have been shown to be variety specific. Thus, it is of importance to examine glutelin isolates from Pakistani rice varieties. The functional properties of glutelin isolates showed a non-significant effect on foaming capacity and stability within varieties, and overall it had poor foaming properties but it had good gelling properties, which may be a very promising characteristic for its use in different food applications.

Lack of Hybrid by Seeding Rate Interactions for Corn Growth, Silage Yield, and Quality

Transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids may require higher but brown midrib (BMR) and leafy hybrids may require lower seeding rates than currently recommended for silage in the northeastern United States. We planted dual‐purpose (three Bt and one non‐Bt) two silage‐specific and two BMR hybrids to evaluate growth, dry matter (DM) yield, and quality responses to four seeding rates (61,750–98,800 kernels ha−1). Hybrid × seeding rate interactions were not observed. At silking (R1), BMR hybrids averaged 6% lower leaf area index (LAI, 4.58) compared with dual‐purpose hybrids and 7% lower biomass (1050 g m−2) compared with two dual‐purpose hybrids. Crop growth rates were similar from the 14th leaf (V14) to R1 stage between BMR and dual‐purpose hybrids (34.3–35.8 g m−2 d−1) so less BMR vegetative growth was associated with 10% lower LAI (3.46) and biomass (480 g m−2) at V14. Biomass and LAI had linear responses to seeding rates. The BMR compared with two dual‐purpose hybrids averaged 8% lower DM yield (20.7 Mg ha−1) but similar predicted milk yield (37.6 Mg ha−1) because of 8% higher milk Mg−1 values (1823 kg Mg−1). Silage‐specific compared with two dual‐purpose hybrids averaged about 7.5% lower DM and milk yields because of similar milk Mg−1 (1685 kg Mg−1). Milk and DM yields showed quadratic, and milk Mg−1 showed negative linear responses to seeding rates. Results indicate that Bt, BMR, and silage‐specific hybrids should be seeded at about 89,000 kernels ha−1 for silage in New York.

Water use, growth, and yield of drip irrigated cassava in a humid tropical environment

Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental Farm of The Federal University of Technology, Akure, during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons to investigate the response of cassava under drip irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were based on four different water regimes; with T100 receiving 100% available water (AW), T<sub>50</sub> and T<sub>25</sub> receiving 50% and 25% of AW and T<sub>0</sub> with zero irrigation (control treatment). Disease free stems of the cassava cultivar TMS 91934 were planted at a spacing of 1 m by 1 m. The results indicated that T<sub>100</sub> full treatment produced the highest average total dry matter yield of 49.12 and 37.62 t/ha in 2006/07 and 2007/08 cropping seasons, respectively. However, the average total dry matter production in T<sub>50</sub>, T<sub>25</sub>, and T<sub>0</sub> showed significant differences in their values. Low total dry matter yields of 7.12 and 5.92 t/ha, respectively, were associated with T<sub>0</sub> for the two cropping seasons. The total water use of 1491.75 and 1701.13 mm was recorded for T<sub>100</sub>, while total water use of 729.00 and 651.13 mm were obtained for T<sub>0</sub> in the two cropping seasons. The water use efficiency determined for the two cropping seasons ranged between 7.38 kg/ha and 32.93 kg/ha. The percentages of total water applied from total water use for T<sub>100</sub> were 51.11% and 61.72%, while 14.83% and 17.85% were recorded for T<sub>25 </sub>for 2006/07 and 2007/08 cropping seasons, respectively.

