Low Potassium Concentrations Research Articles

The alteration of illite by Bad Nauheim and Gerolstein brine; Implications on fluid permeability in geothermal systems

Illite is one of the most abundant clay minerals on earth, yet its structure remains not fully solved. In hydrothermal reservoir sandstones, illites can display a fibrous growth within the pores and pore throats. The network created by them and the particles trapped therein during fluid flow lead to a dramatic decrease in permeability, which should be prevented if the reservoirs were to be used for geothermal energy extraction. In order to determine possible changes in structure, stacking or shape of the illite fibers, the interaction of a sandstone with two different brines was compared to an unaltered sandstone via environmental scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, three-dimensional electron diffraction experiments were performed using automated diffraction tomography. The 1Mtv structure of illite could be solved based on a single dataset of a 50 nm illite fiber. Illites that were altered with synthetic Gerolstein brine showed one-dimensional diffuse scattering, indicating a disorder in the stacking of the illite layers. The degree of disorder is dependent on the potassium content of the fluid, since the K+ ions of the interlayer can be released via the (010) facet. This causes a stability reduction of the structure, resulting in a high fragmentation and detachment of individual illite layers. Fluids interacting with the sandstone can then transport such mobile layer fragments, leading to entangling and interweaving of illite fibers. These new insights into the structure of illite fibers show a significant dependence of the arrangement of the fibers in the pores on the potassium content of the fluid. The increased migration and interweaving of illite fibers associated with a low potassium content can lead to severe clogging of the pores and thus to a reduction in fluid permeability. Altered sandstones with illitic pore filling are therefore less suitable for long-term geothermal projects.

Short-term prognosis of changes in plasma potassium following an episode of hyperkalaemia in patients with chronic heart failure

Background/AimThere is an increasing prevalence of chronic heart failure (HF). It is well known that patients with HF and disturbances in the potassium level have an increased mortality risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognosis of a second plasma-potassium measurement after an episode with hyperkalaemia on short-term mortality in patients with chronic HF. Methods and resultsFrom Danish national registers, 2,339 patients with chronic HF and hyperkalaemia (>4.6 mmol/L) at first potassium measurement within 14–365 days from concomitant treatment were identified. To be included, a second measurement was required within 6–30 days subsequent to the first measurement and the 60-day mortality was observed. Based on the second measurement, the patients were divided into five groups: <3.5 mmol/L (n = 257), 3.5–4.0 mmol/L (n = 709), 4.1–4.6 mmol/L (n = 1,204, reference), 4.7–5.0 mmol/L (n = 89) and >5.0 mmol/L (n = 80). To assess all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, we used the Cox regression model. The multivariable analysis showed that patients with potassium concentrations <3.5 mmol/L (hazard ratio (HR): 3.03; 95% CI: 2.49–3.70) and 3.5–4.0 mmol/L (HR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.54–2.14) had a worse prognosis compared to the reference. We observed similar results when calculating the risk of cardiovascular mortality. A restricted cubic spline curve showed a U-shaped relationship between plasma-potassium and all-cause mortality. ConclusionPatients with chronic HF and hyperkalaemia who became hypokalaemic after 6–30 days were associated with a higher 60-day all-cause and cardiovascular mortality compared to the reference. This also applied for patients with low normal potassium concentrations (3.5–4.0 mmol/L).

VARIABILITAS KANDUNGAN C-ORGANIK PADA TANAH ULTISOL YANG DIBERI BERBAGAI JENIS BAHAN ORGANIK UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN SAWI

Ultisol is a potential acid mineral soil for the development of agricultural crops with an area of 45.8 million hectares, but has problems of soil acidity, low content of C-Organic, nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, but this can be overcome by applying fertilizers. This study aims to determine the effect of various types of organic matter on C-Organic and the growth of mustard greens. This research was conducted on Field II of the Faculty of Agriculture, and sample analysis was carried out at UPT. Halu Oleo University Integrated Laboratory.The study used a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 9 treatments, namely TB = without organic matter, SI = cow manure 75 g polybag-1, SII = cow manure 150 g polybag-1, AI = chicken manure 75 g polybag -1, AII = chicken manure 150 g polybag-1 , KI = goat manure 75 g polybag-1 , KII = goat manure 150 g polybag-1 , HI = compost vegetation komba-komba 75 g polybag-1 , HII = komba-komba vegetation compost 150 g polybag-1.The results showed that the provision of various types of organic matter was 0.62%. As for the results after administration of various types of organic matter with various concentrations continued to decrease successively in the treatment TB, SI, SII, AI, AII, KI, KII, HI, namely 0.26%, 0.28%, 0, 32%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.52%, 0.54%, 0.60%, and after that there was an increase in the HII treatment, 0.78%, with a dose of 150 grams. Application of cow manure, chicken coop, goat coop, and komba-komba vegetation compost had an effect on the height of the mustard plants. Keywords : C-Organic, Mustard Plant, Ultisol.

