Low Maintenance Costs Research Articles

RN61 – Mons – Tournai Road – Bury Braffe Section A modest renovation becoming a long life pavement

The Mons Highways Department has been researching and applying cement concrete road pavements for several decades, and one outcome of this is a particularly remarkable section of roadway which, after almost 40 years, still provides all the required characteristics of stability, comfort, and safety, in return for very low maintenance costs. In 1968, the state of the road, of which the pavement consisted of either simple cobblestones or cement concrete slabs, with no base layer, was quite appalling. The conditions for an experimental rehabilitation, consisting of laying a CRCP overlay over a length of 3 km, were defined jointly with the BRRC ( Belgian Road Research Centre ) and the Cement Industry Research Centre. This overlay was divided into 6 sections, all with different reinforcement characteristics. In 1996, in other words almost 30 years after this work had been carried out, a few localised repairs were carried out and the road, which by then had become regional highway N50, was covered with RUMG, an ultra-thin bituminous granular overlay 2 cm thick. This paper describes all the technical aspects of this project, the relevance of which is then examined using the design software designed in recent years by the Highways Maintenance and Transport Department of the Walloon Region, an application of which was presented at the 8th Colorado Springs Conference in 2005.

A voltammetric method for determining N-nitrosodimethylamine in losartan and olmesartan drugs.

Recently, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) of Brazil recalled several lots of sartan drugs due to the presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). NDMA is a highly potent carcinogenic contaminant that harms human health; therefore, the presence of NDMA in sartan drugs must be checked through appropriate analytical methods. This work successfully developed a new analytical method for determining NDMA without chemical pretreatment of losartan and olmesartan drug samples. The method uses the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) technique, a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE), and a standard additions procedure (SAP). The proposed SWASV-BDDE-SAP method provided a linear response in the concentration range between 250 and 2500 nmol L-1 (R2 = 0.995, n = 10), a limit of detection (LOD) of 67.6 nmol L-1, satisfactory accuracy (94.3% - 104.7%) without bias, and with good reproducibility (standard deviation = 5.6 %). The results obtained in determining NDMA in losartan and olmesartan drugs using the proposed and reference methods (HPLC-DAD) did not show a statistically significant difference, applying the paired t-test at a confidence level of 95%. In addition, the proposed method uses instrumentation with low acquisition, operation, and maintenance costs and enables rapid determination of NDMA in sartan drugs with great sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability. As the proposed SWASV-BDDE-SAP method does not use chemical pretreatment of samples, such as derivatization and/or extraction with reagents and/or organic solvents, it can be considered a promising eco-friendly alternative for determining NDMA in routine analysis, thus contributing to green analytical chemistry.

Evaluation of Green Building Technologies (GBTS) By Construction Professionals in Southwest Nigeria

The adoption of Green Building Technologies (GBTs) is increasingly recognized as a promising approach to enhancing the sustainability performance of buildings, generating significant interest in the global construction community. However, barriers such as the lack of local expertise in green building practices and insufficient awareness highlight the need for effective strategies to promote broader adoption of GBTs in building development. This study aims to identify the benefits of adopting GBTs and assess their level of implementation by professionals in Southwest Nigeria. Following a comprehensive literature review on factors hindering GBT adoption in the region, empirical data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 300 green building experts across Nigeria. The analysis confirmed the significance of 12 challenges affecting GBT implementation in Southwest Nigeria. Key benefits identified include reduced energy costs, improved occupant comfort and productivity, enhanced indoor air quality, and lower maintenance costs. These were ranked as the top four benefits driving the adoption of GBTs. The findings provide valuable insights to help practitioners and policymakers develop effective strategies for promoting GBT adoption, ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of buildings. Future research will explore the economic benefits associated with the adoption of green building technologies in Southwest Nigeria

ADVANCED ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL BOILER TECHNOLOGY IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS: INNOVATIONS IN MATERIALS, DESIGN, AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY

Advanced ultra-supercritical (AUSC) boiler technology represents a major breakthrough in power generation since it offers lower emissions and better thermal efficiency than traditional subcritical and supercritical systems. The most recent advancements in materials, designs, and operating techniques that are propelling the development of AUSC boilers are closely examined in this review article. Because they can tolerate the high temperatures and pressures involved in AUSC operation, advanced materials like thermal barrier coatings and nickel-based superalloys are highlighted as having the potential to increase durability and lower maintenance costs. Studies of global AUSC boiler implementations underscore the practical applications of these advancements and offer insights into best practices and lessons learned. The development of next-generation materials and the use of carbon capture technologies are just two examples of the trends and directions that the article examines for future research. By identifying upcoming challenges and synthesizing current knowledge, this review aims to provide a comprehensive resource to optimize AUSC boiler technology for a more efficient and sustainable energy future.