Nitrogen-use efficiency and economic efficiency of slow-release N fertilisers applied to irrigated turfs in a Mediterranean environment

The effect of three fertilisers that delay the bioavailability of nitrogen (N) in the soil was compared with ammonium nitrate and a zero N control in two irrigated turfs in NE Portugal. The fertilisers used were: Floranid permanent 16-7-15 (slow-release, IBDU/Isodur fertiliser); Basacote plus 9M 16-8-12 (controlled-release fertiliser, copolymer ethylene acrylic); Nitroteck 20-8-10 (stabilized fertiliser, dicyandiamide as nitrification inhibitor + coating with polyterpene) and Nitrolusal (ammonium nitrate, 20.5% N), applied all at a rate of 120 kg N ha−1. Nitrolusal was split into two fractions of 60 kg N ha−1. Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) rates were balanced among treatments by using superphosphate (18% P2O5) and potassium chloride (60% K2O). The turf dry matter (DM) yield and N concentration in dry material were determined from several cuts of biomass throughout the growing season. Based on DM yield, N concentration in dry material and fertilisation costs, indices of N use efficiency and economic efficiency were estimated. Soil nitrate levels were monitored by using anion exchange membranes inserted directly into the soil. Basacote gave significantly lower DM yields than the other fertilised treatments. The apparent N recovery of Basacote was also the lowest. The results showed that Basacote released less N than that required for an adequate plant growth in the beginning of the growing season, hampered the flush of spring growth. Furthermore, the release period of this Basacote formulation, in the environmental conditions of these experiments, seemed to be longer than the length of the growing season. Nitroteck and Floranid yielded similar or even higher DM and apparent N recovery values than did Nitrolusal. The indices of economic efficiency ordered the fertilisers as Nitroteck > Nitrolusal > Floranid > Basacote or Nitrolusal > Nitroteck > Floranid > Basacote, if the costs of P and K fertilisers used to balance the P and K rates in the experimental design were, respectively, taken or not taken into account.

Intercropping of Cereals and Legumes for Forage Production

Cereals are high important in feeding ruminant animals for their high dry matter production and low cost. However, cereals forage is poor in protein content which shows their low quality and nutritive value. Regarding to high feed costs of protein supplementations, legumes can be used in livestock nutrition for their high protein content and, thus, providing cost saving. Since legumes have low dry matter yield, acceptable forage yield and quality can obtained from intercropping of cereals and legumes compared with their sole crops. In this paper, forage quality indicators and different factors affecting forage quality are discussed. Forage production and quality of different cereals-legumes intercropping are also reviewed, where; different legumes had different effect on forage quality when intercropped with specific cereal. Regarding to forage quality and quantity, different cereals also led to different production of forage. A number of factors which must be noticified in selecting cereal-legume intercropping compositions, especially for forage production, were considered.

Evaluation and correction of nutrient availability to Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus in various compost-based growing media

Nutrient deficiencies usually constrain the use of some composted materials as peat-substitute growing media even if some fertilizer is applied to the media. In this work, we assessed the suitability of various composted materials as such or mixed with peat for potted plant production, with special emphasis on their effects on nutrient availability to plants. Further, we examined the effect of vivianite [Fe 3(PO 4) 2·8H 2O] as a fertilizer and its mixture with humic substances (HS) on these growing media (particularly their effectiveness in preventing Fe deficiency chlorosis in alkaline substrates). A completely randomized experiment design was developed involving the growth of gerber ( Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus) and two factors, namely (i) the growing medium, specifically composted cork residue (C), compost obtained from a mixture of olive husk and cotton gin trash mixed with rice hulls and peat in a 1:1:1 volume proportion (OH), composted grape marc (GM), Sphagnum peat mixed with spent mushroom compost (M), coconut fibre (CF), and Sphagnum peat; and (ii) the Fe source (control without Fe, Fe-EDDHA, vivianite and vivianite + HS in a weight ratio of 10:1). The highest chlorophyll meter readings were provided by the two media with the lowest pH (peat and CF), and the lowest readings were provided by the medium exhibiting the highest pH (C). Composted grape marc (GM) and M provided the largest amounts of dry matter (DM), whereas peat and M gave the highest flower yields. Flower and DM yield were lower in CF and C than those in other substrates; the low production in the former can be ascribed to Ca deficiency; in fact, the medium was poor in this nutrient; therefore, plants grown on it exhibited low Ca concentration in leaves. On the other hand, the low chlorophyll meter readings and DM yield in C can be largely ascribed to Fe deficiency chlorosis since the application of Fe improved both the parameters, the best results being obtained with the vivianite + HS mixture. Vivianite-based treatments increased P concentrations in leaves, but only in more acidic medium (CF and peat), where the pH of the media facilitated the dissolution of the product. The adverse effects of Fe sources on the Mn and Zn concentrations in leaves were as a result of the antagonistic effect of the Fe supply, which varied with the particular growing medium: Fe-chelate depressed Mn in plants grown on C, whereas vivianite + HS decreased the Mn concentration in plants grown on GM. The results obtained with the different compost-based materials studied and the ability to overcome Fe deficiency in C by using a vivianite + HS mixture are interesting with a view to reduce the use of peat in the potted plant industry.