Effect of Drip Fertigation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ratoon Sugarcane

A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, India during Kharif 2020-21. The effect of water-soluble fertilizers on performance of ratoon sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as influenced by fertigation through surface drip irrigation was studied. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with neutral pH (6.7), normal electrical conductivity (0.21dS m-1), medium organic carbon (5.2 g kg-1), low available nitrogen (275 kg ha-1), medium phosphorus (35 kg ha-1) and potassium content (280 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications comprising seven treatments using VCF-0517 sugarcane mild late (12-14 months) maturing variety. The application of WSF at 125 per cent RDF (312.5:125:156:N:P2O5:K2O) through drip fertigation showed significantly superior growth and yield attributes viz., plant height (357.0 cm), no. of tillers clump-1 (15.0), internode length (16.67 cm), cane dry weight (54.8 t ha-1), millable canes (8.17 clump-1), cane length (341.67 cm), cane girth (3.30 cm), single cane weight (2.40 kg), number of internodes cane-1 (21.40) and cane yield (182.67 t ha-1). Also, superior juice qualities such as juice extraction percentage (70) and sugar yield (20.88 t ha-1) were recorded. The results clearly indicated application of water-soluble fertilizers at 125 per cent RDF through surface drip fertigation resulted in higher growth and yield of sugarcane due to enhanced water and nutrient use efficiency.

A novel cultivation method for growing oyster mushrooms with low potassium content using brewer’s grain, an agro-waste

A novel cultivation method was established for growing low-potassium oyster mushrooms to benefit patients with kidney disease by adding various ratios of KCl, NaCl, and glycerol to a basal medium containing conifer sawdust and brewer’s grain. The basal medium contained 265 mg of potassium (6.8 meq)/kg medium, which is close to the minimum amount required for the vegetative growth for oyster mushrooms, corresponding to 8.1% of potassium of the control medium containing conifer sawdust and rice bran. Of the media tested, the medium containing total potassium and sodium of 487 and 584 mg (12.5 and 25.4 meq)/kg medium, respectively, was good in fruiting bodies yield and reduction of potassium amount. Addition of osmolyte glycerol [32.5 g (352.9 meq)/kg bed] to this medium resulted in fruiting bodies with 70% less potassium compared to that of the control medium. These results suggest that agro-wastes can be effectively used for producing low-K mushrooms.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of TCP family genes in Medicago sativa reveal their critical roles in Na+/K+ homeostasis

BackgroundMedicago sativa is the most important forage world widely, and is characterized by high quality and large biomass. While abiotic factors such as salt stress can negatively impact the growth and productivity of alfalfa. Maintaining Na+/K+ homeostasis in the cytoplasm helps reduce cell damage and nutritional deprivation, which increases a salt-tolerance of plant. Teosinte Branched1/ Cycloidea/ Proliferating cell factors (TCP) family genes, a group of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs), involved in regulating plant growth and development and abiotic stresses. Recent studies have shown TCPs control the Na+/K+ concentration of plants during salt stress. In order to improve alfalfa salt tolerance, it is important to identify alfalfa TCP genes and investigate if and how they regulate alfalfa Na+/K+ homeostasis.ResultsSeventy-one MsTCPs including 23 non-redundant TCP genes were identified in the database of alfalfa genome (C.V XinJiangDaYe), they were classified into class I PCF (37 members) and class II: CIN (28 members) and CYC/TB1 (9 members). Their distribution on chromosome were unequally. MsTCPs belonging to PCF were expressed specifically in different organs without regularity, which belonging to CIN class were mainly expressed in mature leaves. MsTCPs belongs to CYC/TB1 clade had the highest expression level at meristem. Cis-elements in the promoter of MsTCPs were also predicted, the results indicated that most of the MsTCPs will be induced by phytohormone and stress treatments, especially by ABA-related stimulus including salinity stress. We found 20 out of 23 MsTCPs were up-regulated in 200 mM NaCl treatment, and MsTCP3/14/15/18 were significantly induced by 10 μM KCl, a K+ deficiency treatment. Fourteen non-redundant MsTCPs contained miR319 target site, 11 of them were upregulated in MIM319 transgenic alfalfa, and among them four (MsTCP3/4/10A/B) genes were directly degraded by miR319. MIM319 transgene alfalfa plants showed a salt sensitive phenotype, which caused by a lower content of potassium in alfalfa at least partly. The expression of potassium transported related genes showed significantly higher expression in MIM319 plants. ConclusionsWe systematically analyzes the MsTCP gene family at a genome-wide level and reported that miR319-TCPs model played a function in K+ up-taking and/ or transportation especially in salt stress. The study provide valuable information for future study of TCP genes in alfalfa and supplies candidate genes for salt-tolerance alfalfa molecular-assisted breeding.