Emerging Passive Cooling Technologies and Their Multidisciplinary Applications: An Integrative Review

The persistent rise in temperature driven by the emission of greenhouse gases presents a pressing contemporary challenge, fostering innovative cooling techniques. Currently, passive cooling technologies have gained attention in various research fields for their effectiveness in combating heat accumulation. Compared to traditional active cooling methods, which rely on electricity or other energy sources, passive cooling significantly reduces energy consumption and electricity demand. These technologies have demonstrated the potential for temperature reductions of ~1°C–24°C, translating to substantial electricity savings of about 2–300 kWh/year. This paper uses an integrative review approach to highlight the fundamental principles and design strategies underlying passive cooling technologies, such as phase change materials, radiative cooling, and evaporative cooling. Special emphasis is placed on their potential implementation, from preserving biological materials to cooling buildings, electronics, and personal clothing. Passive cooling methods offer cost savings over time due to lower maintenance and operational costs and potentially simpler designs.

Fine-grained fault diagnosis of photovoltaic systems based on DMAD-GAN and IFD-FGIF

Abstract In the field of photovoltaic (PV) system monitoring, fault detection faces two critical challenges: data imbalance and fault diversity, as well as incomplete complex fault information. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes a dual-mechanism anomaly detection with generative adversarial network (DMAD-GAN) and an integrated fault diagnosis with fine-grained information fusion (IFD-FGIF). DMAD-GAN utilizes GAN to integrate dual mechanisms for anomaly detection in PV datasets, with coordinate-space attention enhancing the perception of subtle features and differences in PV panels. The anomaly scoring mechanism utilizes an improved loss function to compute anomaly scores, assessing the degree of anomaly for each sample. In the IFD-FGIF method, t-SNE is used to visualize features for fault pre-classification to determine the presence of new faults. A fine-grained information fusion module is designed, leveraging ResNet50 to extract features from fault key areas and original images. This module integrates fine-grained features, original features, and fine-grained attributes. Fault attributes and categories are determined using an attribute classifier and Euclidean distance. If a new fault is identified during pre-classification, the network undergoes transfer learning to recognize and adapt to the new fault. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other networks, achieving an anomaly detection accuracy of 95.86%. The fault fine-grained recognition accuracy is 95.62%. The accuracy of fine-grained information fusion has improved by 4%, and unsupervised learning of new faults has been successfully achieved. The proposed method can enhance the intelligent operation and maintenance capability of PV power plants, reduce false alarm rates in fault detection, and minimize operational risks caused by potential faults, thus effectively shortening downtime and lowering maintenance costs.

EFFECTS OF ASYMMETRICAL STATOR STRUCTURE ON BLDC MOTOR PERFORMANCE FOR HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

Brushless direct current motors (BLDCM) have been frequently preferred in the industry, especially in home appliances, due to their advantages such as long life, high efficiency, low maintenance costs and ease of control. In addition to these advantages, the main disadvantages of these motors are known to be high torque ripple and vibration levels. In this study, alternative asymmetric designs are realized in the stator tooth structure of the BLDCM designed for home appliances, and comparative analyses of the effects of the non-uniform air gap caused by the asymmetric tooth structure on the motor performance are presented. Two different asymmetric structures, namely the model with clockwise asymmetric design (CW) and the model with counterclockwise asymmetric design (CCW) in the stator tooth structure, are determined in the stator design. With these alternative designs, improvements are made in terms of torque ripple and cogging torque when compared with the reference motor; notably, the CCW-2 model achieves the lowest ripple at 19.4% compared to 23.1% for the reference motor, and a 42% reduction in cogging torque. The design of the motor models is made in ANSYS EDT program as two dimensional (2D) and analyzed with the Finite Element Method (FEM). In the analysis results, air gap flux density, torque, torque ripple and cogging torque are examined, and the flux density and torque spectrum obtained by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are presented comparatively