Impact of Long‐Term Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Alfalfa Nutritive Value–Yield Relationships

Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) increase alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield, but little information is available on how forage nutritive value is affected by P and K fertilization. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long‐term P and K fertilization on alfalfa yield–forage nutritive value relationships. A factorial experiment with four P and five K treatments was replicated four times. Beginning in 1998 and continuing through 2004, herbage samples were collected in May, June, July, and September. Samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true dry matter disappearance (IVTDMD), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soils were also analyzed for P and K concentrations. Concentrations of NDF, ADF, and ADL were reduced by low P and K fertility. Addition of P fertilizer increased CP concentrations, while addition of K fertilizer reduced CP concentrations. Concentrations of NDF, ADF, and ADL and dry matter yield decreased with stand age and harvest within year. The low forage dry matter yield of unfertilized alfalfa was associated with higher IVTDMD. Yield of digestible nutrients per hectare (yield × IVTDMD) was highly correlated with yield but not IVTDMD concentration. Fertilizing for high yield, despite the slight reduction in forage nutritive value, remains the most viable strategy for maximizing digestible nutrient production per hectare in alfalfa.

Distribution of nematode larvae of sheep in tropical pasture plants

The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of parasitic nematode larvae of sheep (third larval stage), in tropical forage species. The experiment was composed of two different dry matter yield for each plant species, Pensacola grass ( Paspalum saurae) and Aruana grass ( Panicum maximum). The animals in the experiment were 28 Suffolk lambs that were 6–8 months old. Lambs were left in a naturally contaminated pasture for 86 days. A randomized design was adopted, collection of pasture was made every 15 days, separated into upper and lower portions and made larval enumeration. Lambs were evaluated by faecal egg count (FEC) to monitoring worm infection. The number of parasite larvae in both forages was similar ( p > 0.05). However, higher ( p < 0.05) infestation by helminth larvae in forage with lower dry matter yield, was observed in the upper portion of both plants studied. Animals with lower forage yield, for both forages, presented superior averages ( p < 0.05) of FEC compared to higher forage yield pasture. Lambs grazing on Pensacola grass, with lower dry matter yield, showed increasing FECs over time. Lambs maintained on the pasture with higher yield of dry matter (Aruana) showed decreasing FECs over time. Similar results were observed when each pasture type was analysed for larval contamination. Epidemiologic and management implications are discussed in this work.

Potential of the indigenous desert grasses of the Arabian Peninsula for forage production in a water‐scarce region

AbstractIndigenous perennial grasses are widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula. Their survival under limited rainfall and grazing suggests a potential role as grassland species and for rehabilitation of degraded rangelands. Forage productivity, seed production and water‐use efficiency (WUE) was determined over 2 years for four indigenous grasses: buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), dakhna (Coelachyrum piercei Benth.), da’ay (Lasiurus scindicus Henr.) and tuman (Panicum turgidum Forssk.) together with one exotic species, rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) in the central region of the United Arab Emirates. Three irrigation treatments were used: R1 (1858–6758 m3 ha−1 year−1), R2 (929–3379 m3 ha−1 year−1) and R3 (464–1689 m3 ha−1 year−1). Buffel grass had the highest dry‐matter (DM) yield under all irrigation treatments. The average DM yield of buffel grass was 14·6 and 15·1 t ha−1 in the 2 years which was significantly higher than that for the other grasses with dakhna having the lowest DM yields. The WUE of 0·7 and 0·8 kg DM m−3 in the 2 years for buffel grass was significantly greater than for the other grasses. Buffel grass showed the highest increase in WUE in both years when the irrigation was reduced from treatment R1 to R3. The results suggest that the desert grasses of the Arabian Peninsula, such as buffel grass, could be useful grass species in reducing the use of scarce irrigation water provided that seed production can be increased.