Dual-salt assisted synergistic synthesis of Prussian white cathode towards high-capacity and long cycle potassium ion battery

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are considered as superior cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) because of their three-dimensional open framework structure, high stability, and low cost. However, the intrinsic lattice defects and low potassium content typically results in poor rate and cycling performance, thus limited their practical applications. In this work, high-quality K1.64FeFe(CN)6 (PW-HQ) material with less crystalline water (6.21%) and high potassium content (1.64 mol−1) was successfully synthesized by a novel coprecipitation method with potassium citrate (K-CA) and potassium chloride (KCl) addition. Specifically, the electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 113.1 mA h g−1 at the current rate of 50 mA g−1 with ∼100% coulombic efficiency. Besides, the electrode retained 90% reversible capacity at 500 mA g−1 current density after 1000 cycles, indicating only 0.01% capacity decay per cycle. Moreover, we have revealed that the introduction of K-CA controlled the chelating rate of Fe(II) and the addition of KCl increased the K+ content, hence improving the capacity and stability of the as-prepared electrodes. Structural evolution and potassium storage mechanism were further investigated by detailed ex-situ X-ray diffraction and in-situ Raman measurements, which demonstrated reversible potassiation/depotassiation behavior and negligible volume change during the electrochemical process. In general, this work provides an efficient strategy to eliminate water contents in Prussian blue cathode and improve its electrochemical performance, which plays a key role in promoting the industrialization of potassium ion batteries.

NP and 9311 are excellent population parents for screening QTLs of potassium-efficient rice.

High and stable rice yields are critical to global food security, and potassium-deficient soils in East Asia have seriously limited rice production in the regions. It is feasible to screen potassium efficient quantitative trait locus(QTLs) from existing rice varieties to cope with rice production in potassium-deficient areas, and the selection of population parents is the key to locating major QTLs. After a long period of natural selection, potassium efficient rice varieties mainly exist in the region where the soil potassium level is low. The present study chose the representative twelve high-yielding rice varieties in east Asia, firstly, to measure plant height, fresh sheath weight, and fresh blade weight under hydroponic conditions. Based on the difference and consistency of the three parameters, NP as low potassium tolerant, and 9311 as low potassium sensitive rice variety were screened. We further analyzed the relative values of the six parameters of NP and 9311 treated with a culture medium containing different potassium (K+) concentrations and showed that the two varieties significantly differed in multiple low potassium concentrations. Meanwhile, we calculated the coefficient of variation of twelve rice varieties and most of those parameters reached a maximum at 4 mg/L K+, indicating that this concentration was suitable for screening potassium-efficient rice. We also measured the potassium content and the potassium-related traits in NP and 9311 tissues, and found that NP and 9311 significantly differed in potassium translocation. These differences may be responsible for the long-distance transport of potassium from the root to the aboveground part. In conclusion, we identified a pair of parents with significant differences in potassium translocation, which can be used to locate the relevant QTLs with high potassium efficiency to cope with the crisis of soil potassium deficiency in East Asia.