ROLE OF GREEN BUILDINGS IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TIER-II CITIES IN INDIA

Green building technologies (GBTs) have advanced significantly, as a result of the advantages to society, economy, and environment. It might lead to more environmentally friendly growth, considering climate change. The primary goal of GBTs is to utilize water, energy, and other resources sparingly in a balanced manner. Green buildings (GBs) have advantages in terms of reduced energy use and emissions, low operating and maintenance costs, improved productivity, and health. To determine the future course for sustainable green building technologies, a critical analysis of current residential projects in the field is mandatory. Conducting research that pertain to sustainable construction practices minimizing natural resources, are reasonably priced, are planned and built with the possibility of future growth. This article looks at how green building construction is going on, based on case study and offers suggestions for more research and development that will be required for residential projects leading to a sustainable future.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR POWERED PESTICIDE SPRAYER

Protecting crops against weeds, insect pest, and germ is becoming a biggest challenge for the farmers. To overcome this issue. chemicals (pesticides) are applied to crops For this purpose a pesticide sprayer are used. Sprayers are mechanical devices that are specifically designed to spray Chemicals quickly and easily. A sprayer of this type is a great way to use solar energy. Solar based pesticides sprayer pump is one of the improved version of petrol engine pesticide sprayer pump and hand pump sprayer. It is vastly used in the agriculture field & also used for many purposes. This is having more advantages over petrol engine sprayer pump. It uses the solar power to run the motor. So, it is a pollution free pump compared to petrol engine sprayer pump. The solar panels make up most (up to 80%) of the systems cost. The solar sprayer has many advantages. Besides reducing the cost of spraying, there is a saving on fuel/petrol. Also Reduces man effects in case of hand sprayer. The solar sprayer maintenance is simple. The operation of solar powered pumps is more economical mainly due to the lower operation and maintenance costs and has less environmental impact. Solar pumps are useful where grid electricity is unavailable and alternative sources. The farmer can do the spraying operation by himself without engaging labour, thus increasing spraying efficiency. In this context, we have proposed an innovative sprayer model for optimized spray applications with minimum losses and cost. The proposed working model of automated pesticide sprayer was designed, fabricated and analysed for performance tests. This sprayer operates on electrical power supplied by solar panel with battery of designed capacity. An added advantage of this automated pesticide sprayer is that it does not have any impact as far as farmers health is concerned and also it is free from greenhouse gas emissions. It has also been proven itself to be an efficient, reliable and economical one to spray pesticides for agriculture applications. Key Words: Pesticides, Solar Energy, Pollution free, Fuel saving, Automated Sprayer, Greenhouse gas emissions.

A planar capacitive sensor for detecting and measuring thickness and depth of oil under ice

Abstract Detecting and characterizing oil spills in arctic environments is challenging due to the presence of sea ice. Methods based on Ground-Penetrating Radars and acoustic sensors were used in the literature to detect oil in ice-covered waters; however, their implementation is costly, and their capabilities are limited in terms of oil-thickness estimation. To address this problem, we propose a new low-cost sensing system based on a planar capacitive sensor that can detect the presence of oil under ice sheets and measure its thickness and depth. Our proposed sensor is based on movable dual electrodes mounted next to each other on the same sensing plane. The electric field created between the electrodes extends beneath the sensing plane and is affected by the electric properties of the sensed material (ice, oil, or water). Changes in the mutual capacitance of the electrodes are related to changes in the thickness and depth of the embedded oil phase. The capacitance of the sensor is measured at two different excitation frequencies while changing the horizontal separation distance between the electrodes. These measurements are collected to create a dataset for training machine-learning-based classification and regression models to detect the presence of oil and measure its thickness and depth. In comparison with the available sensing techniques, our proposed sensor has several advantages, such as being non-invasive or non-intrusive, simple to manufacture, safe to operate, and having low cost and low maintenance requirements. The experimental evaluation described in this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed system, which showed a very high detection accuracy of more than 90% and an accurate thickness and depth estimation capability with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of around 0.5 cm for thickness and depth estimations for oil thicknesses ranging between 0.5 cm and 8 cm and for oil depths ranging between 2 and 5 cm.