Comparative Forage Yield of “Poor” Versus “Good” Grass Stands under Different Soil Fertility Regimes in Northeastern Saskatchewan

ABSTRACT Forage yield and its response to fertilizers are affected by the condition of forage stands. A field experiment was conducted on a Gray Luvisol (Typic Croyoboralf) soil at Pathlow in northeastern Saskatchewan, from 2004 to 2006, to determine if low forage yields in “poor” grass stands are due to nutrient deficiencies, other soil properties and/or species composition, and to determine if forage dry matter yield (DMY), protein concentration (PC), and protein yield (PY) in these areas could be improved by fertilization. The four fertilizer treatments: no fertilizer—nil, plus three combinations of increasing amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) fertilizers (i.e., 45 kg N + 10 kg P + 12.5 kg K + 5 kg S ha−1; 90 kg N + 20 kg P + 25 kg K + 10 kg S ha−1; and 135 kg N + 30 kg P + 37.5 kg K + 15 kg S ha−1) were applied annually to the same plots in early spring of 2004 and 2005. The lower forage yield in “poor” compared to “good” grass stand areas was most likely due to differences in plant species composition, although other factors such as soil fertility and compaction may have also contributed to lower DMY. There was a significant response of DMY, PC, and PY to applied N, P, K, and S fertilizers in both “good” and “poor” grass stands in both years. The DMY, PC, and PY in the first year (2004) continued to increase up to the highest fertilizer rate used in this study, but in the second year (2005) there was no increase in total DMY in both grass stands, and in PC and PY in “good” grass stand with application of fertilizer blend beyond the 90 kg N + 20 kg P + 25 kg K + 10 kg S ha−1 rate. Fertilizer application for two years also increased the proportion of smooth bromegrass in both stands, indicating that proper nutrient management may increase the proportion of smooth bromegrass (high yielding grass species) in the “poor” growth area, thereby improving forage yields. Overall, the findings indicate that forage yields and quality in “poor” grass stand areas can be improved considerably by applying fertilizer nutrients that are lacking in the soil. Also, the significant responses observed in the “good” grass stand areas suggest that these regions of the field can also benefit from additional fertilization.

Yield and nutritive value of the spring growth of an ageing timothy sward

The decline in productivity of forage grasses with age since establishment has been recognised for several years, but this yield reduction and its consequences on nutritive value have not been studied in timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Our objective was to characterize the dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value during spring growth of an ageing timothy sward grown under non-limiting N conditions. A timothy sward, seeded in 1998, was harvested at four developmental stages (stem elongation, early heading, late heading, and early flowering) during spring growth from 1999 to 2005. The average DM yield observed in production years 5, 6, and 7 was 43% of that measured in the first 4 production years when timothy was harvested at stem elongation or early heading, 52% when harvested at late heading, and 74% when harvested at early flowering. The yield potential of timothy during spring growth decreased with ageing at a rate of 0.66 and 0.91 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1 with harvests at early and late heading, respectively. The nutritive value of timothy harvested at stem elongation was greater in older (production years 5, 6, and 7) than in younger (first 4 production years) swards as indicated by in vitro true digestibility of DM (+ 48 g kg-1 DM), in vitro digestibility of NDF (+ 77 g kg-1 NDF), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration (-62 g kg-1 DM); this difference, explained mostly by the lower DM yield of older swards, disappeared when timothy was harvested later on in the growth cycle. Rates of change in nutritive value observed during the phase of reproductive development in spring growth were, therefore, greater in older than in younger swards. Our results demonstrate clearly the decline in timothy productivity with age and its consequences on nutritive value. Key words: Phleum pratense, harvesting year, stages of development, yield, digestibility

Seasonal productivity and nutritive value of temperate grasses found in semi‐natural pastures in Europe: responses to cutting frequency and N supply