Investigating the effectiveness of LED lighting in the production of rich sprouts for food purposes

In recent times, there has been a surge in interest in the impact of diet and physical activity on human health, with the goal of expanding lifespan and enhancing the quality of life. This has Light-emitting diode (LED) to interventions centered on incorporating healthy foods, including fresh sprouts, which are rich in antioxidant compounds and beneficial phytonutrients for human consumption. Various factors, such as temperature, nutritional solution, and types of light quality and intensity, can influence the nutritional value of sprouts. This study evaluates the impact of LED light with red-blue-ultraviolet (6:3:1; R:B:UV) and three levels of intensity (control, 120, and 150 μmol/m2s−1) on five different sprout species, namely wheat, barley, mung bean, alfalfa, and soybean, after seven days of germination. The research investigates the effects on various parameters, including photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b, total), carotenoid, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and soluble proteins, soluble sugars, starch, vitamin C, and element content such as potassium, iron, and phosphorus. The results indicate that the LED treatments and increasing light intensity significantly improve the physiological and antioxidant properties of edible sprouts, with the 150 μmol/m2s−1 treatment producing the most beneficial outcomes. Additionally, increasing light intensity reduces starch content while enhancing the content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, vitamin C, element concentration, antioxidant enzymes, and soluble proteins. Among the five species of edible sprouts, barley had the highest content of photosynthetic pigments, while soybean and mung beans had the lowest content. Mung beans and alfalfa had the highest and lowest concentrations of potassium and iron, respectively. In terms of phosphorus concentration, soybean and barley sprouts showed the highest and lowest concentrations, respectively.

Selected hematological, biochemical, and echocardiographic variables as predictors of survival in canine patients with myxomatous mitral valve disease and congestive heart failure

Introduction/objectivesWe investigated the association of breed, age, weight, duration of therapy, and selected blood and echocardiographic variables with the survival of dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) due to myxomatous mitral valve disease. We also sought to identify differences in selected echocardiographic and routine blood variables between dogs with stable and unstable CHF and between hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Animals, materials and methodsThis retrospective study included dogs with a complete cardiovascular workup. Blood analysis and the initial and final echocardiographic results were included. Covariates were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. ResultsOne hundred sixty-five dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease were evaluated in this study: 96 stable patients and 69 unstable CHF patients. In total, 107 dogs (64.8%) died, and 58 (35.2%) were censored. The median survival time of the dogs that died was 11.5 months (range 11 days to 4.3 years). Unstable CHF patients had significantly higher neutrophils and lower potassium concentrations than stable CHF patients, and hospitalized patients had higher white blood cell, neutrophil, and monocyte counts and urea and creatinine concentrations than non-hospitalized patients. Variables negatively associated with survival were older age, unstable CHF, duration of therapy, white blood cell count, urea concentration, and left atrium to aorta ratio. Chihuahuas had a lower risk of death. ConclusionsSelected blood and echocardiographic variables distinguish dogs with stable and unstable CHF and predict survival.

Quality of fish sludge as fertiliser to spring cereals: Nitrogen effects and environmental pollutants

The aim of this study was to contribute to development of organic fertiliser products based on fish sludge (i.e. feed residues and faeces) from farmed smolt. Four dried fish sludge products, one liquid digestate after anaerobic digestion and one dried digestate were collected at Norwegian smolt hatcheries in 2019 and 2020. Their quality as fertilisers was studied by chemical analyses, two 2-year field experiments with spring cereals and soil incubation combined with a first-order kinetics N release model. Cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were below European Union maximum limits for organic fertilisers in all products except one (liquid digestate). Relevant organic pollutants (PCB7, PBDE7, PCDD/F + DL-PCB) were analysed for the first time and detected in all fish sludge products. Nutrient composition was unbalanced, with low nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) ratio and low potassium (K) content relative to crop requirements. Nitrogen concentration in the dried fish sludge products varied (27–70 g N kg-1 dry matter), even when treated by the same technology but sampled at different locations and/or times. In the dried fish sludge products, N was mainly present as recalcitrant organic N, resulting in lower grain yield than with mineral N fertiliser. Digestate showed equally good N fertilisation effect as mineral N fertiliser, but drying reduced N quality. Soil incubation in combination with modelling is a relatively cheap tool that can give a good indication of N quality in fish sludge products with unknown fertilisation effects. Carbon/N ratio in dried fish sludge can also be used as an indicator of N quality.