Simulation Research on Improving Wireless Charging Efficiency of Electric Vehicles

Accompanied by the continuous development and progress of science and technology worldwide, wireless energy transmission has become an increasingly important research focus for researchers in related fields. Wireless charging technology, with its advantages of safe operation, flexibility, convenience, and low maintenance costs, has received more and more attention and is one of the mainstream development trends of electric vehicles in the field of future power technology. The efficiency of wireless charging technology is an important factor affecting its promotion. This article summarizes and discusses the magnetic coupling resonance wireless energy transmission technology, analyzes the basic structure and working principle of the magnetic coupling resonance wireless energy transmission technology, and theoretically analyzes the magnetic coupling resonance wireless energy transmission circuit through a mutual inductance model. The circuit is built using the mutual inductance model in Multisim for simulation experiments to verify the correlation between wireless charging efficiency and circuit load and frequency. Plotted the correlation curve between wireless charging efficiency, circuit load, and frequency.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a screening model for antiseizure medications

ObjectiveResistance to antiseizure medications (ASMs) is a major challenge in the treatment of patients with epilepsy. Despite numerous newly marketed ASMs, the proportion of drug-resistant people with epilepsy has not significantly decreased over the years. Therefore, novel and innovative seizure models for preclinical drug screening are highly desirable. Here, we explore the efficacy of a broad spectrum of ASMs in suppressing seizure activity in two established Drosophila melanogaster bang-sensitive mutants. These mutants respond with seizures to mechanical stimulation, providing a promising platform for screening novel ASMs.MethodsSeven frequently used ASMs (brivaracetam, cenobamate, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenytoin, and valproate) were administered to the bang-sensitive mutants easily shocked2F (eas2F) and paralyticbss1 (parabss1). After 48 h of treatment, the flies were vortexed to induce mechanical stimulation. The seizure probability (i.e., ratio of seizing and non-seizing flies) as well as the seizure duration were analyzed.ResultsIn case of eas2F mutants, treatment with the sodium channel blockers phenytoin and lamotrigine resulted in a robust reduction of seizure probability, whereas flies treated with lacosamide showed a decrease in seizure duration. Treatment with valproate resulted in both a reduction in seizure probability and in seizure duration. In contrast, levetiracetam, brivaracetam and cenobamate had no effect on the bang-sensitive phenotype of eas2F flies. In case of parabss1 flies, none of the tested medications significantly reduced seizure activity, supporting its role as a model of intractable epilepsy.SignificanceOur results show that particularly sodium channel blockers as well as valproate are effective in suppressing seizure activity in the bang-sensitive mutant eas2F. These findings demonstrate the usability of Drosophila for screening drugs with antiseizure properties. Due to fewer ethical concerns, the short life cycle, and low maintenance costs, Drosophila might provide an attractive and innovative high-throughput model for the discovery of novel antiseizure compounds.

Estimation of the RUL of Alkaline Batteries in EV by using Machine Learning Algorithm

The attention on battery longevity and performance has increased due to the quick uptake of electric cars (EVs) as a sustainable substitute for conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. The foundation of EV technology, batteries control the vehicle's dependability, efficiency, and range. With their distinct chemical characteristics, alkaline. Batteries are one of the various battery varieties that may be advantageous for specific EV applications. However, a variety of variables, including charge-discharge cycles, temperature fluctuations, and usage patterns, affect their life cycle and efficiency. To maximize performance, lower maintenance costs, and guarantee user safety, it is crucial to precisely calculate these batteries' Remaining Useful Life (RUL). Conventional approaches to RUL prediction frequently depend on statistical methods or empirical models, which might not take into consideration the intricate relationships between the factors influencing battery deterioration. For a potential solution to this issue machine learning (ML) algorithms, which can examine big datasets and reveal hidden patterns. This study intends to provide a reliable framework for forecasting the RUL of alkaline batteries in EVs by utilizing cutting-edge machine learning models. This will ultimately help to enhance battery management systems and encourage the wider use of EV technology.

Zebrafish Research Model: Homeopathy in Heavy Metal Intoxication

Environmental contamination by heavy metals is a significant global concern due to its adverse impacts on human, animal, and ecosystem health. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) are particularly worrying because of their persistence in the environment and toxic potential. These metals can be found in water bodies, affecting the quality of drinking water and aquatic ecosystems. Exposure to these metals through water can cause acute and chronic poisoning, damage to kidneys, liver, and nervous system, and increase the risk of cancer. Homeopathic medicines have great potential for treating intoxications and have been demonstrated clinically; however, other medicines still need to be tested. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is used to study the toxicity of hazardous chemicals, including the assessment of impacts on reproductive, cardiovascular, and neural development, making it a relevant model to explore the efficacy and safety of homeopathic treatments. Studies on arsenate, mercury, and lead intoxication using the aquatic model have shown that homeopathic medicines (Arsenicum album, Mercurius solubilis, and Plumbum metallicum) reduced anxiety as well as physical and neurological effects caused by fish intoxication. The advantages of using Zebrafish as a research model include small size and low maintenance cost, rapid development, high fecundity, and external reproduction, as well as sequenced genome and genetic similarity to humans. This makes Danio rerio a model used worldwide.