AbstractMonocultures of thirteen perennial C3 grass species that co‐occur in temperate semi‐natural grassland communities in Europe were compared in a factorial field design of two levels of N supply and two levels of cutting frequency. Above‐ground yield of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) concentration and pepsin‐cellulase DM digestibility of herbage were measured in two successive years. Species was the largest source of variability in yield of DM and DM digestibility of herbage, while CP concentration of herbage responded more to management factors. The highest mean DM yields and values of DM digestibility of herbage were achieved in spring for Festuca arundinacea and in autumn for Phleum pratense. Poa trivialis and Festuca rubra had the lowest DM yield and DM digestibility values, respectively, regardless of seasons and treatments. For all species CP concentration in herbage increased in response to an increase in cutting frequency and N supply by an average of 46 and 34 g kg−1 DM respectively. Differences between years and seasons indicated the importance of plant phenology on nutritional variables and the influence of environmental factors on species performance. Species ranking was compared according to their annual digestible DM and CP yields. The results show that some grasses have a nutritive value which is comparable to that of forages selected for high yields.

The suitability of cool- and warm-season annual cereal species for winter grazing in Saskatchewan

Winter grazing is a practice that can reduce feeding cost for cattle production. Current production has been utilizing traditional cool-season cereals for winter grazing. Warm season (C4) cereals also have the potential to be adapted to winter grazing in Saskatchewan. The objective of this study was to evaluate cool and warm season annual cereal species for adaptation, quality, and dry matter production in annual fall and winter grazing systems. Two seeding dates, nine treatments and two harvest times were used at sites across Saskatchewan over 3 yr. The crops in this trial have significant differences in maturity and dry matter yield. Seeding date did not consistently affect dry matter yield. Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] and sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) × S. arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf var. sudanense (Stapf) Hitchc.] had low dry matter yields and were poorly adapted to Saskatchewan. The proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) cultivar, Crown, and the foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) cultivars, Red Siberian and Golden German, hadyields similar to oat (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), but lower than high-input corn (Zea mays L.). Corn haddry matter yield that was similar to barley and oat but yield variability across sites and years was higher for corn. Delaying the harvest lowered the protein concentration of all the crops except pearl millet and sorghum-sudangrass. There were significant changes in acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) due to a cultivar ×harvest timing interaction. Weathering in the windrow until December did not significantly reduce the quality of the forage. Golden German foxtail millet is well adapted for swath grazing in eastern Saskatchewan. More data are required to determine its adaptability in central and western Saskatchewan and the adaptability of corn in all of Saskatchewan. Key words: Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Setaria italica L., Panicum miliaceum, Zea mays L., swath grazing

Pb-phytoextraction by maize in a Pb-EDTA treated Oxisol

One of the most viable strategies to restore metal contaminated soils is the introduction of plants specialized in their accumulation or able to tolerate very high metal concentrations. This research evaluated: i. the maize as a Pb-accumulator plant; ii. the effects of EDTA-chelating agent for Pb-uptake by maize; iii. amending effect of EDTA on the soil Pb-availability using different extracts. Treatments consisted of Pb rates (100; 200; 350; 1,200 and 2,400 mg kg-1) applied to a Rhodic Hapludox in the form of Pb3(NO)2 with (0.5 g kg-1) and without EDTA. Lead concentrations were determined in maize plant shoots. Soil available Pb was obtained using DTPA, Mehlich-3 and saturation solutions methods. Ionic speciation in the soil solution was performed using the software Visual-Minteq. Although a low t value was found (t &lt;0.70), Pb concentration were high (&gt;1,500 mg kg-1 of Pb) in maize shoots regardless of EDTA addition. Maize plants treated with EDTA had lower dry matter yield, mainly due to toxic levels of Fe and Al of the Oxisol. All extracting solutions were effective to determine available Pb in soil samples, but the saturation extract is a more difficult and time consuming procedure. At low and medium Pb levels, the plants grew less on EDTA, therefore the phytoextration process was less efficient. The addition of EDTA to the soil is not recommended with the purpose of increasing Pb absorption by maize plants.