Organic Additive-derived Films on Cu Electrodes Promote Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to C2+ Products Under Strongly Acidic Conditions.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 R) at low pH is desired for high CO2 utilization; the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a challenge. High alkali cation concentration at a high operating current density has recently been used to promote electrochemical CO2 R at low pH. Herein we report an alternative approach to selective CO2 R (>70 % Faradaic efficiency for C2+ products, FEC2+ ) at low pH (pH 2; H3 PO4 /KH2 PO4 ) and low potassium concentration ([K+ ]=0.1 M) using organic film-modified polycrystalline copper (Modified-Cu). Such an electrode effectively mitigates HER due to attenuated proton transport. Modified-Cu still achieves high FEC2+ (45 % with Cu foil /55 % with Cu GDE) under 1.0 M H3 PO4 (pH≈1) at low [K+ ] (0.1 M), even at low operating current, conditions where HER can otherwise dominate.

Organic Additive‐derived Films on Cu Electrodes Promote Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to C2+ Products Under Strongly Acidic Conditions

AbstractElectrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) at low pH is desired for high CO2 utilization; the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a challenge. High alkali cation concentration at a high operating current density has recently been used to promote electrochemical CO2R at low pH. Herein we report an alternative approach to selective CO2R (&gt;70 % Faradaic efficiency for C2+ products, FEC2+) at low pH (pH 2; H3PO4/KH2PO4) and low potassium concentration ([K+]=0.1 M) using organic film‐modified polycrystalline copper (Modified‐Cu). Such an electrode effectively mitigates HER due to attenuated proton transport. Modified‐Cu still achieves high FEC2+ (45 % with Cu foil /55 % with Cu GDE) under 1.0 M H3PO4 (pH≈1) at low [K+] (0.1 M), even at low operating current, conditions where HER can otherwise dominate.

Characteristics of psychiatric patients with hypokalemia after yokukansan administration: A retrospective study.

Yokukansan is a Japanese herbal medicine used in psychiatry to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and other psychiatric symptoms. However, the glycyrrhizic acid included in this medicine can cause pseudoaldosteronism and hypokalemia. We aimed to identify the risk factors for hypokalemia due to yokukansan. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients previously treated with yokukansan. The risk factors were determined by comparing the hypokalemia group with the non-hypokalemia group for each parameter. This study included 304 patients who received yokukansan treatment between April 2009 and March 2019. We found that 17.4% (n = 53) of the patients experienced yokukansan-induced hypokalemia. Risk factors detected as significantly different between patients with and without yokukansan-associated hypokalemia were low serum potassium concentration before yokukansan administration, dose 7.5 g /day or more, and dementia. Hypokalemia occurred earlier in patients with low albumin, low potassium, and dementia. It is necessary to pay attention to hypokalemia onset when administering yokukansan at 7.5 g or more to patients with low potassium levels and dementia. Our findings suggest that potassium levels must be checked early after yokukansan administration, especially in patients with low albumin, low potassium, and dementia.

GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERAL CONTENT OF ASH FLOW FROM THE MONTSERRAT SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO

The Soufriere Hills Volcano of Montserrat has ancient origins and roared back to life in 1995 wreaking severe havoc and damage to the inhabitants, geography, and ecosystems of the Island. The pyroclastic ash flow reached temperatures of 1500 °F and progressed down the hillsides at speeds of 80 mph, causing incineration and virtual destruction of everything in its path, while the gaseous and particulate laden plume reached altitudes of 35,000 feet, impacting air quality and aircraft navigation. The local health authorities recommended masking and physical protection from any potentially harmful effects from the ash to all residents who remained on Island following the 1995 eruption. Volcanic ash can be an irritant to exposed skin and respiratory surfaces upon contact due in part to the sharp and jagged nature of the microcrystalline particulate matter. In addition, the minute size of the smallest particulate matter can impact deep into the unprotected respiratory tree in humans and animals, potentially causing severe respiratory injury. The composition and physicochemical nature of the ash was largely unknown in 1995 and subsequent years. The current study was designed to determine the geochemical composition of the ash. Samples of ash were collected from 7 locations and water samples from three free flowing creeks in Montserrat and indicated that the creek water was acidic in nature. The mean pH of water was 5.2, while the ash showed abundant levels of Iron, Phosphorus, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Aluminum, and sulfur, in addition to lower concentrations of potassium, boron, copper and zinc and intermediate concentrations of Manganese and was devoid of toxic minerals including lead and mercury. The emergence of acute respiratory issues was not found to exceed similar events in other healthy populations including individuals relocated to the UK. In conclusion, direct human and animal exposure to Montserrat volcanic ash was deemed non-harmful to humans when adequate protective measures including masking and exposure precautions were undertaken, while the rich mineral content of the ash can provide a rich source of micronutrient mineralization to soils and surrounding seawaters and support vigorous revegetation and recovery of affected land and sea zones throughout the island community.