The effect of micro silica fume (MSF) content on pore fractal dimension (PFD) and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete

Micro-silica fume (MSF)-modified self-consolidating concrete (MSC) is generally employed to achieve good mechanical properties resulting from pore refinement. Nevertheless, the relationship between the pore fractal dimension (PFD) and MSC's fresh and hardened properties are unclear. Herein, both solid waste MSF and high-purity MSF were employed to produce MSC with various weight fractions. The PFD of MSC was calculated from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance test results. With the increase in both kinds of MSF content, all the values of compressive, splitting tensile strength, and drying shrinkage achieved a peak, with the proportion of MSF substituted cement reaching 1/3. But at this point, fresh MSC's flowability, air content, and total porosity were all at the bottom. The porosity and air content displayed a negative linear correlation with micro-PFD, meso-PFD, and macro-PFD while drying shrinkage displayed a positive linear correlation with micro-PFD. Multiple linear formulas were also developed to predict compressive and splitting tensile strength based on PFD at various scales. The properties of concrete are enhanced by both solid waste and high-purity microsilica fume (MSF), albeit with different effects. High-purity MSF refines the microstructure more effectively owing to its increased silica content and reactivity, thereby reducing porosity and improving mechanical properties, such as compressive and tensile strength. Although it requires a greater energy input and incurs higher production costs, it also confers superior long-term durability. Conversely, solid-waste MSF exhibits slightly higher porosity and less significant strength improvement owing to its reduced reactivity resulting from impurities. Nevertheless, it substantially enhances concrete performance while offering economic and environmental benefits through the recycling of industrial waste, thereby presenting a sustainable construction option.These findings provide critical insights for practitioners in the construction industry, enabling them to optimize the use of micro silica fume in concrete mixtures to enhance mechanical performance while managing flowability and porosity, ultimately leading to more efficient and sustainable construction practices. Self-consolidating concrete mixtures for complex structures must balance strength, shrinkage control, and flowability for long-term durability and low maintenance costs. The results can be used to improve their design.

Research on the Power Line Carrier Communication Network System for Vehicle-mounted Weapons

Abstract Power line carrier communication is a unique communication method in the power system, which utilizes existing power lines to transmit analog or digital signals at high speed through carrier communication. Power line communication is widely used due to its advantages of low investment, no need for rewiring, wide application range, and low maintenance cost. This article combines the extensive user needs of power line communication in various application fields, and designs a power line carrier communication network system with wide universality, strong scalability, fast communication speed, and high security. It has a strong supporting role in promoting the intelligent information perception of vehicle mounted weapons, advanced firepower control of manned/unmanned equipment, intelligent human-machine interaction, multi platform collaboration, and group intelligent collaborative air defense combat.

Influence of Lubrication Water Contamination by Solid Particles of Mineral Origin on Marine Strut Propeller Shafts Bearings of Ships

Abstract The stern tube or strat bearings are key important component for safety of shipping. Modern global regulations required a low as possible negative impact on environment including lubricants leaking to the sea. The ship owners are looking for reliable and durable solutions. The costs of each ship components are carefully studied. The water lubricated bearings for ship propeller shafts are an environmentally friendly solution. That is the reason why water lubrication is an interesting option to consider. Because simplicity of the ship design is expected the open lubricating system with only one seal module, when sea water is a lubricant is often recommended by manufacturer. This research was inspired by a series of failures or premature excessive wear of the propeller shaft strut bearings of real ships. The experimental tests were conducted in the laboratory on custom designed and build test-rig. The large group of tested bearings was delivered by certified manufacturers. The results of long time wear tests clearly prove that the cause of this premature wear was abrasive wear resulting from water contamination with solid particles of mineral origin. The range of the wear strongly depends on bearing bush materials and bearing interspace geometry. The wear was low for bearings with elastic bushes especially when hydrodynamic phenomena takes place. The general conclusion is that water lubrication is an interesting option to consider when design of the ship is discussed. The simplicity resulting an attractive price, low maintenance costs and proven durability and reliability of some bearings materials cause that this technology is becoming popular and often applied.