상번초 및 잔디형 혼파초지의 건물수량과 사료가치 비교 연구

본 시험은 2003년 9월부터 2005년 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학내 부속 초지시험포장에서 수행하였다. 공시된 혼파초지는 상번초형(tall type) 혼파초지(orchardgrass, Potomac 50+tall fescue, Fawn 20+ Kentucky bluegrass, Kenblue 10+red clover, Kenland 20%)와 잔디형(turf type) 혼파초지(Kentucky bluegrass, Newport 60+Tall fescue, Reboil II 20+ perennial ryegrass, Palmer II 20%}의 두 처리를 두어 시험하였다. 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 2년 평균 건물수량은 상번초형 혼파초지가 12,721 kg/ha으로 잔디형 혼파초지의 11,275 kg/ha 보다 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 잔디형 혼파초지는 상번초형 혼파초지에 비하여 CP 함량과 건물소화율(DMD)이 높은 반면에 NDF와 ADF, cellulose 및 lignin 함량은 낮은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 2년 평균 조단백질수량(CPDM)과 가 소화건물수량(DDM)은 상번초형 혼파초지가 잔디형 혼파초지에 비하여 높은 결과를 보였다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 보아, 잔디형 혼파초지는 상번초형 혼파초지에 비하여 목초의 사료가치는 높았으나, 건물수량이 낮아서 조단백질수량과 가소화건물수량이 낮은 결과를 가져왔다. 그러나 잔디형목초는 상번초형 혼파초지에 비하여 사료가치가 높고, 연간 13회 예취 시 수량과 밀도를 고르게 유지할 수 있었던 것으로 보아 추후 말이나 유산양과 같은 가축의 방목이용 가능성을 타진할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tall type mixtures and turf type mixtures on dry matter yield, botanical composition and quality. The experimental design includes two mixture types : Tall type mixtures; orchardgrass (Potomac) 50+tall fescue (Fawn) 20+ Kentucky bluegrass (Kenblue) 10+red clover (Kenland) 20%) and turf type mixtures; Kentucky bluegrass(Newport) 60%+tall fescue (reboil Jr.) 20+perennial ryegrass (palmer II) 20%. The DM yield was higher obtained in tall type mixture than that of turf type mixture (p<0.05). In the chemical composition, Turf type mixture was higher in crude protein (CP) and dry matter digestibility (DMD), but lower in fibrous compound as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin than those of tall type mixture (p<0.05). The crude protein dry matter (CPDM) and digestible dry matter (DDM) yield was higher in tall type mixture than turf type mixture (p<0.05). In this experiment, nutritive value of turf type mixture was higher than that of tall type mixture, but CPDM and DDM yield of turf type mixture were lower than that of turf type mixture due to low dry matter yield. On the other hand, turf type mixture was obtained high feed value, and maintaining the various botanical composition on the 13 th cutting frequency condition. therefore, turf type mixture had a utilization possibility under grazing livestock as sheep and milk goats.

Effects of hybrid and row spacing on maize forage yield and quality

This study was conducted to determine the effect of row spacing (40, 60 and 80 cm) on forage dry matter (DM) yield and quality of four hybrids grown in the years 2001 and 2002. The highest DM yield was obtained from the Arifiye (24.1 and 22.4 t/ha) while the lowest DM yield was obtained from Pioneer 3163 (19.9 and 19.8 t/ha) in the years 2001 and 2002, respectively. As row spacing increased, DM yield as an average of two years decreased from 27.2 to 16.6 t/ha. No differences were found among row spacing for DM content, harvest index (HI) and ear content. As row spacing increased, whole-plant acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased from 214 to 227 g/kg and from 420 to 451 g/kg during the year 2001, respectively. However, ADF content decreased from 281 to 267 g/kg and NDF contents decreased from 530 to 515 g/kg with increasing row spacing during the year 2002. In this study, hybrids showed distinct differences for crude protein, ADF and NDF contents in both years. Forage quality parameter including ADF and NDF of Pioneer 3163, TTM 8119 and Karadeniz Yildizi were higher than Arifiye hybrid.