Миграция 137Cs в экосистеме поймы р. Унеча

Purpose: to study the ¹³⁷Cs migration and concentration in the alluvial soils profile and the radionuclide transfer to plants in the river Unecha floodplain ecosystem. Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out in 2019–2021 in Bryansk region (Klintsovsky district, the village of Lopatni, the right bank of the river Unecha, the current reclamation system). The density of ¹³⁷Cs contamination of the territory after the Chernobyl accident was 185–555 kBq/m². Conjugated soil and plant samples were taken in various sub-systems of the floodplain (near-channel, central, near-terrace). Agrochemical indicators of fer-tility and ¹³⁷Cs specific activity in soil and plants were determined using generally accepted laboratory methods. Results. A strong variability of the agrochemical parameters of alluvial soils in layers every 5 cm within 0–20 cm was determined. A high content of mobile phos-phorus and a low content of potassium, a strongly acid reaction of the environment, and a ten-dency to the growth in the organic carbon content from the near-channel to near-terraсе floodplain subsystem was found. The ¹³⁷Cs horizontal distribution in the river Unecha flood-plain soils was determined by soil genesis of the floodplain subsystems; the maximum specific activity of ¹³⁷Cs 3953 Bq/kg was found in the near-terrace part of the floodplain. The ¹³⁷Cs maximum concentration was found in the near-channel and central subsystem in the soil layer of 0–5 cm, and in the near-terrace subsystem in the layer of 5–10 cm. In the floodplain of the river Unecha, the ¹³⁷Cs coefficient transfer from soil to plants decreases from the central to the near-channel and near-terrace. Conclusions. The formation of agrochemical indicators of al-luvial soil fertility and the ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution is determined by soil genesis in floodplain subsystems; it can be uniformly decreasing or concentrated in separate layers at biochemical barriers. In the floodplain ecosystem, the ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the 0–20 cm layer increases from the near-channel to near-terrace subsystem. Forage production under the conditions of radioactive contamination of the near-river and central parts of the floodplain is possible without the use of protective measures.

Evaluation of fertility of irrigated soils in Uzbekistan

The article examines the current productivity status of irrigated soils, encompassing aspects such as mechanical composition, agrochemical properties, salinity levels, and soil quality evaluation. The study highlights that the prevailing condition of the researched irrigated soils primarily comprises heavy sand texture. These soils exhibit a deficiency in humus content, rendering them low in organic matter. Additionally, they are characterized by a notable scarcity of mobile phosphorus and a correspondingly low content of exchangeable potassium. The research further categorizes the soils under investigation into three distinct cadastral groups based on their quality attributes. Through this classification, a comprehensive assessment of the soils’ varying characteristics is achieved. Moreover, the study quantifies the average credit score of these soils, indicating their overall quality level, which was found to be 55 points on average. The findings underscore the significance of understanding the intricate interplay between soil characteristics and agricultural productivity. This analysis provides valuable insights for optimizing soil management practices, ultimately contributing to enhanced agricultural output within the studied area.

Karakteristik Batuan Ultrabasa Di Desa Winatu Dan Kamarora, Kabupaten Sigi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah

Ultramafic rocks are found in Sigi district in the Kamarora and Winatu areas but are not mentioned in the regional geology of the Poso sheet and the Pasangkayu sheet so that it is interesting to investigate further. Therefore, it is important to conduct this research to determine the characteristics and processes of ultramafic rock formation in the Kamarora and Winatu areas of Sigi district using the Petrographic and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods. The results of this study are based on petrographic analysis of two rock samples in Kamarora Village containing olivine (60-55%), omphasite (15-10%), enstatite (5%), serpentine (10%), garnet (15-10%) ) and chlorite (5%) with the rock name lherzolite, while one rock sample in Winatu Village contained serpentine minerals (75%), olivine (15%), omphasite (5%), enstasite (5%) with serpentine rock names. The chemical composition and percentage of each element of the samples analyzed by XRF stations ST01K, ST02K, ST01W are as follows: major element SiO2 (40 – 41.1 wt %), Al2O3 (2.90 – 19.6 wt %), Fe2O3 (7 – 9.98 wt %), MgO (17 – 33.7 wt %), CaO (11.30 – 12.4 wt %), Na2O (0.147–2.11 wt %), K2O (0.0558 – 0.234 wt %) and minor elements with a content range of TiO2 (0.104 – 0.965 wt %), MnO (0.102 – 0.145 wt%), SO3 (0.0719 – 0.259 wt %), Cl ( 0.0954 – 0.360 wt %), NiO (0.0272 – 0.307 wt %), Cr2O3 (0.111 – 0.403 wt %), Co2O3 (0.0246 wt %), WO3 (0.0563 – 0.0661 wt %). Rocks formed in the type of tholeiite magma, this type of magma has a low potassium content, usually formed in subduction and non-subduction areas. Based on the results of the plot on the Pearce et al (1976) diagram, it is known that the tectonic order of rock formation is on the ocean ridge and floor or the expansion of the ocean floor.

Understanding smectite to illite transformation at elevated (>100 °C) temperature: Effects of liquid/solid ratio, interlayer cation, solution chemistry and reaction time

Bentonite (mainly smectite) has been proposed as a buffer material in a nuclear waste repository, due to its low permeability, high swelling capability, and high ion exchange capacity. To evaluate the isolation performance of the material, it is important to understand a possible hydrothermal alteration of smectite to illite. We investigated the hydrothermal alteration of smectite under various physical and chemical conditions to identify key controlling factors of the process. The experiments were performed on <2 μm fractions of Na-rich or K-exchanged smectite in DI water or 1 M KCl solution at 200 °C for various liquid/solid ratios over several time periods up to 112 days. Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize the solid and liquid products to determine the extent of the conversion and the related mineral structural changes. Our results suggest that the conversion could be relatively fast (i.e., weeks) relative to waste disposal isolation at the optimal conditions (high K+ concentration and high liquid/solid ratio), which is much faster than previously postulated for the temperature used here. A high K+ concentration in the solution is required to trigger the structural transition of a low charge smectite layer to a high charge illite layer. This transition appears to be continuous, thus contradicting the dissolution-precipitation mechanism for smectite to illite transformation. Based on the solution chemistry measurements, with respect to silica solubility, the equilibrium constant for the transformation of K-exchanged SWy-2 smectite to illite is estimated. In addition, the overall conversion is limited, to a large extent, by the dissolved silica concentration in the solution. Given a generally low potassium content, a very low liquid/solid ratio, and an extremely slow diffusion in an actual engineered barrier system, the extent of smectite conversion to illite in a repository environment, if happening at all, would be limited. The conversion can be further inhibited by introducing brucite and amorphous silica as chemical additives to the buffer material.

Relationship of Albumin Concentrations with Sodium, Potassium, in CAPD (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis) Patients at PHC Hospital Surabaya

Kidney failure is caused by a permanent decline in kidney function and requires renal replacement therapy, one of which is Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD). This study aimed to determine the relationship between albumin concentrations and sodium and potassium concentrations in CAPD patients. The study was carried out between January to May 2022. Cross-sectional research methodology is used in this study. It included 60 chronic kidney failure patients who had CAPD as therapy at PHC Surabaya Hospital. Then, patients were divided into three groups with an age interval of 40-50 years, 51-60 years, and 61-70 years in. The results of grouping CAPD patients according to the characteristics based on the age of CAPD patients aged 61-70 years had low albumin concentrations and low sodium concentrations A total of 12 people (66.67%), patients with large CAPD aged 51-60 years, had low albumin and potassium concentrations, namely 11 people (61.11%). CAPD patients aged 51-60 years mostly had low albumin and sodium concentrations in 13 people (72.22%). the conclusion is that in patients with renal failure on CAPD therapy, there is a decrease in albumin and sodium-potassium concentrations due to peritonitis (inflammation) which is associated with a measurable excess of fluid (overhydration) which causes more dilute sodium, causing hyponatremia and hypokalemia.