Методический подход для обоснования оснащения подразделений пожарной охраны средствами индивидуальной защиты органов дыхания и зрения

In the course of reviewing the sources dedicated to the choice of technical equipment for firefighters and rescuers, it has been found that the issue of choosing a hydraulic emergency rescue tool is more methodologically elaborated than the selection of any other necessary equipment (for example, personal protection equipment for vision and respiratory organs) as no specific choice methodologies (from diverse analogs provided by manufacturers) in the contemporary market of fire-protection and rescue equipment has been provided. The existing methodologies are still applicable; each of them is objective, but they focus primarily on cost and weight or technical parameters specified by manufacturers, which cannot substantiate the choice of reliable and efficient equipment. Today, key decision-makers often opt for particular technical properties (basically on the data provided by manufacturers). The need to develop the methodology of equipping fire-protection units for emergency and rescue operations when eliminating technogenic emergencies is the most relevant problem in conditions of implementation of import-substitution programs and the military doctrine of the Russian Federation. The established practices of state procurement by the request of various ministries and institutions are based on the analysis of tender documentation where the main criterion of equipment selection is the cost and (or) sometimes the amount of maintenance costs. However, this practice cannot be fully applied when providing fire-protection units with rescue equipment as the machinery of lower procurement and maintenance costs will not necessarily ensure the most efficient implementation of emergency and rescue operations. This is why the development of the methodology based on scientifically and methodologically justified comprehensive criteria to substantiate the technical equipment of fire protection units is crucial for key decision-makers. An algorithm to rank types of firefighting equipment has been developed (based on the example of personal protection equipment for visual and respiratory organs) to upgrade the technical equipment of fire-protection units by detecting the most preferable product based on the comprehensive criterion of relative general usefulness relying on the deterministic and probabilistic approaches to the identification of its reliability index.

Experimental Comparison of the Performance of Shear Frame with TLD and TLCD Under Harmonic Ground Motion

Today, various systems are used to reduce vibrations in civil engineering structures. Among these systems, tuned liquid dampers are the preferred passive systems due to their ability to be designed in different geometries, their low cost, their ease of installation, and their low maintenance costs. This study examines the effectiveness of tuned liquid dampers (TLD) and tuned liquid column dampers (TLCD) under identical geometric conditions and harmonic ground motion to assess which is more efficient in controlling the behavior of a three-storey steel shear frame model equipped with these systems. A small-scale, three-storey shear frame model placed on a uniaxial shaking table was subjected to harmonic motion with a 5 mm amplitude, 1.4 Hz frequency, and 10 cycles. The chosen frequency aligns with the resonance frequency of the undamped building model’s first mode. Both TLD and TLCD tanks, positioned atop the structure, share a geometry of 30 cm in length and 10 cm in width, with variable liquid heights of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm. Mounting TLD and TLCD models with four different liquid heights on the undamped model resulted in nine distinct setups. In this designed scenario, the TLDs and TLCDs on the undamped shear frame were compared according to liquid heights at rest. To identify the best-performing system based on liquid height, response displacement–frequency graphs were generated for all models within a frequency range of 0.5–2.5 Hz, and damping ratios were calculated using the half-power bandwidth method. Additionally, harmonic ground motion experiments at the resonance frequency compared both acceleration and displacement values over time for damped and undamped models. Peak acceleration and displacement values on each floor were also analyzed. The results highlight which system proves more effective based on damping ratio, acceleration, and displacement values under equivalent conditions.

Failure Prediction Models using Vibration Data Motor and Gearbox: A Case Research in The Mining Industry PT Angsana Coal

PT Angsana Coal (PT AC) is a major coal mining company in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, which is a subsidiary of PT Energi Sinar Dunia Tbk under the Energi Mas Group. With a vision to be a leading energy provider, PT AC has increased its coal production from 6 million tons per annum (MTPA) in 2015 to 42 MTPA in 2023, with a target of reaching 54 MTPA through strategic expansion and infrastructure improvement. The company's operations prioritize sustainable resource management, advanced technology, and coal extraction efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of vibration analysis-based predictive maintenance implementation in improving Bunati system reliability, reducing downtime, and lowering maintenance costs. The research method includes historical data collection related to reactive maintenance and comparative analysis of system performance before and after the implementation of predictive maintenance. The results showed that PT AC's reactive maintenance strategy led to a significant increase in unscheduled maintenance downtime, peaking at 706.90 hours in 2018 due to frequent motor and gearbox breakdowns. The implementation of predictive maintenance is able to detect early signs of wear and tear, enabling timely intervention, thus improving system reliability, lowering downtime, and reducing overall maintenance costs. The implications of this study show that investment in monitoring tools, personnel training, and a robust data framework can improve PT AC's operational efficiency, support the achievement of production targets, and promote the sustainability of the energy industry.