제주화산회토양에서 발효 톱밥 돈분 시용이 피의 건물수량, 토양의 이화학적 성질 및 토양 미생물에 미치는 영향

여름 사료작물 피에 대해 톱밥 발효돈분의 비료효과를 구명하기 위하여 1998년 5월부터 10월까지 제주대학교 생명자원과학대학 사료작물 포장에서 시험이 수행되었다. 실험은 난괴법 6처리 3반복으로써 처리 1: 화학비료 정량<TEX>$(N\;200kg/ha+P_2O_5\;300kg/ha+K_2O\;200kg/ha)$</TEX>, 처리 2: 화학비료 정량의 <TEX>$1/2(N\;100kg/ha+P_2O_5\;150kg/ha+K_2O\;100kg/ha)$</TEX>+톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 1/2 (N 100kg/ha), 처리 3: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 1/2(N 100kg/ha), 처리 4: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량(N 200kg/ha), 처리 5: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 2배(N 400kg/ha), 처리 6: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 4배(N 800kg/ha)로 설계하였다. 동일한 질소 200kg/ha 시용수준에서 화학비료 <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> 시용구(T71)가 톱밥 돈분과 화학비료 혼합(T2)이나 톱밥 발효돈분 <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> 시용구(T4) 보다 통계적으로 낮은 건물수량을 얻었다. (p<0.01). 톱밥 발효돈분을 질소수준으로 100, 200, 400 및 800kg/ha 시용수준에서 피의 건물 수량은 각각 7,707, 8,259, 8,713 및 6,842 kg/ha이었고 질소 400kg/ha까지 시용량 증가로 건물수량이 증가하나 그 이상에서는 감소하였다. 피의 P. K 및 Ca 함량은 톱밥 발효돈분의 시용량 증가로 감소하는 경향이었으며 동일한 질소 200kg/ha 수준에서 피의 P와 K 함량은 톱밥 발효 돈분구 보다 화학비료구에서 유의적으로 낮았다(P<0.05). 토양의 pH, 유효인산, 치환성 K, Ca 및 Mg 함량은 톱밥 발효돈분의 시용량 증가로 유의적 증가를 보였으며(P<0.05) 같은 질소 200kg/ha 수준에서 화학비료구 보다 톱밥 발효 돈분 시용구에서 높았으나 통계적으로 유의차를 얻지 못했다. 1998년 6월에 토양 미생물 중 박테리아 수는 톱밥 발효돈분 시용량 증가로 증가했으나(P<0.05), 10윈 조사시에는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 10원에 박테리아 대사상균 비율은 톱밥 발효돈분의 시용량 증가에 비례하여 감소하는 추세였다. 종합적으로 볼 때 척박토양에서 피 재배시 톱밥 발효돈분 100kg/ha와 화학비료 100kg/ha 혼합하거나 톱밥발효돈분만 N 400kg/ha 까지가 적정 수준이다. This experiment was carried out during the period from May to October 1998 to determine the effect of fermented sawdust swine manure application (SSM) on the herbage production of Japanese millet and soil properties in the Cheju brown volcanic ash soil. The randomized block design (T1 : basic chemical fertilizer, N 200 kg/ha + <TEX>$P_2O_5\;300 kg/ha+K_2O$</TEX> 200kg/ha ; T2 : 1/2 basic chemical fertilizer, N <TEX>$100+P_2O_5\;150+K_2O$</TEX> 100kg/ha; T3 : 1/2 basic SSM, N 100kg/ha, T4:basic SSM, N 200kg/ha; T5:2 times basic SSM, N 400 kg/ha ; T6:4 times basic SSM, N 800 kg/ha) was used. At the same application level of nitrogen 200kg/ha, the application of <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> chemical fertilizer (T1) had significantly lower dry matter yield than that of <TEX>$50\%$</TEX> chemical fertilizer and <TEX>$50\%$</TEX> SSM (T2) or <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> SSM (T4)(p<0.01). Dry matter yield increased with an increase of SSM application to N 400kg/ha level but decreased at N 800 kg/ha level. P, K and Ca contents of Japanese millet tended towards to decrease with an increase of SSM level. The application of chemical fertilizer lowered P and K content of Japanese millet in comparison with that of SSM (p<0.05). pH, available phosphorus. exchangeable potassium, Ca and Mg content of soil studied showed a significant increase with an increase of SSM application level (p<0.05). However, at the same application level of N 200kg/ha, there was statistically no significant difference between chemical fertilizer and SSM in those contents of soil after experiment. The bacterial number of soil among microbial population increased with an increase of SSM level, in June, 1998 (p<0.05), but there was no regular tendency, in October. The rate of bacteria to fungus in soil had a tendency to decrease with an increase of SSM level. In conclusion, it is recommended to use N 400kg/ha of SSM or N 100 kg/ha of chemical fertilizer+N 100 kg/ha of SSM for Japanese millet.

Iron Oxide-Impregnated Paper vs. Bray-1 Soil-Test Methods Predicting Crop Response from Phosphate-Rock Sources

The effectiveness of a Pi (iron oxide-impregnated paper) method was compared with that of Bray-1 method in extracting phosphorus (P) from an acid Hartsells silt loam (Typic Hapludult, pH 4.8) treated with low-release P fertilizers derived from Dorowa (Zimbabwe) phosphate rock (DPR) with maize (Zea mays L) as indicator crop in a randomized block design greenhouse experiment with three replicates. The fertilizers used were finely ground DPR, partially acidulated DPR (PADPR), a compacted mixture of DPR + triple superphosphate (TSP) + urea + potassium chloride (DTUK) with half of P from DPR and half from TSP, and a commercial grade single superphosphate (SSP) as a standard. The results indicated that the correlation between Bray-1 and Pi-extractable P was high (r = 97***). The regression coefficients for dry matter yield (DMY) and P uptake (PUPT) as a function of Bray-1 P level of SSP (DMY = 1.16 + 0.24Bray-1 P; PUPT = 0.93 + 0.45Bray-1 P) were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those for DTUK (DMY = 1.16 + 0.43Bray-1 P; PUPT = 0.93 + 0.74Bray-1 P) and PADPR (DMY = 1.16 + 0.47Bray-1 P; PUPT = 0.93 + 0.82Bray-1 P). That is, a given soil-extractable P level with SSP resulted in a lower dry matter yield or P uptake than that from DTUK and PADPR. Thus, Bray-1 underestimated the agronomic effectiveness of DTUK and PADPR with respect to SSP. Based on this greenhouse research, soil testing for fertilizer recommendations using the Bray-1 test may result in two different response functions, one for water-soluble P sources and another for water-insoluble P sources.

Impact of residue characteristics on phosphorus availability in West African moist savanna soils

The role of residue characteristics in enhancing the availability of P was investigated in a greenhouse study using two soils from the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) and four from the derived savanna (DS) zones of the West African moist savanna. Eight organic residues of varying C-to-P ratio were used and maize ( Zea mays) was grown for 7 weeks. The effect of the organic residues on P availability (measured as resin P and maize P accumulation) differed among the soils. On average, the increase in resin P, calculated as {[(soil+residue)−control]/(control)×100}, was between 8% (Davie, DS) and 355% (Danayamaka, NGS). Maize P accumulation was increased by ca. 11% in Davie and Niaouli (DS) soils and 600% in Danayamaka soil. The increase in maize total dry matter yield (DMY) ranged from 2% to 649%. Residues with C-to-P ratio >200 produced lower DMY than those with lower ratios. Residue organic P (Po) extractable with 0.2 N H2SO4 (acid-Po) accounted for 92% ( P =0.0001) of the variation in DMY in a step-wise regression with residue parameters as independent variables and mean DMY as the dependent variable. The residue Po extractable with 0.5 M NaHCO3 (HCO3-Po) correlated significantly with DMY in Danayamaka and Davie soils, and with P accumulation in Danayamaka soil. The relationships between the residue Po and DMY might imply that Po fractions in decomposing residues contribute to P availability. However, the suitability of using the Po content of organic residues to predict their agronomic value with respect to P nutrition needs further evaluation.